Analysis of Physical Quantities and Radar Parameters about Hail Shooting and Heavy Convective Rainfall

[Objective] The paper is to analyze physical quantities and radar parameter of hail shooting and heavy convective rainfall weather. [Method] Using radar data of Jinan station during 2002 and 2008, combined with sounding data, the physical quantities and radar parameter of hail shooting and heavy convective rainfall weather are compared and analyzed. [Result] The smaller Sl is conducive to the generation of hail weather. When K〉 35 ~C, the probability for occurrence of heavy rainfall weather is significantly increased; when K〈20 ^（3, the probability for occurrence of heavy rainfall weather is significantly decreased. When CAPE value is greater than 1 500 J/KG, the probability for occurrence of hail weather is significantly decreased, while the probability for occurrence of heavy rainfall weather is significantly in- creased. The possibility for occurrence of hail monomer is small when the wind shear is less than 5 m/s; and it is large while wind shear is greater than 20 m/s. The radar forecasting indexes of hail monomer is as follows： VIL value reaches 35 kg/m2 （May）, 43 kg/m2 （June and July）, the monomer height is greater than 9 km, the maximum reflectivity factor is larger than 60 dBz, strong center height reaches 3.3 km （May）, 4.3 km （June） and 5.5 km （July）; VlL value of heavy rainfall monomer generally is below 25 kg/m2. [Conclusion] The paper provides basis form prediction of hail and heavy rainfall.

Characteristics of Radar Echo Parameters and Microphysical Structure Simulation of a Short-Time Heavy Precipitation Supercell

By using the conventional observations, radar data, NCEP/NCAR FNL 1°×1° reanalysis data and numerical simulation data and with the construction and calculation of radar echo parameters, this paper presents the structural characteristics and physical processes of a short-time heavy precipitation supercell that occurred in the squall line process in Shanxi Province on 24 June 2020. The results show that this squall line event occurred in front of a surface cold front,combined with infiltration of low-level cold air and continuous increase of near-surface humidity in the afternoon. The surface mesoscale convergence line and mesoscale dew point front contributed to the development and systemization of the squall line by a large degree. The short-time extremely heavy precipitation in Pingshun County was caused by the development of a supercell from thunderstorm cells on the front side of the squall line. The characteristics of sharp increase in vertical integral liquid water content, persistent increase in reflectivity factor and continuous rise in the echo top height appeared about 23 min earlier than the severe precipitation, which has qualitative indicating significance for the nowcasting of short-time heavy precipitation. A quantitative analysis of the radar echo parameters suggests that the“sudden drop”of FV40was a precursor signal of cells’ coalescence and rapid development to the mature stage. The areal change of the echo core at the 6 km height was highly subject to the merging and developing of cells, the rapid change of hydrometeor particles in clouds and the precipitation intensity. Changes in the cross-sectional area of convective cells at different heights can indirectly reflect the changes of liquid particles and ice particles in clouds, which is indicatively meaningful for predicting the coalescing and developing-to-maturing of cells and heavy precipitation 30-45 min earlier.A comprehensive echo parameter prediction model constructed by the random forest principle can predict the magnitude of short-time heavy precipitation 40-50 min in advance. Numerical simulation reveals that large amounts of water vapor existed in the near-surface atmosphere, and that the cells rapidly obtained moisture from the ambient atmosphere and developed rapidly through maternal feeding. The cold cloud zone was narrow, upright and had a high stretch height. The upward motion in clouds was strong and deep, and very rich in liquid water content. The graupel particles had a large vertical distribution range, the coexistence area of graupel and snow was large, the height of raindrops was close to the surface with a wide horizontal scale, and the precipitation efficiency was high. These may be the important elements responsible for the occurrence of the short-time heavy precipitation that exceeded historical extreme values. On the basis of the above analyses, a comprehensive parameter(CP) prediction model is worked out, which can estimate the developing trend of supercells and the intensity of short-time heavy precipitation about 1 h in advance.

Parameterized time-frequency analysis to separate multi-radar signals

Multi-radar signal separation is a critical process in modern reconnaissance systems. However, the complicated battlefield is typically confronted with increasing electronic equipment and complex radar waveforms. The intercepted signal is difficult to separate with conventional parameters because of severe overlapping in both time and frequency domains. On the contrary, time-frequency analysis maps the 1D signal into a 2D time-frequency plane, which provides a better insight into the signal than traditional methods. Particularly, the parameterized time-frequency analysis (PTFA) shows great potential in processing such non stationary signals. Five procedures for the PTFA are proposed to separate the overlapped multi-radar signal, including initiation, instantaneous frequency estimation with PTFA, signal demodulation, signal separation with adaptive filter and signal recovery. The proposed method is verified with both simulated and real signals, which shows good performance in the application on multi-radar signal separation.

RELATIONSHIP OF TARGET RECOGNITION PERFORMANCE AND RADAR WAVEFORM PARAMETERS

Target recognition performance can be affected by radar waveform parameters.In this paper,we established rigorous relationship between target recognition efficiency and the parameters of a repeatedly transmitted waveform.It is based on Kullback-Leibler Information Number of single observation(KLINs),which measures the dissimilarity between targets depicted by a range-velocity double spread density function in frequency domain.We considered two signal models which are different in the coherence of the observations.The method we proposed takes advantage of the methodology of sequential hypothesis test,and then the recognition performance in terms of correct classification rate is expressed by Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC).Simulation results about the parameters of LFM signal show the validity of the method.

Cramer-Rao bound and signal-to-noise ratio gain in distributed coherent aperture radar

This paper studies the estimation performance of the coherent processing parameter （CPP）, including time delay differences and phase synchronization errors among different apertures of the distributed coherent aperture radar （DCAR）. Firstly, three architectures of signal processing in the DCAR are introduced. Secondly, the closed-form Cramer-Rao bound （CRB） of the CPP estimation is derived and compared. Then, the closed-form CRB is verified by numerical simulations. Finally, when the next generation radar works in a fully coherent mode, the closed-form signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） gain of the three architectures is presented.

Parameter estimation of maneuvering targets in OTHR based on sparse time-frequency representation

This paper proposes a new method for estimating the parameter of maneuvering targets based on sparse time-frequency transform in over-the-horizon radar（OTHR）. In this method, the sparse time-frequency distribution of the radar echo is obtained by solving a sparse optimization problem based on the short-time Fourier transform. Then Hough transform is employed to estimate the parameter of the targets. The proposed algorithm has the following advantages： Compared with the Wigner-Hough transform method, the computational complexity of the sparse optimization is low due to the application of fast Fourier transform（FFT）. And the computational cost of Hough transform is also greatly reduced because of the sparsity of the time-frequency distribution. Compared with the high order ambiguity function（HAF） method, the proposed method improves in terms of precision and robustness to noise. Simulation results show that compared with the HAF method, the required SNR and relative mean square error are 8 dB lower and 50 dB lower respectively in the proposed method. While processing the field experiment data, the execution time of Hough transform in the proposed method is only 4% of the Wigner-Hough transform method.

Current Status and Future Challenges of Weather Radar Polarimetry: Bridging the Gap between Radar Meteorology/Hydrology/Engineering and Numerical Weather Prediction

After decades of research and development, the WSR-88 D(NEXRAD) network in the United States was upgraded with dual-polarization capability, providing polarimetric radar data(PRD) that have the potential to improve weather observations,quantification, forecasting, and warnings. The weather radar networks in China and other countries are also being upgraded with dual-polarization capability. Now, with radar polarimetry technology having matured, and PRD available both nationally and globally, it is important to understand the current status and future challenges and opportunities. The potential impact of PRD has been limited by their oftentimes subjective and empirical use. More importantly, the community has not begun to regularly derive from PRD the state parameters, such as water mixing ratios and number concentrations, used in numerical weather prediction(NWP) models.In this review, we summarize the current status of weather radar polarimetry, discuss the issues and limitations of PRD usage, and explore potential approaches to more efficiently use PRD for quantitative precipitation estimation and forecasting based on statistical retrieval with physical constraints where prior information is used and observation error is included. This approach aligns the observation-based retrievals favored by the radar meteorology community with the model-based analysis of the NWP community. We also examine the challenges and opportunities of polarimetric phased array radar research and development for future weather observation.

基于参数化正交匹配追踪算法的高分辨雷达距离像重构

雷达线性调频信号调频率误差会导致传统匹配滤波模型失配,显著降低一维距离像成像效果.针对调频率误差模型下的宽带雷达高分辨一维距离像稀疏成像问题,提出了一种基于参数化正交匹配追踪算法的高分辨雷达一维成像方法.该方法首先确定调频率参数取值范围,构建调频率参数可选集合;然后基于回波数据观测矩阵与调频率的解析关系,针对每一个可选值构建参数化的稀疏观测矩阵,并进行单步正交匹配追踪迭代;最后基于每一个参数可选值对应的单步残差能量逐步筛选出调频率参数.仿真和实测数据实验验证了所提方法的有效性.

层状云数值模式与实际观测研究

改进了一维层状云雨滴分档模式,利用雨滴分档模式在计算雨滴粒子谱型及数浓度自然演变方面中的优势,对吉林省长春市6月21日3个不同时刻的降雨进行了模拟,并与实测资料进行了比较。结果表明,改进后的模式计算稳定,可以模拟出与实际降水谱型相接近的雨滴谱;对于层状云中上升气流速度难以直接测量的问题,通过选用不同的上升气流速度方案,并将计算所得的雷达回波反射率廓线与实际地面雷达观测值相拟和的方法,从而为实现通过雷达回波与模式计算相比较来测量定量降水提供一个新的思路;与实际观测结果比较可知,暖区碰并过程对本次降水的贡献在10%左右,与上升气流的速度有关。

智能化认知雷达综述

认知雷达作为一种全新的智能化雷达概念,可以有效提升雷达在复杂地理和电磁环境中的探测性能,被认为是未来雷达发展的方向。文中探讨了认知雷达概念提出的背景,分析了认知雷达的基本内涵和概念,并提出了认知雷达层次化、全自适应的系统架构和处理流程,给认知雷达的研究和系统研制提供可借鉴的思路。

UWB-SAR抑制RFI技术的参数化方法

射频干扰 (RFI)抑制技术是超宽带合成孔径雷达 (UWB -SAR)的关键技术之一。首先分析了RFI信号的来源和特性。基于RFI信号的窄带性质 ,简要综述了抑制RFI技术的参数化方法。然后 ,针对RFI信号的调制特性和非平稳性 ,分别提出了其调制模型和时变AR模型 ,并讨论了采用基函数展开形式的模型求解方法。最后 。

雷达高度表灵敏度测试系统的参数化设计方法

提出了一种参数化设计方法,实现了雷达高度表接收机灵敏度的自动化测试,提高了接收机灵敏度的测试效率和测试准确度;利用计算机程序通过GPIB协议控制直流稳压电源、信号源、示波器等标准仪器,实现了雷达高度表的加电和断电、雷达回波信号的模拟、雷达高度表输出端信号的检测;针对测试需求,充分考虑接收机灵敏度测试方案的通用性和可扩展性,设计了通用的测试模型,据此开发的软件可自动给出测试结论;在程序中设计了求取灵敏度最优频点和灵敏度的优化迭代算法,节省了测试时间;利用数据库技术对被测雷达高度表相关信息和测试数据进行管理,便于将测试结果与历史数据进行比对。

WRF模式中3种闪电参数化方案的对比分析

利用WRF模式V3.6.1中3种基于经验公式的闪电参数化方案对2013-07-05江苏省内的1次飑线过程进行数值模拟,对比3种方案在模拟闪电位置和频数的特点,分析模拟结果的成因。结果表明:PR92w方案能够很好地模拟闪电的分布位置;PR92z方案的模拟结果和PR92w方案正好相反,闪电频数与实测结果有很好的一致性但分布位置出现偏移;LPI方案虽然能指示闪电分布区域,但对高闪电密度区的预报有一定误差。3种方案的模拟结果表明:垂直风速和雷达回波是影响模式预报闪电频数和分布的重要因素。因此,增大网格模拟精度和同化雷达资料是改善PR92方案模拟效果的重要途径。

基于可靠性的机动雷达升降机构优化设计

可靠性设计与优化设计在机械设计领域产生巨大的作用,但单方面进行可靠性设计或优化设计,都无法发挥各自的全部潜力.针对这一问题,将二者进行有机结合,开展机械产品的可靠性优化设计成为必然.案例中,以某型机动雷达的升降机构为研究对象,基于Adams对其进行参数化建模,在此基础上,对其开展可靠性优化设计.通过与传统优化设计的对比分析,显示该方法的优越性.

面向多功能雷达的模型参数化脉冲级调度方法

多功能相控阵雷达的任务复杂性和实时性需求不断提高,传统的基于一定驻留周期的任务调度方法不能满足实时切换要求。针对此问题,提出了一种基于脉冲周期的任务切换和实时调度的方法,两级调度器与执行器一体化设计减少任务调度时间开销,综合考虑优先级调度算法和抢占式调度策略确保了任务有效执行,面向任务模型的参数化设计使得任务调度能灵活适应各类作战任务需求。仿真结果表明,此方法能较好地控制高优先级任务丢失率,获得更高的任务执行有效性。

认知雷达参数化波形设计

本文首先从认知雷达架构出发,基于雷达参数化的理念,提出雷达参数化波形的概念。雷达参数化即用一系列参数来表征雷达系统模型,参数化波形即雷达一系列控制参数的集合,对雷达系统的发射、接收过程进行参数控制。之后对参数化波形的具体内容进行介绍,并从频域、时域、空域三个方面对参数化波形进行详细设计,确定了其具体的参数形式。最后对一组参数化波形进行仿真验证。雷达的参数化波形可全面、有效地表征雷达的发射与接收过程中的系统各部分资源,通过改变其参数化波形参数可迅速改变雷达功能。对雷达参数化波形进行设计,可有效解决雷达在进行资源调度时控制何种参数的问题,有效表征雷达各部分资源。

基于高频地波雷达的无角度双站雷达目标跟踪算法

高频地波雷达对于远距离目标难以给出准确的方位角观测信息,从而严重影响超视距目标的跟踪精度。为此,提出一种基于高度参数化扩展卡尔曼滤波(HPEKF)的无角度双站雷达目标跟踪算法,仅需要2部雷达得到距离和径向速度信息。通过HPEKF技术可以对目标进行三维定位与跟踪,忽略雷达量测的方位角信息,较好地弥补当目标距离较远时测量角度精度不够精确的问题,扩展了算法的应用环境。仿真实验结果验证了该算法的可行性和有效性。

利用测温声雷达回波图估算大气扩散的一种参数化方法

本文提出了一种基于湍流扩散统计理论的利用声雷达回波图估算大气扩散参数的新方法。这种新方法,仅需要从声雷达回波图上读出边界层结构的信息并取得常规地面测风资料,即可利用参数化公式进行计算,不需进行Pasquill稳定度分类。 所应用的参数化公式用外场观测资料进行了检验,表明公式计算结果与观测值比较符合。这种方法计算得到的扩散参数也与P-G扩散曲线进行了比较。

雷达同步信号参数提取及重构技术

对双基地雷达系统的同步方式进行了研究与改进,提出利用GPS秒脉冲时间信息将发射机同步信号参数化的方法,接收机通过参数重构同步信号进行回波信号的接收处理。该方法避免了从直达波中获取信息,也提高了发射机的共享性,使任何一部接收机都可共用一部发射机。通过对导航雷达JMA2254的实验,实现了无直达波雷达参数重构,达到了预期的实验效果。

参数化双频连续波模拟目标回波产生器的设计与实现

在现代雷达系统中,雷达波形的选择对系统探测性能的影响尤为关键。基于参差重频法、二次相差法等对模拟目标回波的实际需求,设计了参数化的双频模目产生器。提出了单频和双频模目的基本模型,得到了距离产生的调制初相,速度产生的一次相位和加速度产生的二次相位的计算方法,给出了双频模目的工程实施方法,计算并分析了由实际数据得到的双频模目频谱以及解算的距离,速度和加速度等参数。实现结果表明,双频模目产生器能够满足系统目标检测和参数估计的要求,并且具有参数可重新配置,可扩展性等特点。