Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside alleviates trimethyltin chloride-induced neurodegeneration by maintaining glutamate homeostasis through modulation of the gut microbiota

Trimethyltin chloride(TMT)is a potent neurotoxin to cause neurodegeneration,especially in hippocampus.This study aimed to identify dietary components that can effectively attenuate TMT-induced neurodegeneration in humans.The predominant anthocyanin in human diets,cyanidin-3-O-glucoside(C3G,5 or 50 mg/kg),was given to mice for 16 days,and TMT(2.7 mg/kg)was injected intraperitoneally once on the eighth day.C3G(50 mg/kg)significantly alleviated TMT-induced seizures and subsequent cognitive impairment by ameliorating hippocampal neurodegeneration and synaptic dysfunction.Furthermore,C3G treatment restored glutamate homeostasis in brain and reversed glutamine synthetase(GS)inhibition in reactive astrogliosis and neuroinflammation,which are critical for C3G's neuroprotective effects.Notably,C3G decreased the lipopolysaccharide,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,and interleukin-1βlevels in the mice,which potentially by modulating the relative abundance of Atopobiaceae and Lachnospiraceae in the gut.C3G may be a promising and practical dietary component for reducing TMT-induced neurodegeneration.

Synergistic effects of alginate oligosaccharide and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside on the amelioration of intestinal barrier function in mice

Emerging evidence shows that dietary oligosaccharides are important prebiotics that can improve intestinal flora,while dietary polyphenols can act directly on intestinal cells.However,information about their synergistic effects on gut health is still limited.In this study,alginate oligosaccharide(AOS)and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside(C3G)were selected as a common marine plant oligosaccharide and terrestrial plant polyphenol,respectively,to study their effects on intestinal health.The results show that,in comparison to their individual applications,the combination of AOS and C3G(mass ratio,3:1)displayed a stronger ability to up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins,while enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier was also observed and levels of mucin-2 andβ-defensins were simultaneously increased in the intestinal mucus.Interestingly,the secretion of immunoglobulin A and immune-related cytokines were approximately doubled by the AOS+C3G mixture.In addition,the AOS+C3G mixture was found to be more conducive to the positive transformation of intestinal flora,which stimulated the growth of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia,Lachnospiraceae and Feacalibaculum while inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria Helicobacter and Turicibacter.The data generated herein thus suggests that dietary oligosaccharides and dietary polyphenols may be more beneficial to intestinal health when applied in combination than their individual effects alone.

Wound healing activity of Delonix elata stem bark extract and its isolated constituent quercetin-3-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6) glucopyranoside in rats

Delonix elata L.is a Ceasalpinaceae species and is traditionally used in India for treatment of skin diseases,liver diseases and rheumatic problems.However,systematic evaluation of its wound healing activity is lacking.Thus,in the present study,we aimed to assess the wound healing activity of D.elata stem bark extract(DSE) and its isolated constituent quercetin-3-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6) glucopyranoside(QRPG) in rats.The formulations effects on wound healing were assessed by the wound contraction rate,epithelialization period,tensile strength,content of the hydroxyproline,hexosamine and uronic acid in granulation tissue,histopathological studies and Col 1 α(I) expression level in wound tissue by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) study.The topical application of DSE ointment caused faster epithelialization,significant wound contraction(100%),and better tensile strength(710.5 ± 10.5 g/cm^2),while QRPG showed wound epithelialization with 98.2%contraction,better than that of the control group(78.18%).The biochemical analysis of granulation tissue revealed that DSE and QRPG significantly increased hydroxyproline,hexosamine and uronic acid content.A significant increase in the expression of Col 1 α(I) was observed in the wound tissue of DSE and QRPG treated rats.DSE and QRPG were shown to enhance wound healing by increasing collagen synthesis through upregulation of Col 1 α(I),thus validating ethnomedicinal uses.

Isolation and Confirmation of Quercetin-3-O-Glycosides from Rubber Cassava Leaves

The core of the natural product chemistry laboratory is isolation secondary metabolites. One of the potential secondary metabolites for isolation in the natural product chemistry laboratory is routine (quercetin-3-O-glycosides). Routine (Quercetin-3-O-glycoside) has been isolated from ethanol extract of rubber cassava leaves (Manihot glaziovii MA). Isolation was done by maceration and recrystallization. The isolation method used in this study is complemented by the isolation method published. The isolated (Quercetin-3-O-glycoside) routine using this method obtained a yield of 0.118% of the total dried leaf extract. The routine (Quercetin-3-O-glycoside) was identified using a standard routine. Routine can be further utilized in the world of medicine as an amplifier of capillary structure, reducing the permeability and fragility of blood vessels.

Antiviral activity of quercetin-3-β-O-D-glucoside against Zika virus infection

Dear Editor,The 2015–2016 outbreak of Zika virus(ZIKV)fever,first reported in Brazil during early 2015(Zanluca et al.,2015),has infected millions of people and is a global public health concern.ZIKV infections are associated with fetal microcephaly,as well as neurological

Isolation of three cyanins from Lonicera caerulea L. fruits and its anticancer activity

Lonicera caerulea L.fruit is an excellent source of bioactive compounds.An efficient separation method of cyanins is important for the development of many value-added products and functional food ingredients.High-speed counter-current chromatography(HSCCC) was applied to isolate cyanins from Lonicera caerulea fruits with a biphasic solvent system composed of methyl tert-butyl ether/n-butanol/acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid(2:2:1:5:0.01,volume ratio).1.41 mg of cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside,1.08 mg of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside and 6.38 mg of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside were obtained from 40 mg of crude extract.The purities of these compounds were 95.8%,92.4% and 97.6%,respectively,as identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection(HPLC-DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometryn(HPLC-ESI/MSn).In addition,the dominant anthocyanin,cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was demonstrated cytotoxic response of human hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells,inducing live cancer cell apoptotic by flow cytometric analysis.

Application of high-speed counter-current chromatography coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the separation and purification of Quercetin-3-O-sambubioside from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera

Quercetin-3-O-sambubioside[Quercetin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside]was separated and purified by semi-preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography(HSCCC)with a twophase-solvent system composed of ethyl acetate-nbutanol-water(4∶1∶5,v/v)from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera(Lotus).A total of 5.0 mg of the targeted compound with a purity of 98.6%as determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was obtained from 100 mg of the crude extract cleaned up by AB-8 macroporous resin in a one-step separation.Quercetin-3-O-sambubioside was a novel flavonoid glycoside from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera,and its chemical structure was identified by means of ESI-MS,1D NMR and 2D NMR.

Health benefits of black rice——A review

Rice has been a staple food across the globe since time immemorial.Generally,different types of rice,such as white,purple,red,brown,and black rice,are named following the physical appearance of the rice bran.The color of the rice bran differs due to the presence of pigments in the rice varieties.Apart from general uses like cooking and fodder for cattle,rice has also been extensively involved in the field of medicine,some of which have been scientifically addressed.Although pigmented rice varieties have a history of heritage and are admired all over the world,awareness concerning the benefits of consuming these types of rice is limited.The main theme of this research article is to define the scientifically proven medicinal properties of black rice.The health properties of black rice are experimentally renowned,and gathered empirical data regarding the physiological and pharmacological activity of black rice remarkably supports the use of black rice in nutritional therapy.

Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide Inhibits Mitochondria Pathway-mediated Platelet Apoptosis via the Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT Pathway in Immunological Bone Marrow Failure

Objective: Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide(QG) can alleviate immunological bone marrow failure(BMF) by increasing platelet counts. However, the principal mechanism is less known. This study aimed at deciphering the possible underlying mechanism of QG that is indicated in thrombocytopenic purpura. Methods: In vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out for investigating the mechanism behind QG-facilitated inhibition of mitochondrial pathway-mediated excessive apoptosis of platelets through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/AKT pathway. Results: Our results revealed that QG, the main effective ingredient of Herba Sarcandrae, increases the number of platelets and decreases the expression of Bax, Bad, Bid, and caspase-9 in immunological BMF, indicating the inhibition of mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, we found that the protein and m RNA expressions, as well as the phosphorylated levels of PI3K and AKT, were increased significantly by QG, suggesting the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Furthermore, the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway by LY294002 antagonizes the effects of QG on platelet counts and mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis. Conclusion: We demonstrate that QG inhibits the mitochondria pathway-mediated platelet apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT pathway in immunological BMF. This study thus sheds light on exploring the possible regulatory mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of thrombocytopenia induced by BMF.

Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(4→1)-α-L-rhamnoside metabolites in the rat using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS

Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and the MetabolynxTM software, combined with mass defect filtering, were applied to identity the metabolites of quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(4→1)-α-L-rhamnoside(QGR) in rats after intravenous administration. MSE was used for simultaneous acquisition of precursor ion information and fragment ion data at high and low collision energy in one analytical run, which facilitated the rapid structural characterization of eight metabolites in rat plasma, urine and bile. The results indicated that methylation and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways of QGR in vivo. The present study provided important information about the metabolism of QGR which will be useful for fully understanding the mechanism of action of this compound. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the potential of the UPLC-Q-TOF/MS approach using Metabolynx for rapid and automated research of the metabolites of natural products.

Effect of Postharvest Methyl Jasmonate Treatment on Early-Matured “Hass” Avocado Fruit Exocarp Colour Development during Ripening

Poor exocarp colour development is a common postharvest problem for early harvested “Hass” avocado fruit during ripening, which affects fruit quality and consumer preference. Therefore, measures to improve “Hass” avocado fruit colour developments are of great importance in the industry. This study investigated the effectiveness of postharvest methyl jasmonate treatment to improve early matured “Hass” avocado fruit exocarp colour during ripening. The results showed that T1 (10 μmol∙L−1) and T2 (100 μmol∙L−1) MeJA treatment increased visual colour, and decreased objective colour parameters (L*, C* and h˚) during ripening when compared with control fruit. Moreover, MeJA treated “Hass” avocado fruits had lower total chlorophyll content and higher total anthocyanin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside concentration during ripening. In conclusion, “Hass” avocado fruit post-harvest treated with either T1 (10 μmol∙L−1) or T2 (100 μmol∙L−1) MeJA concentration improved exocarp quality attributes such as colour parameters (L*, C* h˚ and visual colour) and pigments (total anthocyanin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) during ripening, therefore, can be recommended for avocado fruit.

鲜竹沥正丁醇部位化学成分研究

目的研究鲜竹沥正丁醇部位的化学成分。方法运用正相和反相硅胶、凝胶以及制备液相色谱方法进行分离纯化,并根据理化性质、波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果从鲜竹沥正丁醇部位分离得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为sachaliside 1(1)、(Z)-4-hydroxycinnamylalcohol4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2)、β-hydroxypropiovanillone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3)、dihydro-p-coumaryl alcohol γ-O-glucoside(4)、(+)-南烛木树脂酚-3α-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、tortoside B(6)、丁香脂素-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)、5,5′-二甲氧基落叶松树脂醇-4′-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、2,4,6-三甲氧基苯酚-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(9)、苯甲醇-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、(1′R)-1′-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-1-丙醇-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(11)、erythro-2,3-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-butoxypropan1-1-ol(12)、threo-2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-butoxypropan1-1-ol(13)、丁香脂素(14)、lirioresinol-A(15)、(E)-p-coumaryl alcoholγ-O-methyl ether(16)。结论其中化合物2~4、6、10~13、15、16为首次从鲜竹沥中分离得到,并通过二维核磁谱补充了化合物4的碳谱数据。