Radial tidal current field in a semi-enclosed rectangular basin: formation and evolution

The radial tidal current field accounts for the formation of the radial sand ridges in the South Yellow Sea. Understanding the formation and evolution of this radial tidal current field is vital to assessing the morphodynamic features in the area. A semi-enclosed rectangular basin with and without a coastal barrier was schematized from the topography of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. The 2D tidal current field in this basin was simulated using the DELFT3D-FLOW model. The concept of tidal wave refraction, which highlights the effect of the sloped or stepped submarine topography on the propagation of the tidal waves, was introduced to explain the formation of the radial tidal current field. Under the effect of tidal wave refraction, co-phase lines of the counterclockwise rotating tidal wave and incident tidal wave are transformed into clockwise and counterclockwise deflections, respectively, leading to the convergence and divergence of the flow field. Regardless of whether a coastal barrier exists or not, the outer radial tidal current field might emerge over certain topography. The responses of the radial tidal current field in this basin to the environmental variations such as coastline changes and bottom erosions were discussed. Results show that local protrusion near the focal point of the radial tidal current field will have limited effects on the location of the tidal system. However, a remarkable shift of the amphidromic point toward the entrance and central axis of this basin and a movement of the focal point of the radial tidal current field toward the entrance could be caused by the significant seaward coastline advance and submarine slope erosion.

基于径向气隙磁密和定子电流的永磁同步电机均匀退磁故障诊断研究

该文提出一种基于径向气隙磁密和定子电流的永磁同步电机均匀退磁故障诊断方法。首先,建立电机的d轴等效磁路模型,分析均匀退磁故障后径向气隙磁密的变化规律;然后,获取电机的径向气隙磁密和定子电流信号,对各极下径向气隙磁密幅值进行归一化处理,并绘制雷达图,根据雷达图和比较相同定子电流幅值下健康电机和故障电机的各极下径向气隙磁密幅值的平均值,来诊断均匀退磁故障;利用空载各极下径向气隙磁密幅值的平均值计算故障程度。最后,仿真和实验结果均验证所提均匀退磁故障诊断方法的有效性。

轴径向静态偏心故障下外转子永磁发电机电磁转矩特性分析

对外转子永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心故障下的电磁转矩特性进行了理论解析、仿真计算和实验验证。首先,在考虑齿槽效应影响条件下,引入磁导修正系数ε(θ),推导出轴径向静态偏心前后气隙磁密表达式,并考虑绕组分布情况,构建一种新型的永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心故障下相电流数学模型,在此基础上得到轴径向偏心下电磁转矩解析表达式。其次,通过有限元仿真计算得到外转子永磁发电机轴径向静态偏心下的电磁转矩波动特性。最后,在一台外转子永磁发电机上通过故障模拟实验实例印证了解析分析和仿真计算结果。结果表明:相较于正常情况,径向偏心时,电磁转矩以直流、二倍频、四倍频成分为主,随着偏心程度的加剧,电磁转矩的直流、二倍频、四倍频成分幅值将随着增大;轴向偏心时,电磁转矩谐波成分不变,随着偏心程度的加剧,各谐波成分幅值将随着减小。对外转子永磁发电机气隙偏心故障分析的一个重要补充,对此类问题的现场检测和鉴定具有参考价值。

复杂裂纹涡流检测与评估方法研究

钢轨表面及上表面产生的滚动接触疲劳裂纹通常以斜裂纹或多角度复杂裂纹的形态存在,对其检测和评估是个难题。基于此,采用基于无线能量传输的涡流检测方法(WPT-ECT),设计新的探头结构并结合神经网络算法对裂纹进行检测和评估。首先,有别于现有WPT-ECT方法,采用增大激励频率,而非串并联电容的方式,构造谐振电路;其次,根据复杂裂纹的特点,设计由两个八字形激励线圈和两个矩形接收线圈组成的方向性探头结构;最后,充分提取检测信号的特征,并运用径向基神经网络算法对裂纹进行识别。仿真和实验结果表明,所提出的探头结构对任何角度的缺陷均敏感。同时,RBF算法对斜裂纹、T裂纹、Y裂纹和1.2 mm提离下的T裂纹的识别准确率分别为92.00%、95.27%、96.64%和89.50%。

可调频旋转磁场仪的装置设计与磁场测量

在教学演示仪器中利用三相交流电产生旋转磁场的传统方法存在仪器损耗大、安全隐患多、成本昂贵等问题。本论文设计了一种可调频旋转磁场的产生装置,在四个辐射状横放的带铁芯螺线管中通入低压直流电,通过PLC板编程对电流进行换向,同时改变换向时间可使置入装置中心的小磁针的偏转周期发生变化,从而达到可调频的效果。螺线管中通入单相恒定直流电时,小磁针不发生偏转;通入双相矩形脉冲电流时,小磁针以45°角步进旋转。磁场方向的转速取决于电流的换向频率。该装置不仅规避了传统方法的不足,且同时兼具定性演示和定量测量双重功能,可作为一款性能优异的实验教学仪器。

电流时间谐波对永磁同步电机电磁振动的影响

为了揭示电流时间谐波对电机电磁振动和噪声的影响,结合Maxwell应力方程解析计算了变频器供电时永磁同步电机的径向电磁力,并解析计算了径向电磁力的阶次和频率变化规律。指出变频器的供电使电机在低频和中高频频段产生的电磁振动和噪声均有不同程度的加剧。以一台48槽8极永磁同步电机为例,分别建立了变频器供电和正弦波供电情况下电机电磁有限元模型和结构有限元模型。通过ANSYS多物理场联合仿真对比了2种供电方式下电机的振动响应和噪声变化,验证了解析分析的正确性。最后通过实验验证了仿真的可靠性。

基于槽极比选择的切向永磁同步电机永磁体涡流损耗抑制措施

为抑制切向永磁同步电机的永磁体涡流损耗,基于麦克斯韦方程和本构方程,对永磁体形状进行近似假设,构建了永磁体涡流损耗的估算模型。使用一种基于卡特系数概念的磁导函数来估算由于定子开槽引起的槽下磁感应强度变化。基于五台槽极比分别为1.05、1.20、1.30、2.40和3.60的电机设计方案对理论分析结论进行了验证。在负载电流和两倍负载电流下,分析永磁体损耗,得到了每台电机的径向气隙磁密曲线及其谐波含量。考虑到增加槽极比对定子铁耗和永磁体涡流损耗的削弱效果,给出了电机槽极比选择策略。研究结果表明,增加槽极比能减弱定子槽下磁感应强度变化,从而抑制气隙磁场中低次谐波含量,减小永磁体涡流损耗,使电机运行更加可靠,但也会引入更多高次谐波,从而增加定子铁耗。

A New Multigrid 3D-VAR Optimization Method for Bottom Friction Using HF Radar Current Observation

This paper proposes a new method for data assimilation of the surface radial current observed by High Frequency ground wave radar and optimization of the bottom friction coefficient.In this method,the shallow water wave equation is introduced into the cost function of the multigrid three-dimensional variation data assimilation method as the weak constraint term,the surface current and the bottom friction coefficient are defined as the analytical variables,and the high spatiotemporal resolution surface radial flow observed by the high-frequency ground wave radar is used to optimize the surface current and bottom friction coefficient.This method can effectively consider the spatiotemporal correlation of radar data and extract multiscale information from surface radial flow data from long waves to short waves.Introducing the shallow water wave equation into the cost function as a weak constraint condition can adjust both the momentum and mass fields simultaneously to obtain more reasonable analysis information.The optimized bottom friction coefficient is introduced into the regional ocean numerical model to carry out numerical experiments.The test results show that the bottom friction coefficient obtained by this method can effectively improve the accuracy of the numerical simulation of sea surface height in the offshore area and reduce the simulation error.

Evolutions of equatorial ring current ions during a magnetic storm

In this paper, we present evolutions of the phase space density(PSD) spectra of ring current(RC) ions based on observations made by Van Allen Probe B during a geomagnetic storm on 23–24 August 2016. By analyzing PSD spectra ratios from the initial phase to the main phase of the storm, we find that during the main phase, RC ions with low magnetic moment μ values can penetrate deeper into the magnetosphere than can those with high μ values, and that the μ range of PSD enhancement meets the relationship: S(O^+) >S(He^+)>S(H^+). Based on simultaneously observed ULF waves, theoretical calculation suggests that the radial transport of RC ions into the deep inner magnetosphere is caused by drift-bounce resonance interactions, and the efficiency of these resonance interactions satisfies the relationship: η(O^+) > η(He^+) > η(H^+), leading to the differences in μ range of PSD enhancement for different RC ions. In the recovery phase,the observed decay rates for different RC ions meet the relationship: R(O^+) > R(He^+) > R(H^+), in accordance with previous theoretical calculations, i.e., the charge exchange lifetime of O^+ is shorter than those of H^+ and He^+.

Numerical Simulation of Modified Radial Electric Field by LHCD

Based on the electron’s radial force equilibrium, the profiles of radial electric field in OH and LHCD phase are calculated by using a simulation code. The dependences of radial electron field on electron density and its profile and different current ratio, Irf/Ip, are given. The connections between the improvement of plasma confinement and the modified radial electric field by LHCD are discussed by comparing the calculated results with the experimental results.

Modeling and Analysis of Novel Integrated Radial Hybrid Magnetic Bearing for Magnetic Bearing Reaction Wheel

Conventional ball bearing reaction wheel used to control the attitude of spacecraft can＇t absorb the centrifugal force caused by imbalance of the wheel rotor,and there will be a torque spike at zero speed,which seriously influences the accuracy and stability of spacecraft attitude control.Compared with traditional ball-bearing wheel,noncontact and no lubrication are the remarkable features of the magnetic bearing reaction wheel,and which can solve the high precision problems of wheel.In general,two radial magnetic bearings are needed in magnetic bearing wheel,and the design results in a relatively large axial dimension and smaller momentum-to-mass ratios.In this paper,a new type of magnetic bearing reaction wheel（MBRW） is introduced for satellite attitude control,and a novel integrated radial hybrid magnetic bearing（RHMB） with permanent magnet bias is designed to reduce the mass and minimize the size of the MBRW,etc.The equivalent magnetic circuit model for the RHMB is presented and a solution is found.The stiffness model is also presented,including current stiffness,position negative stiffness,as well as tilting current stiffness,tilting angular position negative stiffness,force and moment equilibrium equations.The design parameters of the RHMB are given according to the requirement of the MBRW with angular momentum of 30 N ？ m ？ s when the rotation speed of rotor reaches to 5 kr/min.The nonlinearity of the RHMB is shown by using the characteristic curves of force-control current-position,current stiffness,position stiffness,moment-control current-angular displacement,tilting current stiffness and tilting angular position stiffness considering all the rotor position within the clearance space and the control current.The proposed research ensures the performance of the radial magnetic bearing with permanent magnet bias,and provides theory basis for design of the magnetic bearing wheel.

开槽盘式磁力耦合器径向不对中时传动性能分析

为了研究开槽盘式磁力耦合器径向不对中时的传动性能,以等效磁荷理论为基础,将运动中切割磁力线产生磁场的铜导体涡流区域等效成永磁体,结合库伦定律,建立开槽盘式磁力耦合器径向不对中时的输出转矩计算模型;通过有限元软件对开槽盘式磁力耦合器径向不对中时的磁感应强度、铜层功率损耗、输出转矩进行有限元分析,确定了耦合器径向不对中量所允许的最大值。研究结果表明,随着径向不对中量的增大,磁力耦合器工作过程中的感应磁场减小,从而引起耦合器最大磁感应强度增大,铜层功率损耗以及输出转矩逐渐减小;同时,二者随时间变化的曲线波动也越来越显著,当径向不对中量不超过6 mm时,开槽盘式磁力耦合器工作过程中依然能够保证较为准确地输出转矩,其转矩波动也相对稳定。

带径向通风沟的大型水轮发电机励磁电流计算

励磁电流是大型水轮发电机设计的一个重要参数,直接影响电机的效率、温升等。但受径向通风沟和端部效应的影响,电机铁芯本体磁场沿轴向的分布并不一致。在电机磁路计算时,每一段磁路采用相应的轴向有效长度,很明显该方法并不适用于励磁电流的二维有限元计算。因此,本文提出了电机等效长度计算方法和硅钢片导磁特性等效方法,并将其用于励磁电流的二维有限元计算中。以一台在电站实际运行的真机为例,利用本文提出的方法对其空载和负载励磁电流进行了计算,并与实测结果进行了对比,证明了方法的准确性。

永磁同步电动机绕组匝间短路时电磁力特性的研究

针对永磁同步电动机匝间短路故障对电磁振动的影响,首先解析推导了永磁同步电动机永磁体、绕组电流基波、绕组电流谐波和匝间短路线圈电流共同作用下的磁动势分布,建立了电机匝间短路下径向电磁力的解析分析模型,分析了电机正常状态和匝间短路故障下的电磁力特性。然后搭建了电机变频供电时匝间短路故障下的联合仿真模型,分别仿真计算了永磁同步电机无故障和匝间短路故障时三相电流和径向电磁力的特性。结果表明:电机匝间短路故障导致三相电流不平衡,故障相电流幅值比正常状态下大,两种状态下的电流频率成分相同;正常状态下电机的径向电磁力阶次主要为2p的整数倍,故障下电机会附加产生低阶的径向电磁力,两种状态下相同阶次径向电磁力的频率成分相同,且包含低频部分和开关频率附近的高频部分;而电机匝间短路故障时,新出现的低阶电磁力频率成分相同,频率主要为低频部分,高频部分非常弱。

基于脉冲涡流的TBM盘形滚刀磨损检测方法

为保障TBM高效安全运行,提出一种脉冲涡流检测(PECT)的刀圈径向磨损量无损检测方法。先基于Maxwell时变电磁场理论建立有限元模型,采用控制变量法探究线圈高度、内半径和外半径3个激励线圈参数的优化策略;再搭建刀圈径向梯度化磨损量无损检测有限元模型,研究刀圈径向磨损量与前期电压信号积分值的映射关系,提取可连续反映刀圈磨损程度的特征量,并研究不同提离距离下刀圈径向磨损量与特征量的映射关系。结果表明:在给定激励线圈外半径取值的前提下合理调节内半径取值,可最大程度兼顾对激励线圈高分辨率、强耦合程度的要求;检测线圈与刀圈的最远距离为64 mm,在满足48.26 cm刀圈最大径向磨损量为35 mm的基础上保留了29 mm余量,比传统涡流检测的最远提离距离提高了83%;该方法提高了探头远距离检测能力,保障了探头安装空间,同时显著降低了探头被岩碴刮擦损伤的风险。

一种永磁同步电主轴转矩脉动和电磁力波的抑制方法

针对磁极为平行充磁且两边平行的表面式永磁同步电主轴存在转矩脉动和径向电磁力波的问题,提出一种磁极结构优化方法以抑制转矩脉动和径向电磁力波。基于等效面电流法建立磁极表面半径为任意值的永磁同步电主轴转子气隙磁场的解析模型;综合研究转子气隙磁场对定子开槽电主轴转矩脉动、径向电磁力波的影响;在最小气隙长度不变的前提下,确立优化目标(气隙磁通密度的谐波和幅值),并通过迭代计算的方式得到满足不同优化目标的永磁体磁极结构方案(方案一结构和方案二结构);最后,通过有限元法验证转子气隙磁场解析模型的有效性,并对原结构电主轴、方案一结构电主轴和方案二结构电主轴的转子气隙磁场谐波、转矩脉动、齿槽转矩、平均转矩和径向电磁力波进行对比分析。结果表明:该优化方法可以得到满足不同优化目标的永磁体磁极结构方案,实现原电主轴指定阶次磁通密度谐波、转矩脉动和径向电磁力波的综合抑制。

载流工况下圆柱滚子轴承等效电容计算分析及试验验证

电场环境中的高频轴电流直接影响轴承的使用寿命,使轴承出现电蚀,进而影响整个传动系统的工作性能和使用寿命。为更准确地分析载流工况下轴承运行参数对轴承等效电容的影响,基于滚动轴承动力学理论建立了一种圆柱滚子轴承等效电容动力学模型,得到滚子与滚道之间的动态赫兹接触面积和动态油膜厚度并计算出轴承等效电容,实现了圆柱滚子轴承等效电容的动态仿真,分析了轴承转速和径向载荷对圆柱滚子轴承等效电容的影响规律。结果表明:随着轴承转速的增加,轴承等效电容随之减小,但轴承击穿阈值电压随之增大;随着径向载荷的增加,轴承等效电容随之增大,但轴承击穿阈值电压随之减小;当其他条件一定时,适当提高轴承的d_(m)n值、增加轴承宽度和滚子直径可以防止轴承被击穿。通过载流轴承试验机进行试验,试验与仿真结果的最大误差为10.1%,验证了理论计算与模型仿真的合理性。

高频电流注入单绕组无轴承磁通切换电机悬停及启动过程的无径向位移传感器控制

无轴承电机在悬停及启动过程始终需要保持稳定悬浮,准确获取转子径向位移信息是控制转子稳定悬浮的关键,传感器的使用易受环境影响,降低系统可靠性,并且增加系统成本。针对电机悬停及启动过程,提出一种基于高频电流注入的无径向位移传感器控制方法。首先,基于电机电感数学模型,建立当转矩平面注入高频旋转电流信号后,空间对称绕组中有效高频偏差电势幅值与转子径向位移的关系;接着,利用线性正弦跟踪器提取有效高频偏差电势幅值;然后,基于上述电势幅值与转子径向位移关系,构建转子径向位移观测器;最后,将观测位移与自抗扰控制策略相结合,构建高性能的无径向位移传感器控制策略。理论分析与实验结果验证所提方法的有效性。

中点注入式无轴承永磁同步电机磁悬浮力建模

以中点注入式无轴承永磁同步电机为对象,为解决中点电流单边注入(MPCI)法的可控磁悬浮力有限问题,提出了一种中点电流双边注入法解决方案。先分析了中点注入式无轴承永磁电机的单绕组结构及其磁悬浮力的产生原理,然后基于麦克斯韦张量法,建立了基于中点电流双边注入的径向磁悬浮力数学模型;最后采用FEM法进行了磁悬浮力模型的验证分析。FEM分析结果表明,磁悬浮力模型计算结果与FEM分析结果基本一致;可控磁悬浮力与磁悬浮电流之间,以及不可控磁悬浮力与转子偏心位移之间,基本呈线性关系;与MPCI法相比,采用双边磁悬浮电流注入法时,可获得约2倍的可控磁悬浮力。FEM仿真结果验证了磁悬浮力模型的正确性,以及中点电流双边注入方法的优势。