Digital Disparities:How Artificial Intelligence Can Facilitate Anti-Black Racism in the U.S.Healthcare Sector

This paper delves into the intricate interplay between artificial intelligence(AI)systems and the perpetuation of Anti-Black racism within the United States medical industry.Despite the promising potential of AI to enhance healthcare outcomes and reduce disparities,there is a growing concern that these technologies may inadvertently/advertently exacerbate existing racial inequalities.Focusing specifically on the experiences of Black patients,this research investigates how the following AI components:medical algorithms,machine learning,and natural learning processes are contributing to the unequal distribution of medical resources,diagnosis,and health care treatment of those classified as Black.Furthermore,this review employs a multidisciplinary approach,combining insights from computer science,medical ethics,and social justice theory to analyze the mechanisms through which AI systems may encode and reinforce racial biases.By dissecting the three primary components of AI,this paper aims to present a clear understanding of how these technologies work,how they intersect,and how they may inherently perpetuate harmful stereotypes resulting in negligent outcomes for Black patients.Furthermore,this paper explores the ethical implications of deploying AI in healthcare settings and calls for increased transparency,accountability,and diversity in the development and implementation of these technologies.Finally,it is important that I prefer the following paper with a clear and concise definition of what I refer to as Anti-Black racism throughout the text.Therefore,I assert the following:Anti-Black racism refers to prejudice,discrimination,or antagonism directed against individuals or communities of African descent based on their race.It involves the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over another and the systemic and institutional practices that perpetuate inequality and disadvantage for Black people.Furthermore,I proclaim that this form of racism can be manifested in various ways,such as unequal access to opportunities,resources,education,employment,and fair treatment within social,economic,and political systems.It is also pertinent to acknowledge that Anti-Black racism is deeply rooted in historical and societal structures throughout the U.S.borders and beyond,leading to systemic disadvantages and disparities that impact the well-being and life chances of Black individuals and communities.Addressing Anti-Black racism involves recognizing and challenging both individual attitudes and systemic structures that contribute to discrimination and inequality.Efforts to combat Anti-Black racism include promoting awareness,education,advocacy for policy changes,and fostering a culture of inclusivity and equality.

History Teacher Training from Decolonial Curriculum Practices to Combat Racism at UniProjeção in the Federal District-A Secondary Publication

This article aims to understand the training process of history undergraduates,to see if there are decolonial curricular practices to combat racism at the Centro Universitário e Faculdade Projeção(UniProjeção)in the Federal District,to understand how coloniality has corroborated the exclusion of different epistemologies and the erasure of different cultures,and how this exclusionary process of coloniality interferes in the training of history teachers.In order to combat this practice,we are looking for alternatives that can break these suppressions carried out by Europeans.In this way,we turn to decolonial ideas that aim to break with the logic of coloniality.We can conclude that these practices are poorly developed in the institution,so we proposed active problem-based methodology and music as a didactic resource.As playful educational tools that strengthen the teaching-learning process,they are active agents in the decolonial work of combating racism,and it is essential to train responsible and ethical teachers in the fight against racism and any form of oppression.

Racism in the United States: A Case Study of The Help

Although slavery was abolished in the 1860s,its influence still continued and the blacks were not readily assimilated into the large American culture.Most of them remain in the South,where they were legally segregated from whites.This paper takes the Hollywood movie The Help as an example,and describes racism embodied in the movie and analyzes the root of racism.It is hoped that this paper will help readers to have a better understanding of racism in the United States.

Anti-Asian Racism in the Shadow of COVID-19 in the USA:Reported Incidents,Psychological Implications,and Coping Resources

Racism,which has been a deeply rooted feature of so many human societies across the world for centuries,has become rampant in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic.In the past racism was thought to be as somehow“natural”or“biological.”Later on,sociologists recognized“race”as a socially and culturally constructed ideology,which exists in a society at both the individual and institutional levels.Further down the timeline,psychologists viewed racism as an individual or a collective psychological defensive mechanism generated by feelings of fear,insecurity,and anxiety in the face of imminent or presumed internal or external threat.No matter how it is described,racism has become rampant in the shadow of COVID-19,manifested in the incidents of racial slurs and verbal abuse,online bullying,physical attacks,vandalism,and others.It took the forms of white supremacy,xenophobia,Sinophobia,and institutional and aversive racism.It was institutionalized,politicized,and religionized.Given this increasing occurrence of racism triggered by COVID-19,this paper tried to trace the historical roots of racism,followed by the analysis of the specific incidents of anti-Asian racism and discrimination related to COVID-19 in the United States.This paper also sketched the psychological implications of racism and some coping mechanisms for the victims.

An Academic Summary of the Seminar on “Addressing Contemporary Forms of Racism: Challenges Posed by the Pandemic and the National Responses”

The seminar on Addressing Contemporary Forms of Racism:Challenges Posed by the Pandemic and the National Responses",guided by the China Society for Human Rights Studies and co-hosted by the Center for Human Rights Studies of Central South University,Cross Cultural Human Rights Centre-Vrije University Amsterdam and China Top Think Tank-Wuhan University Institute of International Law,was held on July 3rd,2020.Nearly 20 experts and scholars in the field of human rights from China,the United States,the Netherlands,Germany,South Africa and other countries,as well as the United Nations attended the seminar The seminar focused on addressing contemporary forms of racism,the challenges posed by COVID-19 and the national responses,which has important theoretical significance and practical value for eliminating racism worldwide,constructing a global community of health for all and achieving the common development of mankind.

Racism and Epistemologies of Ignorance:The Forgotten African Soldiers Who Fought Against Fascism in World War Two

Africans fought against fascism in World War Ⅱ.More than a million African soldiers were engaged in this war,some as volunteers while most of them were forcibly conscripted.They fought in Africa,the Middle East,Europe and the Far East.But there contribution remains unacknowledged by the British and French because of racism and epistemologies of ignorance.Indeed,the World War Two memories discourse largely remains Eurocentric and tends to diminish the role played by other parts of world,especially Africa,in the World's Anti-Fascist War.This reflects the enduring Western hegemony in framing the World War 2 memories and historical narrative.Indeed,African scholars should be more assertive and unapologetic in highlighting Africa's outstanding contributions to the World's Anti-Fascist War,human rights and world peace.The days of marginalizing Africa in world history and global affairs are over.African scholars need to send that message loud and clear to the rest of the world.Africans must tell their own story to the world,on their own terms,assertively and unapologetically.

后殖民视角下恩古吉对文化身份的探索

恩古吉·瓦·提安哥是非洲最重要的后殖民文学创作者之一,他的作品反映了肯尼亚茅茅运动武装斗争期间以及独立后的各种社会问题。作者恩古吉本身具备流散者的标记,他不仅遭受了肯尼亚政府的迫害,也被西方精英阶级所排斥,因此他的作品常常以不固定的视角阐述殖民时期及后殖民时代中的各种问题,具有较高的研究价值。拟以恩古吉作品的文化身份探索为主题,主要以《一粒麦种》《十字架上的魔鬼》两部作品为文本进行后殖民批评。研究以小说中的身份认同困境以及身体歧视问题为核心,针对这两个问题提出了文化身份和身体认知重建路径。

从国家文化安全的视角剖析海外华人的安全形势——基于欧洲华人社群的经验数据

文章参考西方学术界关于东方主义和种族主义的相关理论,结合不同职业、不同年龄的欧洲华人社群的经验数据,剖析这一群体所处的文化安全处境,探索文化安全对其经济安全、人身安全和身份认同安全的影响。研究发现,西方社会对包括中国在内的东方主义印象与对移民群体的种族主义偏见有着紧密联系,这使得欧洲华人群体的文化安全形势复杂且脆弱。保护海外华人个体的文化安全与保卫我国整体的文化安全密不可分,海外华人所处的文化安全形势对理解我国面临的整体文化安全挑战至关重要。

非洲马克思主义研究需要厘清的四个关系

20世纪的非洲在民族解放与独立进程中选择了马克思主义,坚持走社会主义道路,这是马克思主义在发展过程中多样化的表现。当前,对于非洲马克思主义的研究需要厘清四个关系:一是非洲马克思主义与非洲的马克思主义的关系;二是反殖民主义与非洲马克思主义的关系;三是非洲马克思主义理论与非洲社会主义实践的关系;四是非洲马克思主义与马克思主义发展谱系的关系。厘清这四个关系对我们理解与研究非洲马克思主义是很有裨益的。

论多丽丝·皮金顿小说中的后殖民生态书写——从《漫漫回家路》中的“栅栏”意象谈起

皮金顿的《漫漫回家路》以传统的澳洲原住民口述故事为基础,利用栅栏这一核心意象,折射出殖民入侵后澳洲原住民的生存境遇及其历史文化的变迁。本文透过后殖民生态批评理论视野,检视该著中兼具生态意涵和殖民话语的文化意象——“栅栏”的复杂内涵,揭露欧洲殖民者对西澳大利亚的生态殖民和文化殖民,挖掘作品中的后殖民生态意蕴,敞亮原住民抵抗殖民的文化与现实路径,凸显在全球化进程中多民族文化交融和人与自然和谐共存的重要价值。

Racism,Equity,and Quality of Education for International Students in South Korean Higher Education Institutes

This study aims to understand equity issues of international students’learning in Korean higher education institutions by engaging with the issue of racism and identifies how international students in Korea reshape their learning trajectory and how we could provide equitable and quality education for international students.Espousing a qualitative case study design,six students from different background were interviewed to examine features of perceived institutional racism based on their learning experience in Korea.Major findings showed that internationalization has not been fulfilled in terms of engaging with international students although Korean government and higher education institutions have developed relevant policy to attract international students.This study indicates that Korean universities need to reconstruct their social,cultural,and institutional systems to embrace equity,diversity and inclusiveness to empower international students’capacity.

浅论福克纳和莫里森对种族主义的凝视——以《献给艾米莉的玫瑰》和《宠儿》为例

在凝视理论的指导下,本文试图从《献给艾米莉的玫瑰》和《宠儿》两部作品入手,研究两部作品中种族内部或种族之间的“凝视”与“被凝视”,两部作品对美国种族关系的坚定凝视所唤起的不适感值得认真关注。其次文章试图通过这两部作品分析威廉·福克纳和托尼·莫里森所体现的种族观,探讨在不同种族和性别的影响下,两位作家对同一主题的看法和作品的差异,最终对当时种族主义和历史得出较为全面的看法。

The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Double Threat to Chinese Americans’ Mental Health

Objective:To explore the double psychosocial threats of the COVID-19 pandemic,targeted behavior toward Chinese Americans,and the correlates to their mental health.Methods:A quantitative,cross-sectional,and descriptive design was utilized by using a purposive convenience sample of 301 Chinese Americans over the age of 18 residing in the United States.Online data collection was conducted through the social media platform WeChat from April 8–21,2021.Descriptive statistical analysis was used for the participants’demographic charac-teristics,Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support(MSPSS),Double Threat Situations,COVID-19 Racial Discrimination,and General Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7).Stepwise logistic regression was conducted to verify predictors for anxiety levels by GAD-7.Results:In this sample(N=301),127(42.19%)were male and 174(57.81%)were female.The average age was 41.67(SD=5.89).Among MSPSS subscales,social support from family(MSPSS-Fam,79.73%,n=240)and social support from significant others(MSPSS-SO,73.75%,n=222)were high.231(76.74%)reported threats due to their Chinese ethnic background during the COVID-19 outbreak.Predictors for the high anxiety level by GAD-7 were COVID-19 racial discrimination from the local community(OR=0.47,95%CI=0.39–0.71,p<0.001),media/online(OR=0.36,95%CI=0.26–0.53,p<0.001),the perceived threat from the COVID-19 virus(OR=0.33,95%CI=0.23–0.51,p<0.001)and Perceived racism threat from Chinese back-ground related to COVID-19(OR=0.31,95%CI=0.21–0.49,p<0.001).Conclusions:COVID-19 double-threats(The virus and racial discrimination)situations are significantly related to the high level of anxiety among Chinese Americans.The sense of belonging and social perceptions of Chinese immigrants is closely related to public health problems in Western societies and needs to be addressed at all levels.Ourfindings call for the attention of health-care workers to specific racism double-threatened situations and high mental health risks,as well as direct and indirect ethnic discrimination that Chinese Americans are experiencing during this pandemic,the long-term influ-ences and effective coping ways related to this issue should be explored in further research.

文明的内涵及其意识形态

文明植根于人的实践的存在方式,表征着人类自身对美好生活的追求,这一概念的背后是一种启蒙主义的进步观念。文明既指人类社会发展的历史过程,也指人类社会发展所达到的历史成就,更重要的是表达了整个人类的社会存在的理想。但是,在人类文明的发展进程中,西方自身的文明概念却异化成了两种意识形态:作为殖民主义的意识形态和作为种族主义的意识形态。文明为西方推行殖民主义提供了合法性辩护,同时也成为论证其种族优越性的合理性根据。因此,“文明”观念逐渐沦为了殖民主义和种族主义所利用的工具,其背后的理论根基也由启蒙主义转变为社会达尔文主义。如果要建立平等的文明观念,就需要破除文明的两种意识形态症候及其理论根基。只有在此意义上,文明的交流互鉴才成为可能,文明新形态才值得期许。

从历史的角度来看美国近年的排华种族主义

近年来,人们目睹了美国对亚裔的种族偏见激增,美国华人首当其冲。华裔美国人在历史上遭受各种形式的种族歧视,通过分析反华偏见的根源,可以揭示美国反华情绪的历史连续性及其种族思维本质。从几项关键法院判决和法律可以看到“白种人”这一概念如何长期在法律、政治和社会经济层面成为美国公民定义的本质。这一种族观念在法律上不断得到肯定并被蓄意广泛援用,以限制甚至禁止华人移民美国并将华裔排除在政治参与的过程之外。1943年的《马格努森法案》(Magnuson Act)废除了所有排华法案后,华人移民获得了归化入籍权。自1965年种族主义的国籍移民配额制度被废除以来,美国华人人口大幅增长,并在经济和教育等诸多方面都取得了长足发展。但美国的华裔在种族政治中仍然处于弱势地位,甚至被边缘化,包括媒体和政治家在内的主流社会继续从种族的角度来看待美国华人。随着中美地缘政治紧张局势的加剧,这一将华人种族化的思潮助长了仇华情绪,对华裔尤其是华裔知识分子,造成了极大伤害。

英国的赛珍珠 赛珍珠的英国

赛珍珠的作品在英国经常被忽略,虽然小说家菲利斯·本特利、乔治·奥威尔等对她颇有好评。赛珍珠通过创作《诺言》《来吧,亲爱的》《镇上人》等作品,对英国人的白人权力、性别歧视与种族主义之间的关联进行了思考。赛珍珠不仅不是一个种族主义者,而且是一个好例子,能够用来说明一个人能够在克服种族主义方面取得多么大的成就。

自由帝国主义的监管人秩序观:以伯克和霍布森的亚非认识为例

艾德蒙·伯克与约翰·霍布森在英国自由主义思想传统中占据重要地位。两者在对劳工与殖民地问题的讨论中,表达了自由主义传统中以“反帝国主义”面貌示人的帝国主义秩序观。这种秩序观反对帝国对海外领土进行直接统治,更强调“先进”文明对“落后”文明的监管,并通过商业活动“促进”后者的“发展”。这种自由帝国主义秩序观与种族主义密切关联。此外,在19世纪中后期,帝国主义的种族不平等观也衍生出了使阶级不平等合理化的内容。同时,种族观也从一种精英阶层的帝国理由,转向逐渐与帝国中心的白人工人阶级发生联系。这一进程与自由帝国主义者推动的“自由劳工”全球流动密切相关。

美国机构化种族主义的暴力本质——解读《尼科尔少年教养院》

美国著名非裔作家科尔森·怀特黑德继承并发扬了现代美国非裔文学的奴隶叙事和种族叙事传统,依据史实,以虚构的方式,在小说《尼科尔少年教养院》中描写了两个黑人少年20世纪60年代在少年教养院地狱般的悲惨经历,折射了几代黑人的集体经历和创伤性记忆。本文运用文化批评理论,借鉴解构主义思想和策略,深刻分析“教养院”式的机构化权力运行方式的虚伪性及其种族主义本质和暴力本质,揭示教养院在合法机构名义下所掩盖的对黑人实施种族暴力的种族主义本性,认为作品书写的种族主义主题具有强烈的现实意义。

柯莱特的“摩登金发”及其反种族主义内蕴

20世纪初,柯莱特被誉为法国最伟大的女作家之一,但在纳粹德国占领法国期间,柯莱特在反犹期刊上发表文章的举动对其政治觉悟造成了负面影响。然而,这是对柯莱特的误解,其金发书写就蕴含了反种族主义内蕴。从表面上看,热衷描写“摩登金发”会引发对柯莱特创作的种族主义内涵的批评,而若将“摩登金发”置于更广阔的社会研究体系中,可以解除其背负的种族主义嫌疑。此外,通过细节解构可以清晰地衬托出人物的金发与其面容、行为、心理形成的反差,从而消解“摩登金发”所表征的种族主义符号意味,潜在地透露出柯莱特的反种族主义意识。