Particle filter initialization in non-linear non-Gaussian radar target tracking

When particle filter is applied in radar target tracking, the accuracy of the initial particles greatly effects the results of filtering. For acquiring more accurate initial particles, a new method called “competition strategy algorithm” is presented. In this method, initial measurements give birth to several particle groups around them, regularly. Each of the groups is tested several times, separately, in the beginning periods, and the group that has the most number of efficient particles is selected as the initial particles. For this method, sample initial particles selected are on the basis of several measurements instead of only one first measurement, which surely improves the accuracy of initial particles. The method sacrifices initialization time and computation cost for accuracy of initial particles. Results of simulation show that it greatly improves the accuracy of initial particles, which makes the effect of filtering much better.

Joint resource allocation scheme for target tracking in distributed MIMO radar systems

A joint resource allocation scheme concerned with the sensor subset,power and bandwidth for range-only target tracking in multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)radar systems is proposed.By selecting an optimal subset of sensors with the predetermined size and implementing the power allocation and bandwidth strategies among them,this algorithm can help achieving a better performance within the same resource constraints.Firstly,the Bayesian Cramer-Rao bound(BCRB)is derived from it.Secondly,a criterion for minimizing the BCRB at the target location among all targets tracking in a certain range is derived.Thirdly,the optimization problem involved with three variable vectors is formulated,which can be simplified by deriving the relationship between the optimal power allocation vector and the bandwidth allocation vector.Then,the simplified optimization problem is solved by the cyclic minimization algorithm incorporated with the sequential parametric convex approximation(SPCA)algorithm.Finally,the validity of the proposed method is demonstrated with simulation results.

ANALYSIS OF TARGET TRACKING BASED ON RANGE DIFFERENCE MEASUREMENT OF MULTISTATIC RADAR SYSTEM

An analysis is presented for target tracking with short range multistatic radar system in this paper. The velocity vector is introduced into the model to depict target motion more precisely. The system measurement equation is such constructed on the basis of range difference that make the tracking model independent of the transmitter position. Therefore the algorithm is very much suitable for the case that the transmitter is not fixed. Simulation results show that the algorithm has the advantages of fast tracking and small steady tracking errors, and can be used for tracking target in short range with multistatic radar system.

Passive Target Tracking in Non-cooperative Radar System Based on Particle Filtering

We propose a target tracking method based on particle filtering(PF) to solve the nonlinear non-Gaussian target-tracking problem in the bistatic radar systems using external radiation sources. Traditional nonlinear state estimation method is extended Kalman filtering (EKF), which is to do the first level Taylor series extension. It will cause an inaccuracy or even a scatter estimation result on condition that there is either a highly nonlinear target or a large noise square-error. Besides, Kalman filtering is the optimal resolution under a Gaussian noise assumption, and is not suitable to the non-Gaussian condition. PF is a sort of statistic filtering based on Monte Carlo simulation that is using some random samples (particles) to simulate the posterior probability density of system random variables. This method can be used in any nonlinear random system. It can be concluded through simulation that PF can achieve higher accuracy than the traditional EKF.

ALGORITHMS FOR TRACKING MANEUVERING TARGET WITH PHASED ARRAY RADAR

Several typical algorithms for tracking maneuvering target with phased array radar are studied in this paper. The constant gain filter with multiple models is analyzed. A typical method for adaptively controlling the sampling interval is modified. The performance of the single model and multiple model estimator with uniform and variable sampling interval are evaluated and compared. It is shown by the simulation results that it is necessary to apply the adaptive sampling policy based on the multiple model method when the maneuvering targets are tracked by the phased array radar since saving radar resources is more important. The adaptive algorithms of variable sampling interval are better than the algorithms of variable model. The adaptive policy to determine the sampling interval based on multiple model are superior than those based on the single model filter, because IMM estimator can adapt to the maneuver more quickly and the prediction covariance of IMM is the more sensitive and more reliable index than residual to determine the sampling interval. With IMM based method, lower sampling interval is required for a certain accuracy.

Adaptive modified hough transform track initiator forHFSWR tracking of fast and small targets

High frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) is well proved to have over the horizon (OTH) detection capability to weak aerial targets, such as concealed airplanes or cruise missiles. The most important problem of detection of fast and small targets using HFSWR is earlier warning, i.e. enlargement of detection range oftargets. Therefore, the detection threshold should be decreased as low as possible, but numerous false alarms are brought about at the same time. On this condition, conventional track initiation techniques, which normally require the probability of false alarm to be at the level of 10-6, will initiate enormous false tracks and lead to abnormal operation of tracking system. An adaptive modified hough transform (AMHT) track initiator is proposed accordingly and the relation of detection range to the performance of track initiator is analyzed in this paper. Simulations are performed to confirm the capability of track initiation to fast and small targets in dense clutter by AMHT track initiator. The tolerable probability of false alarm of detector can reach the level of 10 -3 . And it performs better than track initiator based on modified hough transform (MHT).

Application of Heterogeneous Multiple Feature Data Fusion to Multitarget Association and Tracking

In this paper we discuss a kind of multitarget tracking and association method based on the data fusion of heterogeneous multiple feature data gained by a sensor such as space state, signal amplitude, Doppler frequency and so on. In order to introduce quantitatively those heterogeneous multiple feature data which are possibly gained by a sensor into the discussion of tracking and association problem, we define a correlation measure which we explain as the generalization of conventional association decision. In conventional Nearest Neighbor method, the decision function can take only two values, 1 or 0, to represent the decision of association or not association. In our method, correlation measure can be take any real value from 0 to 1 to represent the extent of correlation. Considering the practical circumstances that some feature data might not be easily gained continuously, we introduce an effective factor to deal with these cases. In the paper we also discuss the comparative computer simulation tests and give the results.

Fractal detector design and application in maritime target detection

The fractal properties of sea clutter are proposed and applied to the maritime target detection. Calculation of the measured data shows that, the Hurst exponent of the sea clutter with targets and the sea clutter without targets are different, which enables us to detect low-observable targets within the sea clutter. This paper explains the reason why the Hurst exponent can distinguish the presence or absence of targets in theory and proposes a fractal detector based on the Hurst exponent. Comparing the fractal detector proposed in this paper to the energy detector by the detection results of 140 frames data of the real sea clutter, it is demonstrated that the fractal detection method has a better detection performance. In order to get systemic conclusions, the new sea clutter data with different signal-to-clutter ratios (SCRs) are constructed in the way that add the sea clutter data with targets to the pure sea clutter data. The results show that the fractal detection method has a better performance than the statistical method on detection of maritime targets, especially maritime weak targets with low SCR. © 1990-2011 Beijing Institute of Aerospace Information.

Antenna selection in MIMO radar with collocated antennas

An antenna adjustment strategy is developed for the target tracking problem in the collocated multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)radar.The basic technique of this strategy is to optimally allocate antennas by the prior information in the tracking recursive period,with the objective of enhancing the worst-case estimate precision of multiple targets.On account of the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound(PCRLB)offering a quantitative measure for target tracking accuracy,the PCRLB of joint direction-of-arrival(DOA)and Doppler is derived and utilized as the optimization criterion.It is shown that the dynamic antenna selection problem is NP-hard,and an efficient technique which combines convex relaxation with local search is put forward as the solution.Simulation results demonstrate the outperformance of the proposed strategy to the fixed antenna configuration and heuristic search algorithm.Moreover,it is able to offer close-to performance of the exhaustive search method.

面向对海监视的舰船目标跟踪与航迹融合数据集

对海监视中航迹实时关联与轨迹融合任务是安全防控、区域态势监视、远程精确打击等军民应用领域的热点和难点问题,高质量的数据集对推动目标跟踪与融合技术在该领域的研究有重要作用。本研究针对目标跟踪与融合领域技术研究的数据需求以及目前公开数据集所存在的数据缺乏、场景设计针对性差、数据格式单一、数据描述不全等问题,通过仿真软件对复杂场景中多传感器多目标探测数据进行仿真,提供了一套面向典型对海监视场景(以舰船为探测对象的2D雷达与侦察传感器﹝ESM﹞)的目标跟踪与航迹融合数据集。其中仿真软件包括剧情发生器和传感器模拟器两部分,是一套成熟的目标跟踪场景仿真环境,提供逼真的探测数据模拟能力。本数据集涵盖的传感器对象包括2D雷达与侦察传感器,目标包括典型的海上舰船类别,并支持携带辐射源配置,设计了高速运动、密集交通、多传感器数据融合、特定舰船侦测和交叉定位等多种典型场景。本数据集中共包含368155条目标点迹,舰船数量为101条,时间范围15000秒,数据格式符合实际设备上报情景、探测误差模型符合实际。本数据集通过对数据误差进行正态性检验、对检测率、虚警率的场景检验以及实地调研,完成了对数据的准确性评估与数据完备性控制,可为舰船目标跟踪、轨迹融合等算法研究与验证提供基础数据。

基于SiamFC的海上舰船跟踪实验设计

为了提高海上舰船跟踪准确率,设计了一种基于SAR图像的海上舰船跟踪实验方案。首先利用三组连续的卫星SAR图像构建数据集,然后根据海上舰船尺寸小、全卷积孪生网络(SiamFC)算法网络层数少的特点,提出将SiamFC算法应用于海上舰船跟踪过程。通过调整模型相关参数,并构建数据集,对模型进行了训练及测试。测试结果表明,该模型具有可行性。为了达到更好的跟踪效果,引入伽马算子对SAR图像进行增强,减少了SAR图像的相干斑点噪声。最后,对改进后的模型进行测试的结果表明,该方案的舰船跟踪准确率大大提高。

基于自适应KF的船载地波雷达目标跟踪方法

针对使用传统的卡尔曼滤波器进行多目标跟踪易发生状态估计不准确、航迹断裂的问题,提出了一种转换量测卡尔曼滤波增益自适应调整方法。结合船只目标的运动特性和历史船只航迹数据,采用线性最小二乘拟合提取出航迹参数的变化趋势。使用似然函数分别计算目标预测状态和量测状态与航迹的隶属度。利用预测状态和量测状态的隶属度值对滤波方式进行选择。利用仿真及实测船载地波雷达数据开展了目标跟踪实验,结果表明,使用该文方法能够得到平滑、持续的航迹输出,目标的跟踪距离远、跟踪精度高,优于现有的自适应滤波方法。

基于功率谱流形的信息几何DP-TBD算法

针对复杂杂波背景下目标信杂比起伏而导致的漏检问题,本文结合信息几何检测器的性能优势与动态规划检测前跟踪(Dynamic Programming Track Before Detect,DP-TBD)的多帧信息积累能力,提出了基于功率谱流形的信息几何DP-TBD算法.该算法利用功率谱流形与矩阵流形对偶关系,设计了功率谱信息几何检测器,将信息几何检测器的计算复杂度降低了近两个数量级.通过实测数据实验验证,功率谱DP-TBD算法可实现与矩阵DP-TBD算法相近的检测性能,并将运算时间降低为矩阵DP-TBD算法的3%~8%.此外,相较于信息几何检测器,功率谱DP-TBD可将检测信杂比(Signal-to-Clutter Ratio,SCR)提高2~3 dB.

面向三维目标跟踪的状态转换卡尔曼滤波方法

雷达及声呐系统采集的三维球坐标量测与运动目标的笛卡尔坐标状态呈非线性,导致跟踪精度受限,而具有强非线性的多普勒量测更难以高效利用。针对上述问题,构造由距离、俯仰角、方位角及其微分组成的状态向量,使测量方程线性化;在距离、俯仰角构成二维时变极坐标系中对常微分动力学方程离散化,再基于投影关系引入方位角,建立球坐标系中的典型三维常速度和常加速度运动模型;结合标准卡尔曼滤波在线性高斯框架下,实现跟踪以避免非线性误差。通过仿真验证了在包括多普勒雷达等若干三维跟踪场景下提出方法的有效性与性能优势。

考虑综合性能最优的非短视快速天基雷达多目标跟踪资源调度算法

合理有效的资源调度是天基雷达效能得以充分发挥的关键。针对天基雷达多目标跟踪资源调度问题,建立了综合考虑目标威胁度、跟踪精度与低截获概率(LPI)的代价函数;考虑目标的不确定、天基平台约束以及长远期期望代价,建立了多约束下的基于部分可观测的马尔可夫决策过程(POMDP)的资源调度模型;采用拉格朗日松弛法将多约束下的多目标跟踪资源调度问题转换分解为多个无约束的子问题;针对连续状态空间、连续动作空间及连续观测空间引起的维数灾难问题,采用基于蒙特卡罗树搜索(MCTS)的在线POMDP算法—POMCPOW算法进行求解,最终提出了一种综合多指标性能的非短视快速天基雷达多目标跟踪资源调度算法。仿真表明,与已有调度算法相比,所提算法资源分配更合理,系统性能更优。

基于蒙特卡罗策略梯度的雷达观测器轨迹规划

在目标跟踪过程的雷达观测器轨迹规划(OTP)中,针对马尔可夫步进规划智能决策问题,在离散动作空间上,提出了一种基于蒙特卡罗策略梯度(MCPG)算法的雷达轨迹规划方法.首先,联合目标跟踪状态、奖励机制、动作方案和雷达观测器位置,将OTP过程建模为一个连续的马尔可夫决策过程(MDP),提出基于MCPG的全局智能规划方法.其次,将跟踪幕长内的每个时间步作为单独一幕来进行策略更新,提出基于MCPG目标跟踪中观测器轨迹的步进智能规划方法,并深入研究目标的跟踪估计特性,构造以跟踪性能优化为目的的奖励函数.最后,对最优非线性目标跟踪过程中基于强化学习的智能OTP决策仿真实验,表明了所提方法的有效性.

天基分布式雷达海面目标跟踪应用总体技术研究

天基雷达在广域目标监视方面具有独特优势,利用天基雷达实现广域海面目标跟踪具有重大现实意义和特殊难度。针对天基分布式雷达体制,在分析其用于海面多目标跟踪场景所存在的区域非均衡覆盖、低/超低回访周期、实时处理等特殊问题影响基础上,提出了星间接力跟踪处理方式和栅格化跟踪处理框架,并给出了相应的多目标跟踪性能评估指标体系。仿真评估结果表明了所提栅格化跟踪处理框架相对常规全域处理框架的优越性以及评估指标的合理性。

基于防空目标探测与跟踪的雷达资源管理技术研究综述

雷达资源管理是一项运用优化运筹理论挖掘雷达系统性能边界,通过对系统资源的高效分配和合理调度,实现系统的优化运行,并显著增强系统性能表现的综合性技术。随着机械扫描雷达、相控阵雷达以及多输入多输出(Multiple-input multiple-output,MIMO)雷达技术的持续革新,雷达资源管理技术也在不断深化拓展,以满足日益复杂的目标探测与跟踪需求。鉴于军事威胁的不断加剧和装备技术的迅猛发展,为实现我军未来“网络中心战”的对抗模式,对防空反导武器预警探测装备的资源管理技术研究显得尤为重要。本文聚焦基于防空目标检测、跟踪的信息感知的雷达资源管理技术进行综述,深入剖析与总结现有文献以及研究成果:首先,本文从宏观角度系统概述了雷达资源管理的概念、管理要素组成以及优化策略求解方法。在此基础上,根据雷达系统架构将雷达资源管理研究内容划分为单站雷达资源管理和多站雷达资源管理,并分别对相控阵雷达、集中式MIMO雷达、分布式MIMO雷达以及组网雷达的资源管理研究现状进行梳理和讨论。最后,探讨当前研究中存在的问题和挑战,并对未来基于防空信息目标感知的雷达资源管理技术研究的发展趋势进行展望。期望本文能够为防空反导预警探测装备领域的研究学者提供有价值的参考,推动雷达资源管理技术的持续创新与进步。

基于距离向BCRLB的加权融合目标跟踪

推导了目标跟踪距离向贝叶斯克拉美罗下界(BCRLB)的表达式,将距离向BCRLB作为目标跟踪性能的量化指标。针对双机目标跟踪场景,采用交互多模型卡尔曼滤波,提出了基于距离向贝叶斯克拉美罗下界的加权融合算法。仿真实验表明,该算法的目标跟踪航迹与真实航迹贴合较好,跟踪过程中均方根误差能快速收敛到一个稳定的值,相比基于信噪比加权融合的目标跟踪算法,该算法的目标跟踪精度更高。

一种高分辨雷达空间目标跟踪方法研究

高分辨雷达在跟踪远程空间目标时,其量测坐标转换会引起一类特殊的强非线性问题。对其产生机理进行了分析。经典的非线性滤波技术的跟踪精度会急剧下降。因此,提出一种基于中间过渡状态的Kalman滤波器,在直角坐标系下进行目标状态预测,避免了球坐标系下目标运动的复杂建模;预测后,通过选取量测空间内目标位置和速度量及其协方差作为中间过渡状态,在测量坐标系下进行目标状态线性更新;更新后,再将中间状态映射到直角坐标系下,从而得到目标状态的一致性估计。仿真实验结果表明,基于中间过渡状态的Kalman滤波器可有效提高高分辨雷达对空间目标的跟踪精度。