Late Pleistocene glaciation of the Hulifang Massif of Gongwang mountains in Yunnan Province

Late Pleistocene glaciation was restricted to only a few high mountains in eastern China. The Gongwang mountains constitute one of the typical places once glaciated. Geomorphic mapping of the area and the TL dating provides evidence for at least four distinct glaciations. YJT-Ⅰ glacial advance occurred about 100 ka BP and two TL absolute ages （101,100 ± 7780 a BP; 104,000± 8300 a BP） indicate this advance happened during the Penultimale Glaciation. The early stage glacial advance （YJT-Ⅱ advance） during the last glaciation occurred about 40,920 ± 3400 a BP. The last glacial maximum advance （YJT-Ⅲ advance） about 18-25 ka BP, which sustained by two TL ages （18,230 ±1420 a BP; 25,420 ± 2110 a BP）. The Penultimale and the early stage glaciations were more extensive and the last glacial maximum （LGM） and the late-glacial period （YJT-Ⅳ advance, 10 ka BP） were progressively less extensive. Correlated with the other mountains in eastern China, these glacial advances in the Gongwang mountains just like the advances in the western part such as Diancang mountains, Yulong mountains of Yunnan Province and the glacier series are more complete than the adjacent mid-latitude regions such as Taibai mountain and Taiwan mountains and are roughly representative of climate changes during the last glacial cycle in Yunnan Province.

Synergistic effects of Pleistocene geological and climatic events on complex phylogeographic history of widespread sympatric species of Megaloptera in East Asia

Unraveling the phylogeographic histories of species remains a key endeavor for comprehending the evolutionary processes contributing to the rich biodiversity and high endemism found in East Asia.In this study,we explored the phylogeographic patterns and demographic histories of three endemic fishfly and dobsonfly species(Neochauliodes formosanus,Protohermes costalis,and Neoneuromus orientalis)belonging to the holometabolan order Megaloptera.These species,which share a broad and largely overlapping distribution,were analyzed using comprehensive mitogenomic data.Our findings revealed a consistent influence of vicariance on the population isolation of Neoc.formosanus and P.costalis between Hainan,Taiwan,and the East Asian mainland during the early Pleistocene,potentially hindering subsequent colonization of the later diverged Neon.orientalis to these islands.Additionally,we unveiled the dual function of the major mountain ranges in East Asia,serving both as barriers and conduits,in shaping the population structure of all three species.Notably,we demonstrated that these co-distributed species originated from Southwest,Southern,and eastern Central China,respectively,then subsequently migrated along multi-directional routes,leading to their sympatric distribution on the East Asian mainland.Furthermore,our results highlighted the significance of Pleistocene land bridges along the eastern coast of East Asia in facilitating the dispersal of mountain-dwelling insects with low dispersal ability.Overall,this study provides novel insight into the synergistic impact of Pleistocene geological and climatic events in shaping the diversity and distribution of aquatic insects in East Asia.

青藏高原第四纪冰川的早期记录及其构造与气候含义

综合青藏高原第四纪冰川早期记录的研究进展和典型盆地地层、沉积、古生物、古环境研究的系统成果,扎达盆地香孜组上部冻融层的出现代表了区域的古海拔达到了高原冰缘的高度,即3500m以上。这一段地层的时代可能从2.3Ma前后开始,并与贡巴砾石层下部冰水沉积层的时代基本一致。卓奥友冰期和希夏邦马冰期的时代与扎达盆地沉积结束后,直接覆盖其上的终碛垄和冰碛垄的时代大致相当,展现了这一时期喜马拉雅山脉的山岳冰川进一步发育,也说明喜马拉雅山脉作为青藏高原海拔最高的地区开始冰冻圈的环境很可能在早更新世早中期。川西地区的早更新世的冰川沉积说明东喜马拉雅构造结附近地区这一时期已经抬升至冰冻圈高度,但是,海拨高度与气候环境与喜马拉雅山脉应有不同。具体的时代仍需要深入工作。青藏高原普遍开始冰冻圈记录是在中更新世早期。伴随着全球冰期的到来,这一时期的冰川作用在青藏高原最为发育和广泛。这些暗示着青藏高原在中更新世早期整体性地较快速抬升进入冰冻圈,即海拔3500m以上。详细的过程仍有待深入研究。

玉龙山西麓更新世冰川作用及其与金沙江河谷发育的关系

在玉龙山东麓更新世冰川作用研究的基础上,对其西麓和金沙江河谷中的古冰川与冰水沉积物的分布和特征进行了调查。结合ESR测年,划分出4次冰期,即0.7～0.6MaB.P.的玉龙冰期,0.53～0.45MaB.P.的干海子冰期,0.31～0.13MaB.P.的丽江冰期和晚更新世中晚期的大理冰期,其中玉龙冰期为规模较大的山麓冰川,丽江和大理冰期为山谷冰川,干海子冰期则为山麓冰川与山谷冰川的过渡类型。来自玉龙山西坡的玉龙冰期冰碛物充填于现今金沙江谷底的事实和大具金沙江下渡口西岸早更新世金沙江砾石层的发现表明,金沙江在早更新世早期即已存在,也说明了在该段金沙江河谷中多处发现的湖相沉积物是冰川沉积堰塞河谷而成石鼓古湖的结果。在该段金沙江河谷中仅发现拔河50m左右以内的4级河流阶地,且往往以这些湖相沉积为基座的现象,则是石鼓古湖被外泄后金沙江现代河谷形成的结果。

玉龙山东麓更新世冰川作用

利用 １∶１０ ０００ 地形图和航空照片， 对玉龙山东麓更新世冰川作用遗迹进行了调查和填图据冰川与冰水沉积物的钙质胶结物和冰湖相钙板的 Ｅ Ｓ Ｒ测年结果， 初步划分出４ 次冰期， 即０． ７～０． ６ Ｍａ Ｂ Ｐ的玉龙冰期， ０． ５３～０． ４５ Ｍａ Ｂ Ｐ的干海子冰期， ０． ３１～０． １３ Ｍａ Ｂ Ｐ的丽江冰期和晚更新世的大理冰川， 其中最早一次冰期为规模较大的山麓冰川， 后２

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因的黑鳍鳈(Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis)生物地理学过程分析

黑鳍鲸（Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis）为广泛分布于东亚地区的小型淡水鱼类，是生物地理学研究的良好材料。该研究以线粒体细胞色素b（Cytb）基因序列为分子标记，对中国8个水系20个采样点的黑鳍鲸共142尾个体进行遗传变异及生物地理学过程分析。遗传多样性分析结果表明，142条Cytb基因序列共检测出56个单倍型，总体单倍型多样性较高（h=0．971），而核苷酸多样性较低（a=0．0212），平均遗传距离较小（2．2％）。分子系统发育树结果表明，黑鳍鲸种群分为7个谱系，以秦岭为界可分为南、北两大支系，北方支系分化时间较早（谱系I）而南方支系分化程度较高（谱系II～VII）。该研究结果进一步揭示了克氏鲸（sczerskii）的物种形成过程，估算其祖先在较晚近时期（～1．03Ma）由黄河水系的黑鳍鲸分化而来。谱系生物地理学分析显示，黑鳍鲸的各地理种群表现为由北向南逐渐演化的趋势，地理隔离可能是限制该物种扩散和基因交流的主要原因。分子钟分析显示，分化时间发生于0．95～3．92Ma。种群历史动态结果则推测黑鳍鲸经历过种群扩张，且该过程可能与更新世冰期与间冰期的更迭相关。

西藏阿里阿伊拉日居山脉第四纪冰川作用

在西藏阿里阿伊拉日居山脉南北两麓及切割山脉的各沟谷中,分布着4套早更新世以来的冰川沉积物。根据这些冰川沉积物的地层层序和冰川沉积物的电子自旋共振(ESR)年龄测定结果,将阿伊拉日居山脉南北两麓所发生的4次早更新世以来的冰川作用,分别命名为札达冰期(1161-952 ka BP)、阿伊拉日居冰期(762-730 ka BP)、学朗冰期(336-211 ka BP)和弄穷冰期(105-15 ka BP),并与青藏高原及其他地区冰期进行了对比。各次冰期的冰川性质分别为大型山岳冰川、冰帽、山麓冰川和中小型山谷冰川。全新世时期,现代冰川有过冰川推进。近期冰川则发生了明显的后退。

第四纪冰川测年研究新进展

第四纪冰川研究经历了与经典的阿尔卑斯冰期模式对比,与深海氧同曲线位素对比和技术测年3个阶段.由于近年测年技术的应用,国际上晚第四纪冰川作用研究有喜人的进展,2003年召开的第16届INQUA再度出现第四纪冰川热.我国青藏高原第四纪冰川研究近年也取得了重要进展,初步确定高原各山脉发生最早冰川作用的时间是不同的:天山和祁连山在450～470kaBP的氧同位素12阶段,横断山的沙鲁里山和玉龙山在560kaBP左右的16阶段,东西昆仑山在约700kaBP左右,念青唐古拉山在680kaBP.表明在青藏高原昆 黄运动后的全球历次冰期中,高原各部相继发育冰川,成为了冰期中地球中低纬度山地冰川的王国.

黄山山地演化与环境变迁

黄山位于安徽省南部，北纬３０°１１′，东径１１８°１１′。山体由花岗岩构成，最高峰莲花峰海拔１８６４ｍ。１９９０年列入联合国的“世界文化和自然遗产”目录。现已成为世界著名旅游点之一。本文首先对黄山花岗岩浆侵入和黄山山体的形成年代和过程进行了探讨。对黄山老第三纪和新第三纪古地貌及第四纪中山峡谷地貌的演化过程进行了系统的研究。深入研究了黄山自然环境的变化及其发育第四纪山地冰川的可能性，对李四光的“冰川遗址”论点的不确凿之处进行了详细的讨论和分析。对由寒冻风化作用，而不是冰川作用形成的奇峰巧石机制进行了简要的探讨。

青藏高原更新世冰期的天文气候学依据

青藏高原上更新世的三次冰期分别发生于深海氧同位素的第2—4,6和14—16阶段。介于它们之间的乃是间冰期。所以寒冷期不等于冰期,间冰期不等于温暖期。如果考察过去73万年以来全球所获得的北半球冬半年平均的太阳辐射量的变化,那么第2—4,6和14—16阶段乃是太阳辐射量比较低的时期。因此青藏高原的更新世冰期是服从天文气候学的基本规律的,是受天文因素的自然变化所控制的。

Mountain evolution and environmental changes of Huangshan(Yellowmountain),China

Huangshan (Yellow Mountain) is located in southern part of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The highest Lotus Flower peak is 1864 m above sea level. Formative ages of the Huangshan and its granite,process of mountain geomorphic evolution from the Eocene to Quaternary,environmental changes of Quaternary, formative origin of beautiful peaks and fascinating rocks were studied and the questionable 'Pleistocene glaciation' was also discussed in this paper.

西沙海槽晚更新世冰期以来原地微生物成因水合物储库的变化

利用基于热力学理论的CSMHYD程序,计算现今及晚更新世冰期琼东南盆地西沙海槽天然气水合物的稳定带厚度及资源量,讨论晚更新世冰期以来海平面、底水温度和沉积速率变化对西沙海槽天然气水合物储库变化的影响。结果表明:①研究区水深超过600m的海域具备天然气水合物赋存的温压条件。天然气水合物稳定带最大厚度约300m,位于研究区的中东部和东南部。②晚更新世冰期以来,底水温度的升高抵消了海平面上升对天然气水合物稳定性的影响。研究区冰期和间冰期旋回中沉积速率发生显著变化,沉积速率大的区域,原地微生物成因天然气水合物的浓度也相应较大;导致冰期-间冰期旋回过程中原地微生物成因水合物储库变化的关键因素是甲烷供给及沉积速率,而不是温压条件的变化。③西沙海槽天然气水合物现今的储库比晚更新世冰期的减少了0.78×10^12m^3的甲烷气。

基于cyt b基因的长江中上游大鳞马口鱼遗传多样性及谱系生物地理学过程分析

以线粒体cyt b基因为分子标记,对长江上游干流及汉江等9条支流13个地理种群的大鳞马口鱼Opsariichthys macrolepis Yang et Huang进行遗传多样性及种群历史动态分析,并探讨其谱系生物地理学过程。结果显示,414尾大鳞马口鱼样本中共检测到79个单倍型,整体的单倍型多样性(h=0.9301)和核苷酸多样性(π=0.129421)均较高。基于单倍型构建的最大似然树和贝叶斯树显示,所有单倍型分为2个谱系(A和B),谱系A分布于中游支流汉江、清江,谱系B分布于长江上游干支流及沅江,表现出东-西方向的空间差异。分子钟估算显示,2个谱系于早更新世(~1.34 Ma)分化。不同地理种群间的遗传分化指数为-0.01624~0.99827,除个别种群外,多数地理种群呈现高度分化,说明种群间存在显著的遗传隔离。空间分子方差分析显示,大鳞马口鱼种群具有一定的遗传结构,特别是老鹤河、任河、清江地理种群分化显著。贝叶斯天际线分析显示,大鳞马口鱼各地理种群的扩张和收缩时间为0.01~0.04 Ma,可能与冰期-间冰期旋回有一定关联。推测青藏高原的隆升以及更新世冰期的更迭对长江中上游大鳞马口鱼的遗传分化以及种群动态产生了重大影响。

Species diversification and phylogeographical patterns of birds in response to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Quaternary glaciations

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau （QTP） is well known for being of great importance in the evolution of montane species due to its unique geological history and landform configuration, climate complexity, and diversified habitats. The effect of environmental changes since the Quaternary on species diversification, population genetic structure, and demography under environmental change can be studied using phylogenetic and phylogeographieal approaches. Birds are the most well-studied group of all terrestrial vertebrates with regard to their response to climatic changes over time. Herein, we briefly review the species diversification of birds in response to the uplift of the QTP, focusing on summarizing the different phylogeographical patterns of birds on the Plateau, its southeastern margin, and the Eastern Himalayas and the reasons underlying these patterns. Speciation was found to be closely related to the uplift of the QTP, with different patterns of intraspecific processes： （1） no divergence within a single refuge was identified in a restricted semi-continuous area of the eastern margin of the Plateau; （2） two divergent lineages with separated refugia were located at the south-eastern and north-eastern margins of the plateau; and （3） multiple divergent lineages within subregions were found in the Eastern Himalayas. Glacial movements and induced climate change are considered to be key factors in shaping these different patterns. The species distributed mainly in the heavily ice-covered platform regions of the Plateau experienced population expansion following the retreat of the extensive glaciations, whereas the species distributed on the ice-free edges of the plateau maintained their population size at a stable level. Demographic stresses on the edge species might have been mitigated by the milder climate in comparison to their platform-distributed counterparts. Various behavioral and ecological characteristics, including dispersal capacity, habitat preference, and elevation specificity, along with evolutionary history might have helped to shape these different phylogeographical patterns [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 149-161, 2014].

Phylogeography of the Phrynocephalus vlangalii Species Complex in the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River Inferred from mtDNA ND4-tRNA^(LEU) Segments

The Ching Hai Toad-headed Agama(Phrynocephalus vlangalii) complex is a small toad-headed viviparous lizard that is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. A fragment of mtDNA ND4-tRNALEU from 189 samples in 26 populations was used to infer the phylogeographic history of this species complex in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that P. vlangalii and another proposed species(P. putjatia) do not form a monophyletic mtDNA clade,which in contrast with a previous study,includes P. theobaldi and P. forsythii. Lineage diversification occurred in the Middle Pleistocene for P. vlangali(ca. 0.95 Ma) and in the Early Pleistocene for P. putjatia(ca. 1.78 Ma). The uplift of the A’nyemaqen Mountains and glaciations since the mid-late Pleistocene,especially during the Kunlun Glaciation,are considered to have promoted the allopartric divergence of P. vlangalii. The diversification of P. putjatia may be triggered by the tectonic movement in the Huangshui River valley during the C phase of Qingzang Movement. Subsequently,the glacial climate throughout the Pleistocene may have continued to impede the gene flow of P. putjatia,eventually resulting in the genetic divergence of P. putjatia in the allopatric regions. Demographic estimates revealed weak population expansion in one lineage of P. vlangalii(A2,the Qaidam Basin lineage) and one lineage of P. putjatia(B2,the north Qinghai Lake lineage) after approximately 42 000 years before present. However,constant population size through time was inferred for two lineages(A1 and B1),the source of Yellow River lineage of P. vlangalii and the southeast of Qinghai Lake lineage of P. putjatia,possibly due to stable populations persisting in areas unaffected by glacial advances. Our results also suggest: 1) at least four differentiated lineages of P. vlangalii complex may have evolved allopatrically in different regions during the Pleistocene glaciation events; 2) in support of several recent studies,P. putjatia is a valid species,having a more wide distribution than previously considered; and 3) a hypothesis referring to P. v. hongyuanensis,inhabiting in the source region of the Yellow River,being synonymous with P. v. pylozwi is supported.

Middle and late pleistocene biostratigraphy and paleoclimate of an open-pit coal mine Schoningen Germany

In the Schoningen open-pit lignite mine (Northeastern Lower Saxony, Germany),Tertiary strata are unconformably overlain by Quaternary sediments and soils of Middle and LatePleistocene and Holocene age. The complex Pleistocene sequence contains a number ofinterglacial and interstadial deposits and soils and is of scientific importance for Late MiddlePleistocene stratigraphy of Central Europe and because of archeological evidence of early humanoccupation by Home erectus. There is evidence of four interglacials younger than the third-lastglaciation (Elsterian). The classical Holsteinian is followed by the newly discoveredbiostratigraphic unit Reinsdorf, an interglacial complex which contains archeological horizonswith wooden artifacts. Based on paleoecological fauna and flora data, the lithological setting andpreliminary age determinations, the Reinsdorf Interglacial likely correlates with marine isotopestage 9 and the Holsteinian with stage 11.

蒙古国大湖盆地地貌形成演化

通过大范围的野外考察,结合大尺度的航片资料,在总结前人研究成果的基础上,提出冰川作用是大湖盆地地貌形成的首要要素。在末次盛冰期的巨大冰川的机械侵蚀和磨蚀作用下形成现有巨大盆地。随着气温的上升,冰川侵蚀和移动,导致盆地内留下鼓丘、冰碛台地、蛇形丘、冰碛丘陵等冰川地貌。同时冰雪融水,使诸多小自盆地积水成湖,构成串珠状的湖泊分布格局。

洛川黄土堆积粗颗粒变化记录与华北第四纪哺乳动物迁徙关系的初步探讨

黄土高原的黄土是典型的风尘堆积,气候干冷时期,西北冬季风加强,黄土堆积颗粒较粗,反之较细.据此对洛川黄土-古土壤序列的非碳酸盐粗颗粒（0.10～0.0625mm）进行测试并绘制其变化曲线.结果显示第四纪时期出现过10次冬季风超级强盛事件,判定这些事件的地质年龄后,发现它们与欧洲阿尔卑斯山冰期有较好的对应关系,表明黄土堆积非碳酸盐粗颗粒值可能是极端气候变化事件的替代性指标.第四纪时期,华北哺乳动物群曾出现4次迁徙事件,它们与10次冬季风超强事件有一定的联系,事件对古人类活动也显示了某些影响,说明极端气候事件与哺乳动物进化有明显的关系,是值得今后进一步深入研究的领域.

Oxygen isotope stratigraphy and events in the northern South China Sea during the last 6 million years

Based on the stable isotopic analysis of more than 1000 samples of planktonic and benthic foraminifers from ODP Site 1148 in the northern South China Sea (SCS), the oxygen isotope stratigraphy has been applied to the last 3 million years for the first time in the SCS. Furthermore, the paleoceanographic changes in the northern SCS during the last 6 million years have been unraveled. The benthic foraminiferal δ180 record shows that before ~3.1 Ma the SCS was much more influenced by the warm intermediate water of the Pacific. The remarkable decrease in the deepwater temperature of the SCS during the period of 3.1-2.5 Ma demonstrates the formation of the Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet. However, the several sea surface temperature (SST) reductions during the early and middle Pliocene, reflected by the planktonic foraminiferal δ18O, might be related to the ice-sheet growth in the Antarctic region. Only those stepwise and irreversible SST reductions during the period of ~2.2-0.9 Ma could be related to the formation and growth of the Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet.

The potential drivers in forming avian biodiversity hotspots in the East Himalaya Mountains of Southwest China

Little has been published to describe or interpret Asian biodiversity hotspots,including those in the East Himalayan Mountains of Southwest China(HMSC),thus making necessary a review of the current knowledge.The Pliocene and Pleistocene geological and glacial histories of the Asian continent differ from those of Europe and North America,suggesting different mechanisms of speciation and extinction,and,thus,different responses to climate changes during the Quaternary glaciations.This short review summarizes potential drivers in shaping and maintaining high species richness and endemism of birds in the HMSC.The geographical location at the junction of different biogeographical realms,the wide range of habitats and climates along the extensive elevational range,the complex topography and the distinct geological history of this region have probably contributed to the evolution of an exceptionally species-rich and endemic-rich,specialized montane avian fauna.The Mountain systems in the HMSC may have provided refugia where species survived during the glacial periods and barriers for preventing species dispersal after the glacial periods.More studies are required to further test this refugia hypothesis by comparing more cold-tolerent and warm-tolerent species.