Quasi-Static and Dynanmic Deformation Behaviors of Medium-Carbon Steels in a Wide Temperature Range

This paper presents a study of the quasistatic and dynamic deformation behaviors of conventional and microalloyed medium-carbon steels in a wide temperature range. As strain rate increased, the flow stress increased at room temperature, but occasionally did not at elevated temperatures. The flow stress of the microalloyed steel containing precipitates was less sensitive to strain rate at room temperature than that of the conventional steel due to a relatively larger activation length. Microstructural observation of the steels deformed after compression test indicated that inhomogeneous deformation became more serious with increasing strain rate and temperature without fracturing in the highly localized region.

Deformation mechanism at impact test of Al-11% Si alloy processed by equal-channel angular pressing with rotary die

Al-11%Si(mass fraction)alloy was transformed into a ductile material by equal-channel angular pressing(ECAP)with a rotary die.Two mechanisms at impact test,slip deformation by dislocation motion and grain boundary sliding,were discussed.The ultrafine grains with modified grain boundaries and the high content of fine particles(<1μm)were necessary for attaining high absorbed energy.The results contradict the condition of slip deformation by dislocation motion and coincide with that of grain boundary sliding.Many fine zigzag lines like a mosaic were observed on the side surface of the tested specimens.These observed lines may show grain boundaries appeared by the sliding of grains.

Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution during Equal Channel Angular Pressing of Pure Aluminum

The deformation behavior of equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)was discussed by using plasticity method.The node mapping method is employed to realize the analysis of multi-pass ECAP by using three-dimensional FEM methods for pure aluminum.The single-pass ECAP is a non-uniform shear deformation process in the cross-section of the workpiece.The uniform deformation processing routes are obtained during multi-pass ECAP process.In addition,the density of dislocations and defects of crystal lattice are also largely changed for different processing routes.The grain microstructure is gradually refined with the increase of the pressing passes.The grains and their distribution obtained by route Bc are more useful for producing the material with high angle grain boundaries.The grain microstructure of the cross section of the pressed material decreases with the increase of strain,and some grains exhibit transformed grain boundary(PTB)fringes.The dislocation density in the grain decreases,and the grain boundary presents equiaxed distribution.

Three dimension simulation analysis of the interpass stress and deformation during multipass welding

It has been widely studied about the final residual stress and deformation in muhipass welding of thick weldments. But there is a lack of a clear understanding of the interrelationship of interpass stress and deformation during multipass welding. In this study, a three dimension numerical model of a sixteen-pass double V-groove welded joint with 50 mm plate is developed to compute the stress field and deformation by using multiple CPU parallel processing technology. The following factors such as the non-linear of temperature, heat radiation, filling of material step by step and so on are considered. Distribution and evolution law of welding stress in the transverse and longitudinal section is analyzed in this paper, and the interpnss stresses are studied also. At the same time the evolution course of angular deformation amount is analyzed, and the experimental results show that the calculated resuhs accord with the measured results of angular deformation.

Deformation mode and energy absorption of polycrystal-inspired square-cell lattice structures

Lattice structures are widely used in many engineering fields due to their excellent mechanical properties such as high specific strength and high specific energy absorption(SEA)capacity.In this paper,square-cell lattice structures with different lattice orientations are investigated in terms of the deformation modes and the energy absorption(EA)performance.Finite element(FE)simulations of in-plane compression are carried out,and the theoretical models from the energy balance principle are developed for calculating the EA of these lattice structures.Satisfactory agreement is achieved between the FE simulation results and the theoretical results.It indicates that the 30◦oriented lattice has the largest EA capacity.Furthermore,inspired by the polycrystal microstructure of metals,novel structures of bi-crystal lattices and quad-crystal lattices are developed through combining multiple singly oriented lattices together.The results of FE simulations of compression indicate that the EA performances of symmetric lattice bi-crystals and quad-crystals are better than those of the identical lattice polycrystal counterparts.This work confirms the feasibility of designing superior energy absorbers with architected meso-structures from the inspiration of metallurgical concepts and microstructures.

Simulation on the deformation controlling of T-joint LBW with auxiliary heat source for high strength aluminum alloy

To avoid the angular deformation of aluminum alloy T-joint weldments, a new method named welding with auxiliary heat source is proposed. The welding simulation is performed with the commercial finite element software Abaqus and FORTRAN programme encoding a special conical heat source with Gaussian volumetric distribution of flux. The influence of the local model on the temperature, residual stress, and welding deformation distributions is investigated. The findings show that angular deformation achieved through numerical computation completely consists with the experimental result which has proved the effectiveness of the finite element methods developed. Various measurements performed on small-scale welded test specimens provide a data base of experimental results that serves as a bench mark for qualification of the simulation result. Finally, the residual stress and strain states in a T-joint are predicted.

Deformed texture of copper processed by equal channel angular pressing via different angle routes

The commercially pure copper with dimension of 80 mm×20 mm×4 mm was used for equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), of which their outward appearance coordinate is corresponded with that of rolling deformation modes. Cold-deformed texture was investigated. The results show that the texture character in pure copper processed by ECAP is related with intersection angle (Φ) of the die channel. When Φ is 90° and the sample is extruded for one pass, its texture consists of α and β orientation lines including mainly C, B, S and Goss components, moreover a little rotated cube is found. When Φ is 135°, as extrusion pass increases, the weak texture forms on the scope of deviation from rotated cube (ψ=0°, θ=0°,φ=450°±150°) and develops to the ψ=45° fiber mainly including rotated cube. When Φ is 120°, the texture is ψ=45° fiber mainly including rotated cube that is maintained constant as extrusion pass increases.

Rheology elasticity determined by deformation of stretchable molecular trains

The average stretching direction,local rotation angular,and stretching ratio parameters of molecular trains were used to express the rheology deformation.Based on this micro geometrical deformation,the macro deformation of medium was expressed.Then,using intrinsic elasticity concept,the stress-strain relation was obtained.In this theoretic formulation,the response functions of extension ratio and rotation angular were used to express the rheology feature of medium.For medium composed by incompressible molecular trains,the local rotation angular divides rheology deformation into three kinds:viscoelastic deformation or elasticity enhancement,viscoplastic deformation or elasticity degenerate and constant elasticity range.These results explain the experimental features of rheology deformation well.

Distortions and Deformations of Metaled Meso-Substituted and Unsubstituted Porphyrins and Derivatives in Crystal Structures

Experimental crystallographic structural parameters of a range of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins were reviewed to show how far the meso-substitution by any functional group and the insertion of metal in the porphyrins core macrocycle may affect the geometry. The analysis of twists and angles has shown two kinds of distortions: external [T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) and T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα)] and internal [T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) and T(Nn-Cα-Cmeso-Cα)] with averages of [+6°and –6°] and [–5°and +5°], respectively. In the meso-substituted case, the external and internal twists Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-X and N-Cα-Cmeso-X, respectively are oppositely orientated. Similar effect is observed in meso-unsubstituted of Cβ-Cα- Cmeso-H and N-Cα-Cmeso-H. However, the external distortions are more significant than internal. Considering the same order, the limit of distortions is [97°and 132°(–48°)] for external and [91°(–89°) and 52°] for internal. In the two cases, the substituents have opposite directions of distortions. The meso-substituted porphyrins have a high limit of twisting than usubstituted one, depending of the weight of substituents. The average of the bond angular deformations is 168°, almost planar. However, the limit of angular deformation is 94°.

Simple shear extrusion versus equal channel angular pressing:A comparative study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Mg alloy

Two severe plastic deformation(SPD)techniques of simple shear extrusion(SSE)and equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)were employed to process an extruded Mg-6Gd-3Y-1.5Ag(wt%)alloy at 553 K for 1,2,4 and 6 passes.The microstructural evolutions were studied by electron back scattered diffraction(EBSD)analysis and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The initial grain size of 7.5μm in the extruded alloy was reduced to about 1.3μm after 6 SPD passes.Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization was suggested to be operative in both SSE and ECAP,with also a potential contribution of continuous dynamic recrystallization at the early stages of deformation.The difference in the shear strain paths of the two SPD techniques caused different progression rate of dynamic recrystallization(DRX),so that the alloys processed by ECAP exhibited higher fractions of recrystallization and high angle grain boundaries(HAGBs).It was revealed that crystallographic texture was also significantly influenced by the difference in the strain paths of the two SPD methods,where dissimilar basal plane texture components were obtained.The compression tests,performed along extrusion direction(ED),indicated that the compressive yield stress(CYS)and ultimate compressive strength(UCS)of the alloys after both SEE and ECAP augmented continuously by increasing the number of passes.ECAP-processed alloys had lower values of CYS and UCS compared to their counterparts processed by SSE.This difference in the mechanical responses was attributed to the different configurations of basal planes with respect to the loading direction(ED)of each SPD technique.

A Note on the Effect of Negative Poisson’s Ratio on the Deformation of a Poroelastic Half-Space by Surface Loads

The aim of this note is to study the effect of negative Poisson’s ratio on the quasi-static deformation of a poroelastic half-space with anisotropic permeability and compressible fluid and solid constituents by surface loads. Two particular cases considered are: two-dimensional normal strip loading and axisymmetric normal disc loading. It is found that a negative Poisson’s ratio makes the Mandel-Cryer effect more prominent. It also results in an increase in the magnitude of the surface settlement.

AZ31镁合金和7050铝合金ECAP过程的数值模拟研究

利用Abaqus有限元软件分别对AZ31镁合金和7050铝合金进行等通道转角挤压(ECAP)数值模拟研究。利用有限元(FE)模拟得到应力场、应变场及载荷-位移曲线,分析了在不同挤压温度、挤压速度、摩擦条件和不同截面下等通道转角挤压的变形规律。结果表明,挤压温度升高可以降低挤压载荷,这有利于AZ31镁合金挤压,在摩擦较小情况下进行变形有利于降低挤压载荷,提高变形均匀性;在不考虑变形过程中温升效应的情况下,挤压速度对挤压载荷影响较小,当挤压速度提高时,最大等效应变值有所提高;圆形截面比方形截面更适合进行等通道转角挤压。

基于仿生物理模型的半规管壶腹嵴顶变形

目的 探讨人类半规管在3种基本旋转感知过程中的生物力学响应。方法 采用3D打印技术及水凝胶物理交联技术成功制备了与人体等比例的一维可视化半规管物理模型,并通过施加恒定角速度刺激、恒定角加速度刺激以及正弦摆动刺激来探究嵴顶的响应变形情况。结果 仿生半规管模型的时间常数基本稳定在3 s左右,且与人体时间常数数值接近,壶腹嵴顶运动的位移变形与施加的角加速度成正比;在0.07~5.00 Hz正弦摆动刺激下,半规管的增益从1.54μm/°上升到42.34μm/°,但相位差从109.72°下降到11.27°。结论 制备的仿生半规管模型能够准确模拟人体半规管的工作机制,有望在人体前庭半规管的机理研究和疾病诊断中发挥一定作用。

惯性角速度匹配测量方程的耦合误差分析

针对惯性角速度匹配测量方程得不到理论精确解的问题,根据角速度匹配测量方程建立了形变角估计误差与船体角运动和动态形变角的相关函数模型,从理论上证明了船体角运动与动态形变角之间的交叉耦合将产生形变角估计误差。在动态形变角和船摇角幅度分别为20″和2°的仿真条件下,当船体运动角速度与动态形变角速度不相关时,形变角估计误差均值分别为-1.8"、3.7"、3.8";当船体运动角速度与动态形变角速度完全相关时,形变角估计产生约50"的偏置误差。仿真和实验结果表明,误差的大小与二者之间的相关系数呈正相关。研究结果可为舰船形变测量和传递对准相关的理论研究和工程应用提供参考。

基于可控强散射目标的地基SAR监测精度验证与分析

地基SAR(synthetic aperture radar)能够对监测区域实现高精度的连续形变监测,在矿山安全生产和滑坡地质灾害救援领域中具有重要意义。为研究其形变监测能力与精度,采用一套高精度可控强散射目标角反射器标定装置作为验证目标,布设在某金属露天矿的远距离真实边坡上,控制装置上的雷达角反射器完成毫米级的高精度位移;整个位移过程采用中国安全生产科学研究院自研的S-SAR边坡雷达监测系统进行监测,通过雷达形变监测结果与高精度装置结果进行分析比对。实验结果表明,在金属露天矿的远距离监测场景下,S-SAR边坡雷达监测系统获取的位移变形趋势与实际监测目标位移趋势吻合,误差均值在0.1 mm之内,有效验证了该系统用于边坡形变监测的可行性以及亚毫米级的监测精度。

某航空电机球轴承过热失效分析与改进研究

某航空电机在运转实验过程中出现异常噪音,拆解后发现电机轴系两端支撑球轴承已发生过热失效,出现润滑脂碳化、保持架断裂和内外套圈磨损等现象。为了解决某航空电机球轴承出现过热失效的问题,对电机轴系两端轴承进行了失效分析,并提出了改进方案。首先,根据经验对电机轴系两端球轴承进行了故障分析,并提出了多个结构改进方案;然后,采用COBRA AHS软件建立了热-应力耦合的航空电机轴承-转子仿真分析模型,分别对不同的改进方案进行了接触应力和温度场分析;最后,对比了不同条件下的仿真分析结果,得到了轴承过热失效机理,并提出了相应改进方案,结合实验对改进方案进行了验证。研究结果表明:转轴受热变形是导致该航空电机球轴承过热失效的主要原因,转轴受热变形后挤压两端轴承,使得滚动体与滚道之间最大接触应力可达2512.0 MPa;过载条件下,加剧了轴承摩擦生热,导致温度急剧上升,最高可达219.2℃,润滑脂因高温碳化失效,不良的润滑条件使轴承早期失效;将电机两端支撑轴承由深沟球轴承更换为角接触球轴承后,两端轴承最高温度为96.6℃,最大接触应力为1866.1 MPa,即降低了轴承工作温度,提高了轴承轴向承载能力,电机运转寿命超过1200 h。

Turbulence mitigation scheme based on multiple-user detection in an orbital-angular-momentum multiplexed system

Atmospheric turbulence（AT） induced crosstalk can significantly impair the performance of a free-space optical（FSO）communication link using orbital angular momentum（OAM） multiplexing.In this paper,we propose a multiple-user detection（MUD） turbulence mitigation scheme in an OAM-multiplexed FSO communication link.First,we present a MUD equivalent communication model for an OAM-multiplexed FSO communication link under AT.In the equivalent model,each input bit stream represents one user＇s information.The deformed OAM spatial modes caused by AT,instead of the pure OAM spatial modes,are used as information carriers,and the overlapping between the deformed OAM spatial modes are computed as the correlation coefficients between the users.Then,we present a turbulence mitigation scheme based on MUD idea to enhance AT tolerance of the OAM-multiplexed FSO communication link.In the proposed scheme,the crosstalk caused by AT is used as a useful component to deduce users＇ information.The numerical results show that the performance of the OAM-multiplexed communication link has greatly improved by the proposed scheme.When the turbulence strength C_n^2 is 1 × 10^（-15） m^（-2/3）,the transmission distance is 1000 m and the channel signal-to-noise ratio（SNR）is 26 dB,the bit-error-rate（BER） performance of four spatial multiplexed OAM modes l_m = ＋ 1,＋2,＋3,＋4 are all close to 10-5,and there is a 2-3 fold increase in the BER performance in comparison with those results without the proposed scheme.In addition,the proposed scheme is more effective for an OAM-multiplexed FSO communication link with a larger OAM mode topological charge interval.The proposed scheme is a promising direction for compensating the interference caused by AT in the OAM-multiplexed FSO communication link.

The precipitation behavior of MgZn_(2) and Mg_(4)Zn_(7) phase in Mg-6Zn(wt.%)alloy during equal-channel angular pressing

As-extruded Mg-6Zn(wt.%)Alloy was subjected to severe plastic deformation(SPD)by the equal-channel angular pressing(ECAP)at 160 ℃.The results of tensile tests at room temperature showed that two passes ECAP resulted in a remarkable improvement of strength,yield strength from 200 to 265 MPa and ultimate tensile strength from 260 to 340 MPa.However,with the deformation increasing,the samples processed by ECAP for four or six passes had insignificant difference than that processed by two-pass ECAP.Massive precipitates were observed in all the Mg-6Zn alloys specimens processed by ECAP.Transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction results indicated that ECAP treatment induced the precipitation of laves MgZn_(2) phase and transition Mg_(4)Zn_(7) phase.The spherical MgZn_(2) particles and irregular shape Mg_(4)Zn_(7) particles coexist in the microstructure of Mg-6Zn alloy after six pass ECAP.

Study on grain refinement of interstitial-free steel during continuous frictional angular extrusion

To explore the application of severe plastic deformation for grain refinement in steel production, a new method called continuous frictional angular extrusion （CFAE） was applied to refine the grain of interstitial-free steel. The deformation was carried out at room temperature and individual sheet specimens were processed in different number of passes. An overall grain size of 200nm was achieved after 8 passes and the proportion of high-angle boundaries to the total boundaries was more than 60%. Through the characterization of high resolution EBSD, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and hardness testing,this paper discussed the evolution of microstructures and textures during deformation and explored the development direction of the method.

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mmx28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.