Existing state of potassium chloride in agglomerated sintering dust and its water leaching kinetics

In order to examine the leaching rate of potassium chloride from the sintering dust by water,surface morphology and inner structure of the dust,especially the existing state of potassium chloride,were observed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and linear scanning technique via energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）.The characterization shows that the sintering dusts are mostly porous composites or agglomerates of the fine dust particles with size less than 10 μm,and the potassium chloride and sodium chloride particles are partly covered by other water insoluble matters in the dust which consist of elements iron,calcium and etc.Exposure of potassium chloride in the agglomerated dust matrix of this kind suggests that the leaching can be simply perceived as the dissolution of water soluble matters in the dust.On-line monitor of specific electrical conductivity of the leaching system verifies the prediction that leaching kinetics of potassium chloride from the sintering dust fits dissolution model well.Leaching equilibrium can be reached within 5 min with potassium leaching ratio more than 95%.

Realization of Potassium Chloride Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Fiber

We propose to measure the concentration of potassium chloride using photonic crystal fiber having circular air holes of diameter 400 nm. The principle of measurement is based on the linear variation of the transmitted field emerging from the PCF with respect to concentration of potassium chloride. Field distribution in photonic crystal structure is simulated using plane wave expansion (PWE) method. Simulation result reveals that the intensity of transmitted light varies linearly with respect to concentration of potassium chloride filled in the air holes.

Development and bioequivalence study of potassium chloride extended release tablets

The purposes of this study are to prepare the generic extended release tablet of potassiumchloride(PC) 600 mg and to compare the absorption of potassium ion from the experimen-tal tablets to that of Kaleorid? LP 600 mg(Leo Pharmaceutical Products, Denmark). Car-nauba wax was used as retardant in the matrix core tablets. The core tablets were coatedwith blends of ethyl cellulose(EC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose(HPMC) to modulatethe drug release. Results of a selective two-level, three-factor experiment design revealedthat a blend of 41.75% of EC and 58.25% of HPMC at 4.5% weight gained could produce thecoated tablets having dissolution profiles similar to those of Kaleorid?. A two-treatment,two-period, two-sequence crossover bioequivalence study was carried out on 24 healthyvolunteers to compare the absorption of potassium ion from experimental tablets to thatfrom Kaleorid?. The potassium ion in the urine was measured by a selective electrode of theADVIA 1650 system(Bayer) and used to calculate cumulative urinary excretion and urinaryexcretion rate. Results of 90 percent confidence interval analysis showed that the limits fornatural log-transformed cumulative urinary potassium excretion(Ln Ae 0-24) of test productwere in the range of 3.73–3.79 mEq, corresponding to 99.08%–100.92% of Kaleorid ?, respec-tively, and the limits for natural log-transformed maximal potassium excretion rate( R max) oftest product were in the range of 1.72–1.82 mEq/h, corresponding to 97.34%–102.66% of refer-ence product, respectively. Both of them fell within the bioequivalence interval(80%–125%)of reference product, proving that experimental product is bioequivalent to Kaleorid ?.

The diagnosis of hyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride in experimental rabbits

Objective： To observe the electrocardiogram （ECG） and heart rate in a rabbit model ofhyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride, and provide theoretical and experimental reference for timely diagnosis of hyperkalemia clinically. Methods： Forty rabbits were randomly assigned into four groups. 0.9% isotonic saline solution was perfused in the group I , while 1.0%, 4.0% and 10.0% potassium chloride solutions were perfused in the other groups, respectively, to induce hyperkalemia. Results： The changes of serum potassium, ECG and heart rate before perfusion were significantly （P〈 0.05） different from those after perfusion in the other groups compared with group I . The effect of ECG variability rates was well consistent （Kappa = 0.724, P〈0.01） with that of serum potassium on diagnostic tests in the other groups. The area under ROC curve in diagnosis effect of ECG variability rates and sermn potassium on hyperkalaemia was much significantly larger （P〈0.01 and P〈0.05） compared with 0.5. There was asignificantly positive correlation between ECG variability rates and serum potassium （r= 0.865, P〈0.05 for bilateral Pearson test）. There was certain positive correlation between heart rate and serum potassium, but the correlation was poor （r= 0.526, R2=0.277）. Conclusion： A combination of serum potassium, ECG variability rates and heart rate should be considered and analyzed by synthesis to establish an accurate and timely diagnosis for hyperkalemia.

Influences of additives on the crystal habit of potassium chloride

By means of constant control speed cooling crystallization,the influences of four additives,including lead chloride,cadmium chloride,sodium salicylate,and quaternary ammonium salt,on the crystal habit of KCl were investigated.The results show that the crystal habit of KCl is cube without additives,the crystal habit of KCl is ellipsoid-like in the presence of Pb^(2+),the crystal habit of KCl is strip in the presence of Cd^(2+),and the crystal habit of KCl is cavate cube in the presence of sodium salicylate.Xray diffractometry analysis reveals that these additives can change the crystal habit of KCl but not its crystal structure.

Analgesic effect of intrathecal bumetanide is accompanied by changes in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chloride regulation in the pain pathway and by effecting neuronal excitability and pain sensitization. The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the speciifc sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 inhibitor bumetanide, and the change in spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in a rat model of incisional pain. Results showed that intrathecal bumetanide could decrease cumulative pain scores, and could increase thermal and mechanical pain thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain. Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression in-creased in neurons from dorsal root ganglion and the deep laminae of the ipsilateral dorsal horn following incision. By contrast, potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression decreased in neurons of the deep laminae from the ipsilateral dorsal horn. These ifndings suggest that spinal sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 expression was up-regulated and spinal potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 2 expression was down-regulated following incision. Intrathecal bumetanide has analgesic effects on incisional pain through inhibition of sodium-potassi-um-chloride co-transporter 1.

Antibacterial Properties of Starch Blending with Glycidyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride and Potassium Sorbate Used in Medical Dressings

Starch is easy to breed bacteria,which affects its performance and application in medical dressings.In this research,antibacterial starch was prepared by physical blending method with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride(GTA)and potassium sorbate as antibacterial agents.The antibacterial activities of GTA,potassium sorbate,GTA-starch and potassium sorbate-starch were investigated with the purpose of understanding the growth of bacteria in starch system.Results showed that GTA had good antibacterial activity,and the bacteriostasis rate of 0.05 g/mL GTA against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)was 96.55%.The antibacterial properties of starch increased with an increase of mass fraction of potassium sorbate and then decreased with the continuously increasing of mass fraction of GTA.GTA-starch with30%GTA showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of Escherichia coli(E.coli)and S.aureus were 26.48%and20.26%,respectively;50%potassium sorbate in potassium sorbatestarch showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of E.coli and S.aureus were 67.68%and 74.75%,respectively.

The biochemical effects of potassium chloride on the silkworm, （ Bombyx mori L.）

The supplementation with 50, 100 and 150μg/mL potassium chloride to the fifth instar larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori on fat body glycogen, protein, total lipids and haemolymph protein and trehalose were analyzed. The fat body glycogen and protein and haemolymph protein were increased significantly in all the treated groups; whereas fat body total lipids increased only in 100 and 150μg/mL and haemolymph trehalose increased only in 150μg/mL potassium chloride-treated groups when compared with those of the corresponding parameters of the carrier controls.

Suicide attempt using potassium tablets for congenital chloride diarrhea:A case report

BACKGROUND Congenital chloride diarrhea(CCD)is a rare inherited disorder of intestinal electrolyte transport that results in a large wastage of electrolytes and water.Advances in substitution therapy using sodium chloride(NaCl)and potassium chloride(KCl)have dramatically improved survival for patients with CCD.Slowrelease KCl is widely prescribed as a potassium supplement;however,it has also occasionally been used in suicide attempts,as potassium poisoning can generate life-threatening hyperkalemia.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old female presented to the emergency department(ED)with selfpoisoning,having taken 30 tablets of slow-release KCl(total:240 mmol potassium)following an auditory hallucination.The patient had been undergoing substitution therapy with NaCl and KCl for CCD and been followed up in the pediatric department.One month prior,she developed insomnia and anxiety and had consulted a psychiatrist.At the ED,although her general condition was good,she appeared agitated.Her serum potassium level was 7.0 mmol/L,indicating hyperkalemia,and electrocardiographic changes showed tenting of the T-waves.She responded to the administration of calcium gluconate,sodium bicarbonate,and insulin with glucose,and the serum potassium level improved.Finally,she was diagnosed with schizophrenia.CONCLUSION In CCD management,physicians should pay careful attention to patients’extraintestinal issues,including psychological disorders that may emerge in adulthood.

基于感官评定方法优化低钠盐减钠比例的实验研究

文章运用量值评估法、定量描述分析法等多种感官评定方法对添加不同氯化钾含量的低钠盐进行感官评定,根据测定结果,筛选出口感良好、咸度适中的低钠盐品,为优化低钠盐产品提供理论支撑。

Anomalous expression of chloride transporters in the sclerosed hippocampus of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients

The Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 regulate the levels of intracellular chloride in hippocampal cells. Impaired chloride transport by these proteins is thought to be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Imbalance in the relative expression of these two proteins can lead to a collapse of CI- homeostasis, resulting in a loss of gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic inhibition and even epileptiform discharges. In this study, we investigated the expression of Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 and K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 in the sclerosed hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Compared with the histologically normal hippocampus, the sclerosed hippocampus showed increased Na＋-K＋-Cl- cotransporter 1 expression and decreased K＋-CI- cotransporter 2 expression, especially in CA2 and the dentate gyrus. The change was more prominent for the Na＋-K＋-CI- cotransporter 1 than for the K＋-CI- cotransporter 2. These experimental findings indicate that the balance between intracellular and extracellular chloride may be disturbed in hippocampal sclerosis, contributing to the hyperexcitability underlying epileptic seizures. Changes in Na＋-K＋-CI-cotransporter 1 expression seems to be the main contributor. Our study may shed new light on possible therapies for patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.

Extraction of potassium from K-feldspar via the CaCl_2 calcination route

The extraction of potassium from K-feldspar via a calcium chloride calcination route was studied with a focus on the effects of the calcination atmosphere, calcination temperature and time, mass ratio of CaCl2 to K-feldspar ore and particle size of the K-feldspar ore. The results demonstrated that a competing high-temperature hydrolysis reaction of calcium chloride with moisture in a damp atmosphere occurred concurrently with the conversion reaction of K-feldspar with CaCl2, thus reducing the amount of potassium extracted. The conversion reaction started at approximately 600 °C and accelerated with increasing temperature. When the temperature rose above 900 °C, the extraction of potassium gradually decreased due to the volatilization of the product, KCl.As much as approximately 41% of the potassium was volatilized in 40 min at 1100 °C. The mass ratio of CaCl2/K-feldspar ore significantly affected the extraction. At a mass ratio of 1.15 and 900 °C, the potassium extraction reached 91% in 40 min, while the extraction was reduced to only 22% at the theoretical mass ratio of 0.2. Optimal process conditions are as follows: ore particle size of 50–75 μm, tablet forming pressure of 3 MPa, dry nitrogen atmosphere, mass ratio of CaCl2/ore 1.15:1, calcination temperature of 900 °C, and calcination time of 40 min.The XRD analysis revealed that a complex phase transition of the product SiO2 was also accompanied by the conversion reaction of K-feldspar/CaCl2. The SiO2 product formed at the initial stage was in the quartz phase at 900 °C and was gradually transformed into cristobalite after 30 min.

氯化锂溶液中钾离子的吸附分离研究

作为初级原料的氯化锂产品因钾、钠、钙等杂质含量过高,直接影响了氯化锂及由氯化锂制备的金属锂的应用和系列产品的开发。采用静态吸附法研究了由水热法合成的硅铝酸盐分子筛在氯化锂溶液中对钾离子的吸附分离性能,考察了接触时间、温度、不同钾离子初始浓度、溶液pH、离子强度等对分子筛吸附钾离子的影响,研究分析了分子筛对钾离子的吸附动力学和吸附热力学。结果表明:分子筛对钾离子有较高的选择吸附性且吸附速率快,在溶液初始钾离子浓度为0.005 mol/L、温度为25℃的条件下,30 min后分子筛对钾离子的吸附量为56 mg/g,接近吸附平衡容量;溶液中初始钾离子浓度、离子强度直接影响着分子筛对钾离子的平衡吸附量。通过动力学及热力学分析得知,分子筛对钾离子的吸附更符合Freundlich吸附等温模型且为放热反应,低温有利于吸附的进行;吸附反应过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附反应速率由多个控制步骤共同决定。同时,分子筛对钾离子有较好的解吸效率,可循环吸附。

筛分—反浮选联合脱杂法制备精光卤石工艺研究

针对察尔汗盐湖产出的高杂质光卤石矿质量差、难以生产利用的情况,本研究以该光卤石矿为原料,采用反浮选工艺和筛分脱除细粒级—反浮选联合工艺分别进行脱除杂质试验研究。结果表明:相比反浮选工艺,联合工艺可以通过脱除-0.088 mm/-0.074 mm细粒级,预先脱除56.36%/41.22%的钠杂质及92.56%/87.79%的钙杂质,再联合一次粗选,两次扫选,粗选精矿与扫选精矿合并的反浮选工艺流程,使Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)脱除率均达到90%以上。脱杂后精光卤石中的K^(+)品位较原矿提高了1.1倍,精光卤石品质能够满足后续生产要求,可以实现该矿正常生产利用,并且该工艺能够显著降低药剂用量,在产品品质及选矿成本上具有较大优势。

电针对紫杉醇诱导大鼠神经病理性疼痛的影响

目的观察电针(EA)对紫杉醇诱导神经病理性疼痛大鼠脊髓背角NKCC1、KCC2表达和小胶质细胞活化的影响及其可能机制。方法将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为溶媒组(Vehicle组)、紫杉醇组(PTX组)、紫杉醇+电针组(PTX+EA组)、紫杉醇+假电针组(PTX+Sham EA组),每组12只。采用腹腔注射PTX的方法建立PTX诱导的神经病理性疼痛大鼠动物模型,建模完成后,PTX+EA组给予“足三里”、“阳陵泉”电针刺激,连续7 d。于紫杉醇注射前2 d和注射后第1、3、5、7、14、21天进行机械撤足阈值和热缩足潜伏期痛行为学测试。利用免疫荧光染色技术和Western blot技术检测脊髓背角组织中钠钾氯联合转运蛋白1(NKCC1)、钾氯联合转运蛋白2(KCC2)和小胶质细胞标志物离子钙结合衔接分子1(Iba1)表达的变化。结果与Vehicle组比较,PTX组大鼠出现双后足机械和热痛觉过敏,脊髓背角组织中NKCC1表达升高和活化的小胶质细胞数增加。与PTX组比较,PTX+EA组大鼠在第14、21天的机械和热痛觉过敏得到显著改善,脊髓背角组织中NKCC1和Iba1表达量降低,4组间KCC2表达差异无统计学意义。结论电针可有效缓解紫杉醇诱导的神经病理性疼痛,其机制可能与抑制大鼠脊髓背角组织中NKCC1表达和小胶质细胞活化有关。

溶析结晶用于盐湖卤水提钾和镁锂分离研究

采用溶析结晶法快速分离盐湖卤水中氯化钾并降低卤水中的镁锂比,解决青海盐湖盐田摊晒存在的生产周期长、需要修建大面积盐田等难题。以有机溶剂为溶析剂,考察了不同种类溶析剂加入量、溶析温度、溶析时间等对盐湖氯化钾收率及镁锂比的影响。实验结果表明,以无水乙醇为溶析剂与盐湖卤水体积比为2∶1,溶析温度为-15℃,时间为90 min时,氯化钾和氯化钠的收率分别达到93.15%和99.84%。溶析结晶后的母液经过过滤,在70~80℃,以0.5℃/min的降温速率进行动态降温,析出氯化镁晶体,镁锂质量比由原卤中的388.44降低至266.63,最终达到快速分离氯化钾的目的及为后续对镁锂进一步分离提供更有利的条件。

慢性心力衰竭不良预后的风险模型构建

目的:分析慢性心力衰竭不良预后的相关因素并据此构建不良预后的风险模型。方法:回顾性分析本院2022年1月至2023年1月间收治的216例慢性心力衰竭(慢性心衰)患者资料,全部患者出院后随访3个月,根据美国纽约心脏病学会心衰分级标准(NYHA分级)评估全部患者的预后情况,据此划分为良好组171例与不良组45例。对比两组患者的一般资料、入院指标,将其中具有统计学差异的因素代入Logistic分析其与慢性心衰不良预后的关系。结果:预后不良组患者年龄、入院时间、入院NYHA分级均高于良好组,体重轻于良好组,入院收缩压低于良好组,K、Na、Cl均低于良好组(P<0.05);年龄偏大、住院时间较长、入院NYHA分级较高为慢性心衰不良预后的危险因素(OR≥1,P<0.05);入院收缩压较高、体重较重、Na较高、Cl较高、K较高为慢性心衰不良预后的保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05);Na≤127.95mmoL/L及联合风险模型对于慢性心衰不良预后具有较高预测价值(AUC>0.9,P<0.05);K≤3.42mmoL/L、Cl≤94.00mmoL/L对于慢性心衰不良预后具有中等预测价值(0.7<AUC≤0.9,P<0.05);收缩压≤133.50mmHg、入院体重≤66.45kg、年龄≥61.50岁、住院时间≥15.50d、入院NYHA分级≥3.5级对于慢性心衰不良预后具有较低预测价值(0.5≤AUC≤0.7,P<0.05)。结论:根据风险模型完善患者相关检查,及时给予专项治疗与防治,预防低钠血症、低钾血症与低氯血症的发生有利于提高慢性心力衰竭患者的预后。

基于磷酸二氢铵-氯化钾的新型氮磷钾水溶肥制备工艺及氯含量调控研究

农业绿色高质量发展对农业肥料的品质提出了更高要求,其中新型水溶肥的开发受到了极大关注。本文以磷酸二氢铵和工业氯化钾为原料,通过复分解工艺,制备了新型氮磷钾水溶肥,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段,考察了原料质量比、原料添加量、反应温度以及搅拌速度等因素对氮磷钾水溶肥中的氯含量及产率的影响。结果表明:原料质量比对氮磷钾水溶肥的制备具有决定性影响;在原料质量比为1∶1、NH_(4)H_(2)PO_(4)和KCl添加量均为20 g、反应温度为80℃、搅拌速度为500 r/min时制备的氮磷钾水溶肥中氯含量最低,产率最高,产物组分主要是K_(0.37)(NH_(4))_(0.63)H_(2)PO_(4)。研究成果可为我国高效、环保新型肥料的研发提供参考。

氯化钾无氰镀镉工艺的边界条件

介绍了氯化钾无氰镀镉工艺的研究开发过程,依据实验室试验与生产实践制定了工艺边界条件。氯化镉25 g/L~35 g/L,氯化钾80 g/L~140 g/L,PULIZIER NCC-617 AC络合剂100 g/L~140 g/L,PULIZIER NCC-617 Base辅助剂25 mL/L~30 mL/L,PULIZIER NCC-617 Bri光亮剂1.5 mL/L~2.5 mL/L,PULIZIER NCC-617 HCD高区光亮剂5 mL/L~10 mL/L,镀槽温度20℃~35℃,pH值7~9,阴极电流密度0.5 A/dm^(2)~1.5 A/dm^(2)(可放宽至0.5 A/dm^(2)~2.0 A/dm^(2)),阴极移动2 m/min~4 m/min,阳极采用镉的质量分数≥99.97%的镉板。在实验室制备钢铁表面无氰镀镉及六价铬彩色钝化样件,进行中性盐雾试验20 064 h样件表面无白锈。本工艺在镀层耐蚀性方面取得了重大进步,具有良好的应用前景。

氯化钾滚镀锌关键技术的开发研究

在氯化钾滚镀锌槽中间加隔板将其分成两个滚镀锌槽。第一镀槽中的亚铁杂质视作镀液的有效成分,将镀锌改为镀锌铁合金。第二镀槽切断了亚铁杂质的主要来源,用于制备高质量的镀锌层。钢铁件在第一镀槽中镀锌铁合金制备底镀层,然后在第二镀槽中镀锌得到面镀层,从而消除了铁杂质对氯化钾镀锌的不良影响,克服了传统工艺镀层出现滚桶眼子印和钝化困难等技术缺陷。本工艺无需处理氯化钾镀锌槽中的铁杂质,解决了用双氧水氧化处理法导致镀液性能下降的问题。结果表明:所制备的镀锌铁合金与镀锌组合镀层的耐蚀性高于传统的镀锌层。本工艺镀液维护简单,镀液和镀层性能优于传统工艺,具有良好的应用前景。