Evaluation of the Shallow Gas Hydrate Production Based on the Radial Drilling-Heat Injection-Back Fill Method

It has been evidenced that shallow gas hydrate resources are abundant in deep oceans worldwide.Their geological back-ground,occurrence,and other characteristics differ significantly from deep-seated hydrates.Because of the high risk of well construction and low production efficiency,they are difficult to be recovered by using conventional oil production methods.As a result,this paper proposes an alternative design based on a combination of radial drilling,heat injection,and backfilling methods.Multi-branch holes are used to penetrate shallow gas hydrate reservoirs to expand the depressurization area,and heat injection is utilized as a supplement to improve gas production.Geotechnical information collected from an investigation site close to the offshore production well in the South China Sea is used to assess the essential components of this plan,including well construction stability and gas production behavior.It demonstrates that the hydraulic fracturing of the 60mbsf overburden layer can be prevented by regulating the drilling fluid densities.However,the traditional well structure is unstable,and the suction anchor is advised for better mechanical performance.The gas produc-tion rate can be significantly increased by combining hot water injection and depressurization methods.Additionally,the suitable produc-tion equipment already in use is discussed.

Endoscopic radial incision and cutting method for adult congenital duodenal webs:A case report

BACKGROUND Congenital duodenal webs are rare in adults and can lead to various symptoms such as nausea,vomiting,and postprandial fullness.The treatment for this disease is mostly surgical.Endoscopic treatment techniques have been developed and attempted for this disease.Endoscopic radial incision and cutting(RIC)techniques are reportedly very effective in benign anastomotic stricture.This case report highlights the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic RIC as a minimally invasive treatment for adult congenital duodenal webs.CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old female patient with indigestion was referred to a tertiary hospital.The patient complained of postprandial fullness in the epigastric region.Previous physical examinations or blood tests indicated no abnormalities.Computed tomography revealed an eccentric broad-based delayed-enhancing mass-like lesion in the second portion of the duodenum.Endoscopy showed an enlarged gastric cavity and a significantly dilated duodenal bulb;a very small hole was observed in the distal part of the second portion,and scope passage was not possible.Gastrografin upper gastrointestinal series was performed,revealing an intraduodenal barium contrast-filled sac with a curvilinear narrow radiolucent rim,a typical"windsock"sign.Endoscopic RIC was performed on the duodenal web.The patient recovered uneventfully.Follow-up endoscopy showed a patent duodenal lumen without any residual stenosis.The patient reported complete resolution of symptoms at the 18-month follow-up.CONCLUSION Endoscopic RIC may be an effective treatment for congenital duodenal webs in adults.

A Radial Basis Function Method with Improved Accuracy for Fourth Order Boundary Value Problems

Accurately approximating higher order derivatives is an inherently difficult problem. It is shown that a random variable shape parameter strategy can improve the accuracy of approximating higher order derivatives with Radial Basis Function methods. The method is used to solve fourth order boundary value problems. The use and location of ghost points are examined in order to enforce the extra boundary conditions that are necessary to make a fourth-order problem well posed. The use of ghost points versus solving an overdetermined linear system via least squares is studied. For a general fourth-order boundary value problem, the recommended approach is to either use one of two novel sets of ghost centers introduced here or else to use a least squares approach. When using either ghost centers or least squares, the random variable shape parameter strategy results in significantly better accuracy than when a constant shape parameter is used.

Isogeometric Boundary Element Analysis for 2D Transient Heat Conduction Problem with Radial Integration Method

This paper presents an isogeometric boundary element method(IGABEM)for transient heat conduction analysis.The Non-Uniform Rational B-spline(NURBS)basis functions,which are used to construct the geometry of the structures,are employed to discretize the physical unknowns in the boundary integral formulations of the governing equations.Bezier extraction technique is employed to accelerate the evaluation of NURBS basis functions.We adopt a radial integration method to address the additional domain integrals.The numerical examples demonstrate the advantage of IGABEM in dimension reduction and the seamless connection between CAD and numerical analysis.

Resolving Domain Integral Issues in Isogeometric Boundary Element Methods via Radial Integration:A Study of Thermoelastic Analysis

The paper applied the isogeometric boundary element method(IGABEM)to thermoelastic problems.The Non-Uniform Rational B-splines(NURBS)used to construct geometric models are employed to discretize the boundary integral formulation of the governing equation.Due to the existence of thermal stress,the domain integral term appears in the boundary integral equation.We resolve this problem by incorporating radial integration method into IGABEM which converts the domain integral to the boundary integral.In this way,IGABEM can maintain its advantages in dimensionality reduction and more importantly,seamless integration of CAD and numerical analysis based on boundary representation.The algorithm is verified by numerical examples.

TRACTIVE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ON RADIALLY DEPLOYABLE WHEEL CONFIGURATION OF LUNAR ROVER VEHICLE BY DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD

With the consideration of volume constraint of launch vehicle and trafficability of rover vehicle on lunar regolith terrain, a new design of radially deployable wheel is presented. For the purpose of achieving the meso-mechanics and dynamical behavior of lunar soil particles as well as macro-parameters of tractive performance for radially deployable wheel, the interaction between two types of wheel configurations and lunar soil particles is analyzed by means of discrete element method. The network of contact forces, the displacement vector chart, and the deformation of lunar soil beneath wheels are plotted. The equations of soil thrust, motion resistance, drawbar pull and driven torque are derived in granular scale based on the coordinates transformation and algebraic summation. The calculated results show that there is sufficient traction for both 6-split and 12-split radially deployable wheels with 304 mm outspread diameter to negotiate lunar regolith terrain specified here; the value of drawbar pull enhances with the increase of split number of radially deployable wheel, however, the required driven torque increases simultaneously, therefore, the tractive efficiency decreases.

An improved local radial point interpolation method for transient heat conduction analysis

The smoothing thin plate spline （STPS） interpolation using the penalty function method according to the optimization theory is presented to deal with transient heat conduction problems. The smooth conditions of the shape functions and derivatives can be satisfied so that the distortions hardly occur. Local weak forms are developed using the weighted residual method locally from the partial differential equations of the transient heat conduction. Here the Heaviside step function is used as the test function in each sub-domain to avoid the need for a domain integral. Essential boundary conditions can be implemented like the finite element method （FEM） as the shape functions possess the Kronecker delta property. The traditional two-point difference method is selected for the time discretization scheme. Three selected numerical examples are presented in this paper to demonstrate the availability and accuracy of the present approach comparing with the traditional thin plate spline （TPS） radial basis functions.

Radial point collocation method (RPCM) for solving convection-diffusion problems

In this paper, Radial point collocation method （RPCM）, a kind of meshfree method, is applied to solve convectiondiffusion problem. The main feature of this approach is to use the interpolation schemes in local supported domains based on radial basis functions. As a result, this method is local and hence the system matrix is banded which is very attractive for practical engineering problems. In the numerical examination, RPCM is applied to solve non-linear convection-diffusion 2D Burgers equations. The results obtained by RPCM demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method for solving transient fluid dynamic problems. A fictitious point scheme is adopted to improve the solution accuracy while Neumann boundary conditions exist. The meshfree feature of the nresent method is verv attractive in solving comnutational fluid nroblems.

Factors affecting accuracy of radial point interpolation meshfree method for 3-D solid mechanics

Recently,the radial point interpolation meshfree method has gained popularity owing to its advantages in large deformation and discontinuity problems,however,the accuracy of this method depends on many factors and their influences are not fully investigated yet.In this work,three main factors,i.e.,the shape parameters,the influence domain size,and the nodal distribution,on the accuracy of the radial point interpolation method(RPIM)are systematically studied and conclusive results are obtained.First,the effect of shape parameters(R,q)of the multi-quadric basis function on the accuracy of RPIM is examined via global search.A new interpolation error index,closely related to the accuracy of RPIM,is proposed.The distribution of various error indexes on the R q plane shows that shape parameters q[1.2,1.8]and R[0,1.5]can give good results for general 3-D analysis.This recommended range of shape parameters is examined by multiple benchmark examples in 3D solid mechanics.Second,through numerical experiments,an average of 30 40 nodes in the influence domain of a Gauss point is recommended for 3-D solid mechanics.Third,it is observed that the distribution of nodes has significant effect on the accuracy of RPIM although it has little effect on the accuracy of interpolation.Nodal distributions with better uniformity give better results.Furthermore,how the influence domain size and nodal distribution affect the selection of shape parameters and how the nodal distribution affects the choice of influence domain size are also discussed.

Mathematical modeling of fractional derivatives for magnetohydrodynamic fluid flow between two parallel plates by the radial basis function method

Investigations into the magnetohydrodynamics of viscous fluids have become more important in recent years,owing to their practical significance and numerous applications in astro-physical and geo-physical phenomena.In this paper,the radial base function was utilized to answer fractional equation associated with fluid flow passing through two parallel flat plates with a magnetic field.The magnetohydrodynamics coupled stress fluid flows between two parallel plates,with the bottom plate being stationary and the top plate moving at a persistent velocity.We compared the radial basis function approach to the numerical method(fourth-order Range-Kutta)in order to verify its validity.The findings demonstrated that the discrepancy between these two techniques is quite negligible,indicating that this method is very reliable.The impact of the magnetic field parameter and Reynolds number on the velocity distribution perpendicular to the fluid flow direction is illustrated.Eventually,the velocity parameter is compared for diverse conditionsα,Reynolds and position(y),the maximum of which occurs atα=0.4.Also,the maximum velocity values occur inα=0.4 and Re=1000 and the concavity of the graph is less forα=0.8.

The Construction Method for Solving Radial Flow Problem through the Homogeneous Reservoir

On the basis of similar structure of solutions of ordinary differential equation (ODE) boundary value problem, the similar construction method was put forward by solving problems of fluid flow in porous media through the homogeneous reservoir. It is indicate that the pressure distribution of dimensionless reservoir and bottom hole in Laplace space, which take on the radial flow, also shows similar structure, and the internal relationship between the above solutions were illustrated in detail.

Calculation methods of lubricant film pressure distribution of radial grooved thrust bearings

In order to calculate the pressure distribution of radial grooved thrust bearing, analytical and numerical methods were applied respectively. Grooved region and land region were linked by u- sing the mass conservations principle at the groove/land boundary in each method. The block-weight approach was implemented to deal with the non-coincidence of mesh and radial groove pattern in nu- merical method. It was observed that the numerical solutions had higher precision as mesh number exceed 70 x 70, and the relaxation iteration of differential scheme presented the fastest convergence speed when relaxation factor was close to 1.94.

SOME PROBLEMS WITH THE METHOD OF FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION USING RADIAL BASIS FUNCTIONS

The present work describes the application of the method of fundamental solutions （MFS） along with the analog equation method （AEM） and radial basis function （RBF） approximation for solving the 2D isotropic and anisotropic Helmholtz problems with different wave numbers. The AEM is used to convert the original governing equation into the classical Poisson＇s equation, and the MFS and RBF approximations are used to derive the homogeneous and particular solutions, respectively. Finally, the satisfaction of the solution consisting of the homogeneous and particular parts to the related governing equation and boundary conditions can produce a system of linear equations, which can be solved with the singular value decomposition （SVD） technique. In the computation, such crucial factors related to the MFS-RBF as the location of the virtual boundary, the differential and integrating strategies, and the variation of shape parameters in multi-quadric （MQ） are fully analyzed to provide useful reference.

LOCAL DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHOD FOR RADIAL POROUS FLOW WITH DISPERSION AND ADSORPTION

Based on the local discontinuous Galerkin methods for time-dependent convection-diffusion systems newly developed by Corkburn and Shu,according to the form of the generalized convection-diffusion equations which model the radial porous flow with dispersion and adsorption,a local discontinuous Galerkin method for radial porous flow with dispersion and adsorption was developed,a high order accurary new scheme for radial porous flow is obtained.The presented method was applied to the numerical tests of two cases of radial porous,i.e., the convection-dispersion flow and the convection-dispersion-adsorption flow,the corresponding parts of the numerical results are in good agreement with the published solutions,so the presented method is reliable.Reckoning of the computational cost also shows that the method is practicable.

Precision of meshfree methods and application to forward modeling of two-dimensional electromagnetic sources

Meshfree method offers high accuracy and computational capability and constructs the shape function without relying on predefined elements. We comparatively analyze the global weak form meshfree methods, such as element-free Galerkin method （EFGM）, the point interpolation method （PIM）, and the radial point interpolation method （RPIM）. Taking two dimensional Poisson equation as an example, we discuss the support-domain dimensionless size, the field nodes, and background element settings with respect to their effect on calculation accuracy of the meshfree method. RPIM and EFGM are applied to controlled- source two-dimensional electromagnetic modeling with fixed shape parameters. The accuracy of boundary conditions imposed directly and by a penalty function are discussed in the case of forward modeling of two-dimensional magnetotellurics in a homogeneous medium model. The coupling algorithm of EFG-PIM and EFG-RPIM are generated by integrating the PIM or RPIM and EFGM. The results of the numerical modeling suggest the following. First, the proposed meshfree method and corresponding coupled methods are well-suited for electromagnetic numerical modeling. The accuracy of the algorithm is the highest when the support-domain dimensionless size is 1.0 and the distribution of field nodes is consistent with the nodes of background elements. Second, the accuracy of PIM and RPIM are lower than that of EFGM for the Poisson equation but higher than EFGM for the homogeneous medium MT response. Third, RPIM overcomes the matrix inversion problem of PIM and has a wider selection of support-domain dimensionless sizes as compared to RPIM.

Distributed Collaborative Response Surface Method for Mechanical Dynamic Assembly Reliability Design

Because of the randomness of many impact factors influencing the dynamic assembly relationship of complex machinery, the reliability analysis of dynamic assembly relationship needs to be accomplished considering the randomness from a probabilistic perspective. To improve the accuracy and efficiency of dynamic assembly relationship reliability analysis, the mechanical dynamic assembly reliability（MDAR） theory and a distributed collaborative response surface method（DCRSM） are proposed. The mathematic model of DCRSM is established based on the quadratic response surface function, and verified by the assembly relationship reliability analysis of aeroengine high pressure turbine（HPT） blade-tip radial running clearance（BTRRC）. Through the comparison of the DCRSM, traditional response surface method（RSM） and Monte Carlo Method（MCM）, the results show that the DCRSM is not able to accomplish the computational task which is impossible for the other methods when the number of simulation is more than 100 000 times, but also the computational precision for the DCRSM is basically consistent with the MCM and improved by 0.40-4.63% to the RSM, furthermore, the computational efficiency of DCRSM is up to about 188 times of the MCM and 55 times of the RSM under 10000 times simulations. The DCRSM is demonstrated to be a feasible and effective approach for markedly improving the computational efficiency and accuracy of MDAR analysis. Thus, the proposed research provides the promising theory and method for the MDAR design and optimization, and opens a novel research direction of probabilistic analysis for developing the high-performance and high-reliability of aeroengine.

FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF ARBITRARY SHAPED PLATES BY BOUNDARY KNOT METHOD

The boundary knot method （BKM） is a truly meshless boundary-type radial basis function （RBF） collocation scheme, where the general solution is employed instead of the fundamental solution to avoid the fictitious outside boundary of the physical domain of interest. In this study, the BKM is first used to calculate the free vibration of free and simply-upported thin plates. Compared with the analytical solution and ANSYS （a commercial FEM code） results, the present BKM is highly accurate and fast convergent.

Tendency of homogeneous radial deformation during electromagnetic compression of aluminium tube

Electromagnetic forming is one of the high-rate forming methods that can be extensively used to form and join axisymmetric metal sheet and tube. Tendency of homogeneous radial deformation during electromagnetic compression of aluminium tube was investigated through the design optimization method based on sequential coupling numerical simulation and experiments. The results show that the tendency depends on the length ratio of tube to coil (R), which has a critical value (Rc) corresponding to the relatively homogeneous radial deformation along axial direction. The tube length relative to Rc is insensitive to the discharge voltage. When R is greater than Rc, the deformed tube presents horn shape and the shorter coil makes for local deformation. If R is less than Rc, the deformed tube presents drum shape and the longer coil contributes to larger deformation at tube end. Rc increases with coli length and could approach to 1; inversely, it could approach to 0. These results indicate the design optimization method based on the sequential coupling numerical simulation is feasible, which can be used to realize the controllable and precise deformation of metal tube.

PERTURBATION METHODS IN SEMILINEAR ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS INVOLVING CRITICAL HARDY-SOBOLEV EXPONENT

In this article, we deal with a class of semilinear elliptic equations which are perturbations of the problems with the critical Hardy-Sobolev exponent. Some existence results are given via an abstract perturbation method in critical point theory.