Shield Excavation Analysis: Ground Settlement & Mechanical Responses in Complex Strata

This study delves into the effects of shield tunneling in complex coastal strata, focusing on how this constructionmethod impacts surface settlement, the mechanical properties of adjacent rock, and the deformation of tunnelsegments. It investigates the impact of shield construction on surface settlement, mechanical characteristics ofnearby rock, and segment deformation in complex coastal strata susceptible to construction disturbances. Utilizingthe Fuzhou Binhai express line as a case study, we developed a comprehensive numerical model using theABAQUS finite element software. The model incorporates factors such as face force, grouting pressure, jack force,and cutterhead torque. Its accuracy is validated against field monitoring data from engineering projects. Simulationswere conducted to analyze ground settlement and mechanical changes in adjacent rock and segments acrossfive soil layers. The results indicate that disturbances are most significant near the excavation zone of the shieldmachine, with a prominent settlement trough forming and stabilizing around 2.0–3.0 D from the excavation. Theexcavation face compresses the soil, inducing lateral expansion. As grouting pressure decreases, the segmentexperiences upward buoyancy. In mixed strata, softer layers witness increased cutting, intensifying disturbancesbut reducing segment floatation. These findings offer valuable insights for predicting settlements, ensuring segmentand rock safety, and optimizing tunneling parameters.

A computational method for post-construction settlement of high-speed railway bridge pile foundation considering soil creep effect

Based on reasonable assumptions that simplified the calculational model,a simple and practical method was proposed to calculate the post-construction settlement of high-speed railway bridge pile foundation by using the Mesri creep model to describe the soil characteristics and the Mindlin-Geddes method considering pile diameter to calculate the vertical additional stress of pile bottom.A program named CPPS was designed for this method to calculate the post-construction settlement of a high-speed railway bridge pile foundation.The result indicates that the post-construction settlement in 100 years meets the requirements of the engineering specifications,and in the first two decades,the post-construction settlement is about 80% of its total settlement,while the settlement in the rest eighty years tends to be stable.Compared with the measured settlement after laying railway tracks,the calculational result is closed to that of the measured,and the results are conservative with a high computational accuracy.It is noted that the method can be used to calculate the post-construction settlement for the preliminary design of high-speed railway bridge pile foundation.

A simplified method for prediction of embankment settlement in clays

The prediction of embankment settlement is a critically important issue for the serviceability of subgrade projects,especially the post-construction settlement.A number of methods have been proposed to predict embankment settlement;however,all of these methods are based on a parameter,i.e.the initial time point.The difference of the initial time point determined by different designers can de?nitely induce errors in prediction of embankment settlement.This paper proposed a concept named"potential settlement"and a simpli?ed method based on the in situ data.The key parameter"b"in the proposed method was veri?ed using theoretical method and?eld data.Finally,an example was used to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method by comparing with other methods and the observation data.

Mechanism and calculation method of rheological settlement of high-filled embankment

The characteristics of high-filled embankment rheological settlement were analyzed;mechanical calculation model of high-filled embankment rheological settlement during constructing and running period was also put forward.Combining the macroscopic and microscopic deformation properties of the engineering soil grain,its constitutive model was set up and its characters were fully revealed,at the same time,its practical calculation formula under the action of dead-weight load was derived,which is feasible by analysis and comparison.

Nonlinear calculating method of pile settlement

To study calculating method of settlement on top of extra-long large-diameter pile, the relevant research results were summarized. The hyperbola model, a nonlinear load transfer function, was introduced to establish the basic differential equation with load transfer method. Assumed that the displacement of pile shaft was the high order power series of buried depth, through merging the same orthometric items and arranging the relevant coefficients, the solution which could take the nonlinear pile-soil interaction and stratum properties of soil into account was solved by power series. On the basis of the solution, by determining the load transfer depth with criterion of settlement on pile tip, the method by making boundary conditions compatible was advised to solve the load-settlement curve of pile. The relevant flow chart and mathematic expressions of boundary conditions were also listed. Lastly, the load transfer methods based on both two-broken-line model and hyperbola model were applied to analyzing a real project. The related coefficients of fitting curves by hyperbola were not less than 0.96, which shows that the hyperbola model is truthfulness, and is propitious to avoid personal error. The calculating value of load-settlement curve agrees well with the measured one, which indicates that it can be applied in engineering practice and making the theory that limits the design bearing capacity by settlement on pile top comes true.

Innovative restoration method for concrete track settlement

An active application of a concrete track is expected for the future construction of railroads. For successful concrete track construction and operation in earthwork areas, the residual settlement should be reasonably controlled by using an appro- priate method. The maintenance for excessive settlement is very difficult on the operating line because the maintenance method is very restrictive. The objective of this study is to introduce pressurized rapid-hardening cement grouting （PRCG） method to restore a subsided concrete track without any adverse effects on train operation. This method involves the use of special types of materials （very quick hardening and middle-hardening mortar）, compact grouting equipment, and a special construction process. In spite of the extremely restrictive environment, this method has been demonstrated to be very effective and reasonable through laboratory and field tests.

Performance of the suspension method in large cross-section shallow-buried tunnels

Large cross-section tunnel construction induces ground surface settlements, potentially endangering both subterranean projects and nearby above-ground structures. A novel tunnel construction method, known as the suspension method,is introduced in this paper to mitigate surface settlement. The suspension method employs vertical tie rods to establish a structural connection between the initial tunnel support system and the surface steel beam, thereby exerting effective control settlements. To analyze the performance of the proposed method, systematic numerical simulations were conducted based on the practical engineering of Harbin Subway Line 3. The surface settlement and vault settlement characteristics during construction are investigated. The results show a gradual increment in both surface and vault settlement throughout the construction process, culminating in a stabilized state upon the completion of construction.In addition, compared to the double-side drift method and the Cross Diaphragm Method(CRD) method, the suspension method can obviously reduce the surface settlement and vault settlement. Moreover, the surface settlements and the axial force of tie rods were continuously monitored during the construction process at the trial tunnel block.These specific monitoring measurements are illustrated in comparison to numerical analysis results. The monitored results show great agreement with the numerical predictions, confirming the success of the project. This research can serve as a valuable practical reference for similar projects, offering insights and guidance for addressing ground surface settlements and enhancing construction safety in the domain of large cross-section tunneling.

考虑侧向刚柔边界约束的黄土填方路基沉降计算方法

提出一种新的考虑刚柔边界约束和侧向变形的黄土填方路基沉降计算方法。基于自主研发的三向加载设备和室内压缩试验,分析不同竖向加载方式和不同侧向约束对土体竖向及侧向变形的影响,提出考虑土体压实度和围压的边界影响系数,建立压实黄土侧向应变模型,给出考虑刚柔边界条件和侧向变形的黄土路基沉降计算方法。研究结果表明:边界影响系数与路基压实度和围压都呈正相关,且刚柔约束边界对黄土压缩性指标的影响程度最高能达到40%。提出的竖向和三向边界影响系数综合考虑了路基压实度、侧向围压以及边界条件的影响。利用工程实例验证了新模型计算方法的准确性和实用性,提高了传统分层总和法的精度。

考虑桩土间黏滑机制的桩基沉降动态特性研究

基于桩基运动控制方程,对荷载作用下的桩基沉降动态特性进行了研究。首先,考虑桩土间黏滞与滑动两种接触状态,建立了一种考虑侧阻软化及侧阻恢复的桩土相互作用模型;然后采用该模型及修正三折线模型分别模拟桩与桩侧土以及桩端土间的相互作用,结合有限差分法建立了考虑桩土间黏滑机制的桩基沉降分析方法;最后,基于建立的桩基受荷沉降分析方法,研究了桩基沉降的黏滑动态特性以及桩身的力学特性,并讨论了桩土相互作用模型中的参数对桩基沉降动态特性的影响。结果表明:当桩顶荷载接近桩基单级加载极限值,桩基沉降表现出黏滞位移与快速滑动位移交替的动态特性;桩身力学响应表现出加载路径相关性,与单级加载相比,分级加载时桩侧摩阻力能得到更好发挥,桩基极限承载力更高;提出的分析方法能够较好地模拟桩基静载试验沉降过程。

长期堆载预压处理软土地基效果评价

为评估某园区10 a长期堆载预压后,场地后续沉降对拟建管线的影响,通过室内试验和现场试验对堆载预压处理后的场地进行系统评价,分别采用双曲线法与有限元法对后续沉降进行预测。结果表明:场地堆载预压10 a后各地层物理力学参数明显改善,但其中淤泥层性质相对较差,是场地后续沉降发生的主要地层;经过10 a堆载,场地主固结沉降基本完成,固结度达到95.5%,说明长期堆载预压效果较好;对于堆载多年后的场地,在进行后续沉降数值计算时,采用弹性模型并选用现场试验获得的参数进行计算,计算结果与实测数据较好吻合,场地剩余平均沉降量在15.4 cm左右;园区道路管线可采取常规预防措施。

基于迭代协同克里金反演的非均质地基固结沉降预测研究

目前地基固结沉降反演预测多是以土体均质或分层假设为前提,然而天然地基水文、力学参数具有空间变异性是客观事实。鉴于此,提出了一种基于迭代协同克里金的非均质地基土体参数反演方法,据此开展了利用沉降和超孔隙水压力观测数据反演非均质地基土参数的数值试验研究,并结合敏感度分析解释了不同类型观测数据对非均质地基参数反演解析度的影响机制。结果表明:此方法反演的参数场是最优无偏估计;同时采用沉降和超孔隙水压力观测数据反演刻画非均质地基比单独采用沉降或超孔压数据反演刻画的非均质地基解析度更高,用于地基固结沉降预测效果也更好;不同类型观测信息对不同参数反演刻画解析度高低与观测信息对参数敏感度数量级呈正相关关系。

采用Karhunen-Loève分解计算堤坝沉降区间场

大坝的建造以及运行过程中受多种内外部多因素耦合作用,其沉降分析是复杂、非线性问题,采用非概率区间方法构造大坝沉降区间有利于定量描述多源不确定信息,使计算更加吻合实际情况。本文将基于Karhunen-Loève分解的区间场有限元方法由线弹性模型扩展至邓肯-张模型中,通过引入平方指数形式的空间依赖函数描述切线模量的空间变异性。采用以Legendre多项式为基函数的Galerkin方法计算模量变化区域的特征值与特征函数。在区间有限元的框架下,编写非线性区间本构模型Abaqus用户子程序UMAT,结合Python脚本计算大坝沉降针对于模量参数变化的响应区间,并与传统顶点集区间方法进行对比。工程实例分析表明,所提方法可以有效计算大坝沉降区间,所得到的沉降区间能涵盖顶点集区间,且有限元计算次数由指数级减少为多项式级。本文方法可以进一步扩展至大坝长期变形区间计算问题。

改进的分层总和法在黄土地区高填方地基沉降变形中的应用研究

黄土高填方沉降变形控制是工程建设的重点和难点。通过室内侧限压缩试验和加湿试验,总结了重塑黄土在自重应力和含水率变化下的变形特征。基于分层总和法的思想,引入了Gunary模型和割线模量法,将黄土高填方地基的沉降分为荷载引起的施工沉降和含水率变化引起的施工后沉降,并提出了黄土高填方地基沉降变形的计算方法。结合实际工程背景,预测了高填方工程的沉降变形。结果表明:黄土高填方沉降的主要来源是施工期荷载引起的沉降;随着填土高度的增加,工后沉降占总沉降的比例逐渐增大;在最优含水率条件下,当施工期压实度达到95%以上时即可完成土的排气固结,施工后期为土的排水固结;压实度的控制对高填方工程至关重要;该研究成果丰富了黄土高填方地基沉降变形的计算理论,为黄土高填方工后沉降和湿陷性沉降的研究提供了理论依据,并对黄土高填方工程的施工及工后沉降控制具有一定的参考价值。

基于割线模量的散体材料桩复合地基沉降计算

基于土体侧限条件下的应力-应变关系曲线均为双曲线的现象,且应用割线模量计算土体的竖向应变更有助于实现程序计算,首先利用土体割线模量与压缩指数和压缩模量的关系,得到桩周土体割线模量的确定方法.在此基础上,基于等应变假设条件得到考虑土体非线性压缩的桩土应力比,并提出改进的应力修正法和复合模量法,以实现散体材料桩复合地基非线性沉降计算.最后结合模型试验和实际工程算例,对2个改进的沉降计算方法开展验证分析.研究结果表明:室内模型试验中,改进的应力修正法和复合模量法的沉降计算值与试验值误差均小于1.00 mm,表明改进的沉降计算方法具有一定的可靠性;实际工程算例中,改进的复合模量法计算值与实测值间误差为8.70%,远小于JGJ 79—2012《建筑地基处理技术规范》中规定的复合模量法误差(55.06%),改进的应力修正法计算值与实测值误差为8.73%,远小于JGJ 79—2012中规定的应力修正法误差(55.11%).对比分析表明,改进的沉降计算方法优于JGJ 79—2012中的复合模量法和应力修正法,且改进方法计算值更接近实测值,说明改进方法具有更好的可靠性和适用性.

高层建筑迫降法纠倾方案研究

建筑物因勘察、设计、施工或环境等不良因素影响,导致不均匀沉降,从而产生超过规范允许范围的倾斜。而高层建筑纠倾工程技术难度大、风险高。结合工程实例,通过对现有技术资料分析得出倾斜的原因,并根据工程实际情况,提出桩侧射水扰动迫降纠倾方案,对迫降法的原理、方案设计和施工工艺流程进行了介绍,可为类似工程提供参考。

盾构法隧道开挖面稳定性下的多目标优化研究

盾构法隧道开挖过程中开挖面稳定性保持非常重要,开挖面稳定性下提升工程进度、保障工程质量等目标具有重要的工程意义。目前,针对开挖面稳定性下的多目标优化控制的研究不足。选择掘进效率作为工程进度的指标,选择掘进过程引起的最大地表沉降作为工程质量指标。采用分层序列法和NSGA-II多目标优化算法,将盾构开挖面稳定作为第一层优化目标,工程进度与工程质量作为第二层优化目标,研究盾构开挖面稳定下多目标优化。在一段连续穿越堤坝、空地、敏感建筑三个场景的施工隧道中应用本研究方法,结果表明,优化后的盾构推力维持在上下限区间内,提高了施工效率和减少了地表沉降。本文方法能够根据实际工况自适应的调整和优化控制策略,提高了在实际工程中的适应性和灵活性。为类似盾构隧道工程提供了参考和指导。

天山北坡经济带城乡聚落格局变化与影响因素分析

以天山北坡经济带城乡聚落为研究对象,采用景观格局指数、地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析、位序-规模法等分析1980-2020年间城乡聚落格局的变化,结合地理探测器从自然、区位及社会经济因素探究城乡聚落格局的影响因素。结果表明:1980-2020年间,城乡聚落数量、规模持续扩张且趋于集聚,前20 a扩张以耕地、草地为主,后20 a以未利用地为主;城乡聚落密度变化显著,高密度区主要集中在各绿洲呈现“多核集中分布”特征,中密度区沿高密度区周围扩张,低密度区沿绿洲边缘分布并在非绿洲区有扩张;首位聚落规模发展较好,趋于位序-规模曲线,中型聚落略微发育,小型聚落数量持续减少;交通等区位因素是天山北坡城乡聚落格局的首位影响因素,社会经济因素次之,自然地理因素影响较小,各影响因素差异显著。

基于桩-土界面剪切特性的单桩沉降和承载问题研究

近年来,西北地区出现了许多高填方场地,为减小建筑物基础的不均匀沉降,基础类型广泛使用桩基础。与一般场地不同,黄土填方场地中的单桩桩周土受力后仍会产生较大的变形,该类场地单桩沉降机制复杂。桩顶总沉降计算是桩基设计的重要依据,为此,建立了高填方黄土场地单桩桩顶总沉降计算模型。基于传统的荷载传递法和剪切位移法,分别考虑桩-土界面的桩-土相互作用和桩-土界面外剪切带土体的剪切变形。依据桩端边界,将单桩类型分为摩擦桩和端承摩擦桩,分别建立桩周土弹性阶段和塑性阶段的桩身位移控制微分方程,结合边界条件进行求解,得到桩身位移、轴力、侧摩阻力,并通过弹塑性理论求解了桩周土剪切带土体剪切变形,进而通过叠加原理求得桩顶总沉降。用桩长与桩周土塑性发展深度的比值,定义了桩基承载力安全系数K。通过算例分析与现场试验数据对比分析,研究结果表明:使用新的模型计算得到的桩顶总沉降与现场试验结果相近;当桩顶荷载较小、桩周土处于弹性阶段时,桩端边界对桩身轴力、位移和侧摩阻力影响很小,但桩周土进入塑性滑移阶段后,桩端边界的影响开始变大,考虑桩端土的承载能力会极大提高单桩极限承载力;建立了将荷载传递法和剪切位移法综合起来的计算模型,不仅可以考虑桩-土界面的相对滑移,还可以计算桩-土界面外土体剪切带的剪切变形,使得桩顶总沉降计算更加精确,可为类似场地中单桩沉降的分析与控制提供一定的参考。

滨海软土地基二次堆载预压固结沉降研究

滨海软土往往工程性质较差,一次堆载预压通常达不到设计要求而需要进行二次堆载预压。本文通过现场原位试验和室内试验,对二次堆载预压2年后的地基软土开展物理力学性质研究,并将试验获得的土体参数用于规范法和数值模拟,对地基未来20年的沉降进行预测。结果表明,二次堆载预压2年后,部分软土层力学参数提升显著,但淤泥层力学参数未见明显改善,地基承载力未达到设计要求,后续仍有较大的沉降变形。同时,对比规范法和研究开始前18个月沉降规律发现,经过二次堆载预压后的地基,数值模拟采用弹塑性模型能更准确地预测后续沉降,二次堆载预压20年后地基最大的沉降量可达1 m,位于12号钻孔位置处,其次是18号钻孔位置处,沉降量为0.9 m,10号钻孔位置处沉降量为0.8 m,并且沉降主要集中在淤泥层中。

地下空间盖挖逆作法施工技术及变形分析

以青岛地铁井冈山路站地下空间开发项目为背景,详细介绍了盖挖逆作法施工技术。为了系统地研究地下结构在施工过程中的变形规律,采用有限元软件对施工全过程进行精细化数值模拟研究,得到了不同施工阶段顶板沉降变形规律、施工对周边地层变形的影响规律及不同开挖方式条件下竖向结构差异沉降规律。研究结果表明,采用对称开挖法时顶板产生的沉降最小为14.2mm,采用顺序开挖法次之,沉降值为15.2mm,而采用间隔开挖法产生的沉降最大为17.2mm,竖向结构的差异沉降满足规范要求,顶板不会出现开裂破坏。采用对称开挖法时竖向结构的最大沉降和最大差异沉降为3种开挖方式中最小,而采用间隔开挖法为最不利的开挖方式,其产生的最大沉降和差异沉降值为3种开挖方式中最大,故施工中应优先选择对称开挖法,避免选用间隔开挖法。