Across two phylogeographic breaks: Quaternary evolutionary history of a mountain aspen (Populus rotundifolia) in the Hengduan Mountains

Biogeographical barriers to gene flow are central to plant phylogeography.In East Asia,plant distribution is greatly influenced by two phylogeographic breaks,the Mekong-Salween Divide and Tanaka-Kaiyong Line,however,few studies have investigated how these barriers affect the genetic diversity of species that are distributed across both.Here we used 14 microsatellite loci and four chloroplast DNA fragments to examine genetic diversity and distribution patterns of 49 populations of Populus rotundifolia,a species that spans both the Mekong-Salween Divide and the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line in southwestern China.Demographic and migration hypotheses were tested using coalescent-based approaches.Limited historical gene flow was observed between the western and eastern groups of P.rotundifolia,but substantial flow occurred across both the Mekong-Salween Divide and Tanaka-Kaiyong Line,manifesting in clear admixture and high genetic diversity in the central group.Wind-borne pollen and seeds may have facilitated the dispersal of P.rotundifolia following prevalent northwest winds in the spring.We also found that the Hengduan Mountains,where multiple genetic barriers were detected,acted on the whole as a barrier between the western and eastern groups of P.rotundifolia.Ecological niche modeling suggested that P.rotundifolia has undergone range expansion since the last glacial maximum,and demographic reconstruction indicated an earlier population expansion around 600 Ka.The phylogeographic pattern of P.rotundifolia reflects the interplay of biological traits,wind patterns,barriers,niche differentiation,and Quaternary climate history.This study emphasizes the need for multiple lines of evidence in understanding the Quaternary evolution of plants in topographically complex areas.

Co-electrodeposition and properties evaluation of functionally gradient nickel coated ZrO_2 composite coating

For the first time,functionally electroless nickel plated ZrO2(NCZ)graded Ni-NCZ composite coating has been successfully co-electrodeposited from a bath with gradually increasing of stirring rate.Studies showed that co-electrodeposition in a bath with stirring rate of250r/min results in the maximum co-electrodeposited particle content and the best particle distribution.To produce NCZ graded Ni-NCZ composite coating,the stirring rate was continuously increased from0to250r/min.The electroplated coating had a continuous gradient increasing of co-electrodeposited NCZ content from substrate towards the surface.The results showed that with increasing the co-electrodeposited NCZ particles content in Ni matrix,microhardness increases from interface towards the surface of the coating.Little crystallite size of Ni matrix and higher co-electrodeposited hard particles content were recognized as the reasons of microhardness increasing.Bend test revealed that the functionally graded composite coating shows more excellent adhesion to the substrate compared with the ordinary distributed Ni-NCZ on the same substrate.This result is attributed to lower mechanical mismatch between coating and substrate in the functionally graded composite coating with respect to the uniformly distributed one.The results of wear resistance measurements reveal that wear resistance of functionally graded Ni-NCZ is higher than that of ordinary distributed composite coating.

Preparing Cu_2ZnSnS_4 films using the co-electrodeposition method with ionic liquids

Cu2ZnSnS4（CZTS） films are successfully prepared by co-electrodeposition in aqueous ionic solution and sulfurized in elemental sulfur vapor ambient at 400 C for 30 min using nitrogen as the protective gas.It is found that the CZTS film synthesized at Cu/（Zn＋Sn）=0.71 has a kesterite structure,a bandgap of about 1.51 eV,and an absorption coefficient of the order of 10 4 cm 1.This indicates that the co-electrodeposition method with aqueous ionic solution is a viable process for the growth of CZTS films for application in photovoltaic devices.

Wettability alteration of organo-vermiculites induced by layer charge and tailored bis-N-heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts

Wettability is an important surface property that deserves to further explore the factors on its alteration.Series of bis-N-heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts with different spacer length and N-heterocyclic headgroups(morpholinium(BMMB,BMMD and BMMH),piperidinium(BPMH)and piperazinium(BMPMH))have been synthesized and employed for altering the wettability of vermiculite and its derivates(Vts)treated by Li^(+)-saturated heating method.The results of X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),thermogravimetric analysis(TG-DTG),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and N_(2)adsorption/desorption isotherms indicate that all of the bis-N-heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts have been successfully inserted into the vermiculite layers,leading to the organic monolayer.The results of capillary rise tests combined with Lipophilic to Hydrophilic Ratio(LHR)values unveil the wettability alteration of the organo-Vts.As the layer charge decreases,the hydrophilicity of the organo-Vts gradually increases,which is probably caused by the decline in binding sites.As the result of the change in spacer length of modifier,the wetting properties of morpholinium-based organo-Vts change in order of BMMD-Vts>BMMH-Vts>BMMB-Vts,and difference in N-heterocyclic headgroups leads to the sequence of wettability:BMPMH-Vts>BPMH-Vts>BMMH-Vts.Layer charge of Vt,spacer length and the type of the N-heterocyclic headgroup of modifier have the synergistic effect on the regulation of the wettability.

Discovery of new potential magnetic semiconductors in quaternary Heusler compounds by addition of lanthanides

Magnetic semiconductors have attracted a lot of attention by having both electronic charge and spin degrees of freedom. In this paper, we obtained twenty magnetic semiconductors such as FeVLaSb, FeVPrSb, FeCrTbSi, CoVDySi, and CoVHoSi by adding lanthanides to quaternary Heusler compounds based on the Slater-Pauling law and orbital hybridization theory. The relationship between the lattice constants and energy gaps of the magnetic semiconductors with lanthanide elements is investigated by in-depth analysis. These magnetic semiconductors of quaternary Heusler compounds are promising candidates to find applications as spin filtering materials in spintronics devices.

Petrography, Geochemistry and Relative Chronology of Quaternary Volcanic Formations in the Mermoz and Fann Sectors, West Senegal

Detailed work on Quaternary volcanism has been carried out in the Mermoz and Fann sectors of western Senegal. In the Mermoz sector, the main emission zone is a collapsed crater located at the intersection of three major fractures: NE-SW, NW-SE and N-S. The lithological succession in this Mermoz sector comprises, from bottom to top: 1) a substratum with at its base Eocene limestones on which lie Quaternary sands surmounted by stratified tuffs;2) a vesicular ball dolerite which deforms the stratified tuffs;3) a dark early breccia;4) two generations of basanites: the first is vesicular, the second non-vesicular;5) a clear intermediate breccia and finally 6) a late breccia. The Fann sector contains several emission zones, most of which are currently located in the ocean. The lavas may have reached the coast through E-W and NE-SW faults. The lithological succession includes from bottom to top: 1) scoria-rich early volcanic breccias;2) a first generation of non-vesicular mesocrate dolerite (D1);3) a second generation of melanocrate vesicular dolerite (D2);4) basanites and finally 5) a late breccia. The geochemical characteristics of the lavas studied are compatible with a very enriched and very deep magmatic source of the garnet lherzolite type located in the lower mantle. The magma from this source would have risen in the form of mantle plumes through major NE-SW and E-W faults in a continental intraplate context.

Physical and Mechanical Features of the Quaternary Basanites of the Cap-Vert Peninsula of Dakar (Senegal, West Africa)

This work presents the results of geotechnical tests carried out in the laboratory on specimens of Quaternary olivine basanites from the Cap-Vert peninsula of Dakar. The samples were taken following geotechnical investigations in the Fann-PE, Mermoz-Ouakam, Yoff and Ngor areas respectively. The results obtained show a dry density between 20.45 and 29.30 kN/m3 which corresponds to medium to high density basanites. The porosity varies between 0.33% and 4.20%. For microlitic basanites, the porosity remains low, on the other hand, for micrograined basanites;a slight increase in porosity is noticed. As for the methylene blue adsorption test value measured, it is between 0.25 and 1.10. The uniaxial compression strength (Rc) and Young’s modulus (E) vary respectively from 12.19 MPa to 41.748 MPa and from 1477.6 MPa to 7699.1 MPa. The low strength values are recorded in altered and vesicular basanites. Also, a correlation was made between uniaxial compression strength and porosity and showed a gradual decrease in strength with increasing porosity.

泥河湾盆地第四纪哺乳动物群概览及若干新认识

泥河湾盆地最初以其广泛分布的含化石河湖相地层而受关注,并以其丰富的哺乳动物化石而著称于世,而今,泥河湾盆地已成为世界著名旧石器考古重地和研究第四纪地质古生物的重要场所。狭义泥河湾动物群(或下沙沟动物群)是我国北方早更新世的标准动物群,其古地磁年龄是2.2-1.7 MaBP。随着地层古生物工作的深入开展,盆地内也发现了若干中-晚更新世化石点;丁家堡水库全新统中发现的象颊齿,之前被鉴定为亚洲象,新的测年数据表明其时代大于5万年,依据牙齿测量数据和形态特征,本研究将其归入诺氏古菱齿象。目前已在泥河湾盆地发现百余个化石地点,鉴定出236种(包括未定属种)哺乳动物,分属于8目、32科和121属,其中38个属种(包括亚种)最初是以泥河湾化石材料而建立。总而言之,泥河湾盆地哺乳动物化石以早更新世者居多,并且化石材料保存完好;有些属种在欧亚大陆古北区第四纪哺乳动物群形成过程中发挥过重要作用,例如早期猛犸象、披毛犀、野牛及真枝角鹿等,还有直隶狼、貉及各种真马。泥河湾盆地由于河流和断层切割以及沉积相变等原因,导致各个化石点及史前考古遗址地层难以直接对比,更难全窥盆地内动物群演化的整体脉络;新的生物地层对比研究表明,桑干河南岸的岑家湾台地周缘的早更新世化石点,其主化石层位与下沙沟地区经典泥河湾动物群的层位大致相当。泥河湾盆地哺乳动物化石主要产自细砂、粉砂及黏土地层;化石成堆产出或者呈条带状及凸镜状分布的特点,多数与水流搬运有关。除过1枚豪猪牙齿和少量麂类化石之外,泥河湾盆地第四纪哺乳动物群中几乎不含东洋界动物,总体反映了干冷草原为主的古环境背景。

太原盆地第四纪地层与环境演化

基于太原盆地北部控制性钻孔的岩性特征、样品年龄、孢粉和沉积旋回分析,结合已有的太原盆地晚新生代地层的孢粉组合及地层岩性资料,对太原盆地埋藏第四纪地层进行划分。太原盆地第四纪地层从上到下可依次划分为:0~31.6 m为全新统(Q_(4));31.6~95.5 m为上更新统(Q_(3)),其中31.6~47.8 m为上更新统上部(Q^(3)_(3)),47.8~78.2 m为上更新统中部(Q_(3)^(2)),78.2~95.5 m为上更新统下部(Q_(3)^(1));95.5~186.16 m为中更新统(Q_(2));186.16~250.42 m为下更新统(Q_(1))。在此基础上,根据沉积物颜色与粒度特征及孢粉分析结果对太原盆地第四纪环境演化特征进行简要分析。

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系七个泉组物源研究

为了深入评价柴达木盆地东部三湖地区第四系七个泉组天然气勘探潜力以及预测有利岩性气藏勘探区带和目标,文中通过重矿物组合、ZTR指数、重矿物稳定系数以及砂岩碎屑组分等参数,系统分析了该地区七个泉组的物源组成,确定物源方向并恢复母岩类型。研究表明:(1)七个泉组沉积时期,三湖地区重矿物稳定系数和ZTR指数均由柴达木盆地边缘向盆地中央方向增大,大致呈环带状展布,不同物源区主要重矿物组合差异显著,不稳定重矿物含量变化明显。(2)格尔木物源主要流动方向为北偏西方向,向北影响涩北地区的南部;乌图美仁物源规模小于格尔木物源,主要流动方向为北东方向,向北东影响台南地区的西南部和涩南3井区。(3)锡铁山—埃姆尼克山物源和绿梁山物源规模均较小,其中前者影响范围向南达察尔汗地区,而后者向南影响伊克雅乌汝北部和驼峰山地区。(4)台南—涩北地区主要为乌图美仁物源和格尔木物源的共同影响区。该研究首次明确了柴达木盆地三湖地区物源由乌图美仁物源和格尔木物源组成的昆仑山缓坡物源体系、由锡铁山—埃姆尼克山物源和绿梁山物源组成的祁连山陡坡物源体系以及盆地内部台南—涩北地区混合物源体系组成,可为该地区天然气勘探开发提供指导作用。

邢台地区钻孔三维层序-构造可视化建模

通过收集邢台地区已有的钻孔资料,结合浅层地震勘探成果、深部探测成果及部分石油物探资料,采用三维可视化Petrel建模软件,解决了建模中复杂地质现象的难题,精细地表达了研究区域的地质现象,建立了邢台地区第四系三维模型,详细分析了邢台地区第四系分布特征。模拟结果显示:邢台地区的南部中央部位为一大型隆起区,直径达5km左右;区域内新近系和第四系为连续沉积,无明显分界线;地层整体上呈现东厚西薄的特征,在邢台东断裂的西部新近系较薄或基本缺失;Q1、Q2、Q3地层相对较厚,达到60~150m厚度,其地层南部的中央位置缺失,直径范围达3~5km左右;R地层主要分布在邢台东断裂以东的区域。

忻定盆地金山凸起东缘断裂展布及晚第四纪最新活动特征

通过野外地质地貌调查结合无人机航拍测量、地质雷达勘探及浅层地震勘探综合分析认为,金山凸起东缘断裂整体呈NE向展布,走向40°,北起忻口村一带,向SW经金山铺村西、前淤泥村西延伸至部落村以北,进而向SWS转折进入盆地区。经探槽开挖和年龄测试,该断裂段最新断错晚更新世早期地层。

一种咪唑季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

超声条件下以咪唑、1,4-二溴丁烷、1-溴代十六烷为主要原料合成了一种咪唑季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂。通过FTIR和熔点测量对产物进行了结构分析,采用液体折光率法测定了产物的临界胶束浓度(CMC),对产物的泡沫性能和乳化性能进行了研究。实验结果表明:产物的产率为82.7%,CMC为2.5×10^(-3)mol/L,泡沫稳定性高,起泡能力强,乳化能力好,是一种性能良好的O/W型乳化剂,可应用于日用化工、皮革造纸、纺织印染、石油化工等领域。

新型除藻剂双十烷基甲基丙基碘化铵(DMPAI)除藻效果及对水生生物毒性效应研究

针对由富营养化引起的淡水湖泊水华问题,投加季铵盐类化合物作为除藻剂是一种有效的应急处置方法,但其用量和环境毒性受到广泛关注。为明确新型季铵盐类除藻剂双十烷基甲基丙基碘化铵(DMPAI)的有效使用浓度及安全性,测定了不同浓度下DMPAI对以水华微囊藻为主的浮游藻类、大型溞以及斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应。结果表明,浓度为0.5~2 mg/L的DMPAI能够在24 h内降低水体中46.77%的叶绿素a,并且令微囊藻数量降至原本的34%;在该浓度水平下,不会影响大型溞的生存和繁殖,但会令大型溞生长迟缓;斑马鱼胚胎的死亡率与DMPAI浓度成正比,死亡率最大值为19.00%,并且出现提前孵化、心跳缓慢等现象,但不会显著影响幼鱼的体长变化。

双参数四重细分法

文章借助反向构造和倍乘平滑因子操作提出一种双参数四重细分法,运用生成多项式推导证明该四重细分方法的连续性,求解出满足C^(0)~C^(3)连续性的具体参数取值区间。该文通过数值实例分析各参数对形成曲线的影响,用动态的参数迭代过程描述曲线生成的变化细节。

单相缓速酸酸蚀裂缝导流规律

低渗碳酸盐岩酸压成功的关键在于酸压后形成可在地层闭合压力下保持高导流能力的酸蚀裂缝。单相缓速酸是一种具有纳米结构、低伤害、低摩阻及高缓速性能的新型酸液体系,应用潜力大,但其酸蚀裂缝导流规律尚不明确。以光滑岩板和粗糙岩板为实验对象,以盐酸、胶凝酸和乳化酸为对比,利用酸液刻蚀和酸蚀裂缝导流实验、表面形貌扫描和连续强度测试仪,研究了酸液类型、交替注入级数、注入速度、黏度比、反应时间、岩板类型对导流能力的影响。结果表明:单相缓速酸相对于盐酸、胶凝酸和乳化酸,可形成强沟道型刻蚀形貌,差异化溶蚀程度高,岩板强度损伤减缓,在高闭合压力下可保持较高的导流能力。提高酸液交替注入级数(≥3级)、注入速度、黏度比(黏度差≥50 mPa·s)及岩板初始表面粗糙度,有助于形成优势酸液流通通道。单相缓速酸实现高导流酸蚀裂缝机理为:(1)黏性指进形成差异化刻蚀沟道;(2)主蚓孔滤失形态及“虹吸”效应减缓裂缝表面强度损伤。

冻土地区矿井水来源的水化学及环境同位素分析

冻土层季节性冻融过程会对地下水的渗流量、渗流方向和速度产生重要影响,进而导致冻土地区具有独特的地下水运移理论和机制。为了研究五九煤田胜利煤矿冻土地区矿井涌水来源及补给特征,采用水化学分析及^(13)C、^(14)C、^(18)O、D 4种环境同位素相结合的方法,分析矿井水的水化学特征及同位素分布特征,明确矿井涌水来源。通过对7组水样的试验研究发现:第四系水、第四系永冻层消融水、矿井水、基岩水均起源于大气降水,地表水、第四系水接受大气降水补给较快,基岩裂隙水、第四系永冻层消融水接受浅层第四系水的微量补给;采空区内黄铁矿氧化量较大,存在溶解少量瓦斯中CO_(2)的可能性,导致采空区积水中13C富集;矿井水中地表水和第四系水入渗量较小,表明第四系永冻层隔水性能良好。研究结果与实际情况相符,不仅为胜利矿水害防治提供依据,还为冻土地区类似矿井水源判别提供借鉴。

质谱技术在食品及食品接触材料的典型有机污染物中的应用研究进展

食品及食品接触材料有机污染物种类繁多,给环境和消费者健康带来诸多影响。质谱技术具有灵敏度高、分析速度快等特点,在分析检测领域发挥着重要作用。本文主要介绍了液相色谱-质谱联用技术在近年来比较关注的全氟多氟化合物(PFASs)、双酚类化合物(BPs)、季铵盐类化合物(QACs)3类典型有机污染物中的应用研究进展,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。

Dawson型磷钨酸季铵盐对亚甲基蓝废水的光催化降解

采用共沉淀法制备了一种新的Dawson型磷钨酸十二烷基三甲基铵盐[C_(15)H_(34)N]_(6)P_(2)W_(18)O_(62)·2H_(2)O,通过红外光谱、热重分析、EDS能谱和扫描电镜对其组成、结构及形貌进行了表征,采用BET氮气吸附测定了比表面积。以亚甲基蓝为模拟染料废水,研究其光催化性能和降解亚甲基蓝的动力学行为,研究结果表明:14 mg/L的50 mL亚甲基蓝模拟染料废水在pH为4的条件下,加入20 mg催化剂,35 W紫外灯光照2 h,亚甲基蓝降解率达到95.0%,光催化降解反应符合一级动力学模型,动力学方程为:lnρ0/ρt=0.051 7t,降解速率常数为0.051 7 min-1,半衰期为13.4 min,表明Dawson型磷钨酸十二烷基三甲基铵对亚甲基蓝的降解具有高效的光催化活性,且重复使用催化性能好,循环5次后的降解率达到94.53%。

氯化胆碱改性聚酰胺纳滤膜的制备与分离性能

为了提高传统聚酰胺纳滤膜的分离性能,利用酰氯与羟基之间的酯化反应将带有正电荷的季铵盐氯化胆碱(CC)引入聚酰胺纳滤膜表面,制备在中性条件下具有近中性荷电性的氯化胆碱/聚酰胺纳滤膜,通过对无机盐的分离测试考察了CC质量分数对薄膜复合(TFC)膜性能的影响。结果表明,当CC质量分数达0.10%时,改性效果最佳,TFC膜对Na_(2)SO_(4)、MgSO_(4)和MgCl_(2)均具有较高的截留率,具有改善的Mg^(2+)/Li^(+)分离能力,渗透通量提升了315%。