A Generalized Layered Radiative Transfer Model in the Vegetation Canopy

In this paper, a generalized layered model for radiation transfer in canopy with high vertical resolution is developed. Differing from the two-stream approximate radiation transfer model commonly used in the land surface models, the generalized model takes into account the effect of complicated canopy morphology and inhomogeneous optical properties of leaves on radiation transfer within the canopy. In the model, the total leaf area index （LAI） of the canopy is divided into many layers. At a given layer, the influences of diffuse radiation angle distributions and leaf angle distributions on radiation transfer within the canopy are considered. The derivation of equations serving the model are described in detail, and these can deal with various diffuse radiation transfers in quite broad categories of canopy with quite inhomogeneons vertical structures and uneven leaves with substantially different optical properties of adaxial and abaxial faces of the leaves. The model is used to simulate the radiation transfer for canopies with horizontal leaves to validate the generalized model. Results from the model are compared with those from the two-stream scheme, and differences between these two models are discussed.

A Simplified Scheme of the Generalized Layered Radiative Transfer Model

In this paper, firstly, a simplified version （SGRTM） of the generalized layered radiative transfer model （GRTM） within the canopy, developed by us, is presented. It reduces the information requirement of inputted sky diffuse radiation, as well as of canopy morphology, and in turn saves computer resources. Results from the SGRTM agree perfectly with those of the GRTM. Secondly, by applying the linear superposition principle of the optics and by using the basic solutions of the GRTM for radiative transfer within the canopy under the condition of assumed zero soil reflectance, two sets of explicit analytical solutions of radiative transfer within the canopy with any soil reflectance magnitude are derived： one for incident diffuse, and the other for direct beam radiation. The explicit analytical solutions need two sets of basic solutions of canopy reflectance and transmittance under zero soil reflectance, run by the model for both diffuse and direct beam radiation. One set of basic solutions is the canopy reflectance αf （written as α1 for direct beam radiation） and transmittance βf （written as β1 for direction beam radiation） with zero soil reflectance for the downward radiation from above the canopy （i.e. sky）, and the other set is the canopy reflectance （αb） and transmittance βb for the upward radiation from below the canopy （i.e., ground）. Under the condition of the same plant architecture in the vertical layers, and the same leaf adaxial and abaxial optical properties in the canopies for the uniform diffuse radiation, the explicit solutions need only one set of basic solutions, because under this condition the two basic solutions are equal, i.e., αf = αb and βf = βb. Using the explicit analytical solutions, the fractions of any kind of incident solar radiation reflected from （defined as surface albedo, or canopy reflectance）, transmitted through （defined as canopy transmittance）, and absorbed by （defined as canopy absorptance） the canopy and other properties pertinent to the radiative transfer within the canopy can be estimated easily on the ground surface below the canopy （soil or snow surface） with any reflectance magnitudes. The simplified transfer model is proven to have a similar accuracy compared to the detailed model, as well as very efficient computing.

A Comparison of Two Canopy Radiative Models in Land Surface Processes

This paper compares the predictions by two radiative transfer models-the two-stream approximation model and the generalized layered model （developed by the authors） in land surface processes -for different canopies under direct or diffuse radiation conditions. The comparison indicates that there are significant differences between the two models, especially in the near infrared （NIR） band. Results of canopy reflectance from the two-stream model are larger than those from the generalized model. However, results of canopy absorptance from the two-stream model are larger in some cases and smaller in others compared to those from the generalized model, depending on the cases involved. In the visible （VIS） band, canopy reflectance is smaller and canopy absorptance larger from the two-stream model compared to the generalized model when the Leaf Area Index （LAI） is low and soil reflectance is high. In cases of canopies with vertical leaf angles, the differences of reflectance and absorptance in the VIS and NIR bands between the two models are especially large. Two commonly occurring cases, with which the two-stream model cannot deal accurately, are also investigated. One is for a canopy with different adaxial and abaxial leaf optical properties; and the other is for incident sky diffuse radiation with a non-uniform distribution. Comparison of the generalized model within the same canopy for both uniform and non-uniform incident diffuse radiation inputs shows smaller differences in general. However, there is a measurable difference between these radiation inputs for a canopy with high leaf angle. This indicates that the application of the two-stream model to a canopy with different adaxial and abaxial leaf optical properties will introduce non-negligible errors.

Machine learning methods’ performance in radiative transfer model inversion to retrieve plant traits from Sentinel-2 data of a mixed mountain forest

Assessment of vegetation biochemical and biophysical variables is useful when developing indicators for biodiversity monitoring and climate change studies.Here,we compared a radiative transfer model(RTM)inversion by merit function and five machine learning algorithms trained on an RTM simulated dataset predicting the three plant traits leaf chlorophyll content(LCC),canopy chlorophyll content(CCC),and leaf area index(LAI),in a mixed temperate forest.The accuracy of the retrieval methods in predicting these three plant traits with spectral data from Sentinel-2 acquired on 13 July 2017 over Bavarian Forest National Park,Germany,was evaluated using in situ measurements collected contemporaneously.The RTM inversion using merit function resulted in estimations of LCC(R^(2)=0.26,RMSE=3.9µg/cm^(2)),CCC(R^(2)=0.65,RMSE=0.33 g/m^(2)),and LAI(R^(2)=0.47,RMSE=0.73 m^(2)/m^(2)),comparable to the estimations based on the machine learning method Random forest regression of LCC(R^(2)=0.34,RMSE=4.06µg/cm^(2)),CCC(R^(2)=0.65,RMSE=0.34 g/m^(2)),and LAI(R^(2)=0.47,RMSE=0.75 m^(2)/m^(2)).Several of the machine learning algorithms also yielded accuracies and robustness similar to the RTM inversion using merit function.The performance of regression methods trained on synthetic datasets showed promise for fast and accurate mapping of plant traits accross different plant functional types from remote sensing data.

Terahertz band simulations using two different radiative transfer models

A high-resolution dual-band terahertz(THz) radiometer was designed to measure vertical distributions of chemical elements in the middle atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau. A forward simulation, which always should be conducted firstly for the development of a matching retrieval algorithm, has not been done before. We use two radiative transfer models, ARTS and AM, to simulate the water vapor, ozone and carbon monoxide spectra on the plateau based on the spectral design of the THz radiometer. The emission line characteristics of the three gases in this spectral band are identified. Reasons for the differences in the spectral simulations between the two models are analyzed for individual gases. The impact of several different spectral parameter settings on the simulations are evaluated through a series of sensitivity experiments. This study suggests that the ARTS is more suitable for the development of the THz radiometer retrieval algorithm. An optimal parameter setting of the ARTS for the three elements are given.

基于计算机模拟模型的林木冠层太阳短波辐射定量分析方法

【目的】定量模拟和刻画林木冠层太阳短波辐射的分布和截获情况,于时空变换下反演太阳短波辐射在不同林木冠层内的辐射通量变化,为林木培育经营和提质增效提供理论依据。【方法】首先,以公共数据集和真实扫描的校园内林木激光点云数据为例,结合设计的机器视觉算法,对林木激光点云进行枝叶分离和单叶分割,并用合适大小的椭圆形和圆柱体几何单元分别拟合每片叶片和骨架,开展林木真实模型重建;其次,运用计算机图形学方法,结合研究地点的经纬度和时刻,模拟太阳入射光线,并引入物理学的双向反射和透射分布函数及蒙特卡洛光线追踪算法,开展反射和透射光线与冠层内叶片的碰撞模拟;最后,根据仪器测量得到的不同树种叶片平均粗糙度和折射率,结合光线追踪算法,实现林木冠层内短波辐射分布计算和木林冠层光截获效率评估。【结果】利用本研究方法计算时空变换下不同树种(芒果、橡胶、紫薇、樱花)4株树冠及一片香樟树林的直射、反射和透射太阳辐射通量,其中直射辐射通量占比约86%、反射辐射通量占比约5%、透射辐射通量占比约9%。叶面积指数高的树冠会拦截更多直射和透射光线;在太阳高度角较小时刻(上午或下午),斜射的太阳光线反射后易与树冠中其他叶片发生二次求交,产生较多反射辐射通量。同时,由于林木的趋光性,中午树冠光线拦截率高于上午和下午10%左右。比对采用本研究方法计算的树冠辐射通量拦截比值和样地手持光电仪器实测结果,绝对误差小于6%。【结论】在测绘科学、计算机图形学及林学多学科视角融合下,本研究基于激光点云重建树木真实表观形态结构,并将蒙特卡洛光线追踪算法与物理学的双向反射和透射分布函数相融合,真实模拟光线在树冠中的传播过程,可准确获取林木冠层内太阳短波辐射分布与树冠辐射通量拦截值,对研究时空变换下林木太阳辐射吸收、光强与树冠形态结构的耦合关联及不同表型参数的林冠辐射传输模型均有重要启示意义。

Application of WSGSA Model in Predicting Temperature and Soot in C_(2)H_(4)/Air Turbulent Diffusion Flame

Soot,a product of insufficient combustion,is usually in the form of aggregate. The multi-scattering of soot fractal aggregates has been proved to play an important role in studying the soot radiative properties,which is rarely considered in predicting the radiative heat transfer in combustion flame. In the present study,based on the weighted sum of gray soot fractal aggregate(WSGSA) model,which is used to predict the temperature field and soot aggregates in turbulent diffusion flame,the flame temperature distribution and soot volume fraction distribution under the conditions of the model without considering radiation,the default radiation model in Fluent software and the WSGSA model are calculated respectively. The results show that the flame temperature will be seriously overestimated without considering radiation and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is about 64.5%. The accuracy will be improved by the default radiation model in the Fluent software,but the flame temperature is still overestimated and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is about 42.1%. However,more satisfactory results can be obtained by the WSGSA model,and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is no more than 15.3%. Similar conclusions can also be obtained in studying the temperature distribution along different flame heights. Moreover,the soot volume fraction can be predicted more accurately with the application of the WSGSA model. Both without considering radiation and using the default radiation model in the Fluent software will result in the underestimating of soot volume fraction. All the results reveal that the WSGSA model can be used to predict the temperature and soot aggregates in the CH/air turbulent diffusion flame.

高超声速非平衡流动−辐射特性数值模拟研究

飞行器高超声速飞行过程中所承受对流加热和辐射加热可能具有相当的量级,因此合理准确预测气动加热需要将二者进行综合考虑.文章发展了具有非玻尔兹曼电子能级分布和振动能级分布的高温空气碰撞辐射模型,并耦合一维激波后流动方程计算不同飞行条件下激波后的非平衡流动特性,采用逐线辐射输运模型计算获得激波后非平衡辐射特性、辐射强度和辐射输运通量,深入比较分析了不同飞行高度和马赫数对非平衡流动和辐射输运过程的影响.计算结果表明对于高空高马赫飞行条件,其波后流动存在显著的热力学非平衡、化学非平衡和能级非平衡特征,在近激波区域高振动能级和原子高束缚电子激发态明显低于玻尔兹曼分布.在高空高马赫条件下真空紫外辐射占据主导地位,主要是由高能原子束缚−束缚跃迁造成的.随着高度和马赫数的下降,激波层内气体解离和电离程度降低,原子辐射贡献下降,分子辐射贡献增加,导致红外、可见光和紫外波段的辐射输运增强,真空紫外辐射输运过程减弱.

Wide spectrum and rapid calculation model for atmospheric radiative transfer in limb remote sensing

We proposed a wide spectrum and rapid calculation model FALTRAN( Fast Atmospheric Limb TRANsmission),to solve the problems of current radiative transfer model in limb remote sensing. In FALTRAN:( 1) Band model algorithm was employed and the molecular spectroscopy database was based on HITRAN2008.( 2) Limb radiative transfer equation consists of scattering and thermal radiation was established,and according to the limb geometry characteristic,a Hemisphere Radiation Adding( HRA) approach based on finite difference method was proposed to solve it. We investigated the atmospheric limb radiations under typical atmospheric modes in several commonly used remote sensing bands. Moreover,radiation contribution by two hemispheres was quantitative analyzed as well. Validation results show that the relative differences between FALTRAN and Combining Differential-Integral( CDI) model are within 2%,and calculation results by FALTRAN have good agreement with Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding( MIPAS) measurements. FALTRAN is proven to be reliable in the limb radiative transfer calculation.

影响地面紫外辐射的因素分析

通过作者改进的离散坐标法（ＤＩＳＯＲＴ）辐射传输模式和部分观测资料考察了臭氧总量及其垂直分布、二氧化硫、气溶胶及火山气溶胶、地表反照率、太阳天顶角对到达地面紫外辐射的影响，以及云与紫外辐射的相互作用，给出了一些最主要的结果。此外，还简要地介绍了国内外紫外辐射观测研究的一些进展，特别是欧盟委员会资助开展的“确定ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射观测网标准”的科学计划。

植被冠层3D辐射传输模型及热辐射方向性模拟

研究了植被冠层的热辐射方向性并建立了有关模型.从辐射传输机理出发,建立了3D冠层场景,并将场景以微分体元方式进行离散,根据给定的观测几何参数进行逐个体元内部与体元之间的多次散射及发射辐射传输计算,最终通过积分运算得到所有微分体在半球空间上对给定观测方向上的热辐射,得出整个冠层的热辐射方向性.利用两个时相的地面观测数据对3D辐射传输模型及模拟结果进行了验证和分析,相关系数分别为0.91和0.79,RMSE分别为0.4K和0.6K,证明建立的模型是有效的,能改进热红外温度反演精度和实现组分温度反演.

植被冠层水平叶绿素含量的高光谱估测

植物的叶绿素含量指示了其健康状况。大区域范围内植被叶绿素含量信息的提取可以用于评价植被的生长状况,实现对生态环境的监测。对于农田系统而言,作物叶绿素含量的估测还可以对施肥等田间操作提供支持。文章利用辐射传输模型模拟多组不同状态下的植被冠层光谱反射率,通过对模拟数据的冠层叶绿素含量以及冠层光谱之间关系的分析,构建了估测植被冠层水平叶绿素含量的光谱指数模型。该模型对冠层叶绿素含量的方差解释量达到了75%以上。分别使用野外实测冠层光谱和Hyperion高光谱遥感影像对试验区进行验证。结果证明该模型对冠层水平的叶绿素含量估测效果较好,具有应用价值。

紫外辐射传输模式计算与实际测量的比较

利用改进的离散坐标法紫外辐射传输模式，应用各种可测得的实际大气物理参数，模拟了１９９３年７月２４日德国加尔米希一帕特科琛（Ｇａｒｍｉｓｃｈ—Ｐａｒｔｅｎｋiｒｃｈｅｎ，４７．４７°Ｎ，１１０７°Ｅ）地面紫外辐射的全天分布，并与１９９３年秋天第三次欧洲紫外辐射光谱仪比对活动期间通过了严格绝对标定的奥地利莫斯布鲁克（Ｉｎｎｓｂｒｕｃｋ）大学的紫外光谱仪的实际观测资料进行了比较，进行了余弦响应订正后，计算与测量的绝对值差别很小，最大误差对地面ＵＶＢ通量（２８０～３２０ｎｍ）是０．０７Ｗ／ｍ２（正午的通量为３、２Ｗ／ｍ２）。对ＵＶＡ（３２０～４００ｎｍ）最大误差是２６Ｗ／ｍ２（正午通量为５４Ｗ／ｍ２）计算与测量的平均偏差为５％～１３％，这表明，地面紫外辐射水平也可以利用其他大气观测资料通过模式计算间接得到。

基于六角形和球形冰晶模型的卷云辐射特征研究

卷云中冰晶粒子的单次光散射计算是卷云辐射传输及云微物理参数反演的重要基础。近年,利用高观测频率的静止气象卫星数据来反演水云和卷云的光学和微物理参数,进而计算地表光通量的研究倍受重视。然而,很多研究中卷云的冰晶用球形模型来模拟。由于不同形状和尺度大小的冰晶对电磁波的散射特征的不同,导致不同冰晶模型计算的卷云环境下卫星观测的辐射值及地表光通量的不同。利用不同尺度大小和电磁波波长的球形和六角形冰晶的单次散射数据,结合RSTAR辐射传输模式来定量分析了卷云环境下不同形状的冰晶模型对计算卫星观测的辐射和地表光通量中的影响。结果显示利用不同形状的冰晶模块来计算的卫星观测的辐射,地表向下辐射通量明显不同。波长在0.4～1.0μm之间的大气窗口部分的光谱辐射通量的差距最大。总辐射通量受云粒子形状的影响显著。研究证实了正确选择冰晶模型对卫星反演卷云微物理和光学参数的反演及计算地表光通量的重要性。该结果对于云微物理参数的反演及地表向下辐射通量的模拟具有参考价值。

陆面过程中冠层四流辐射传输模式的模拟性能检验

利用实际观测资料检验新发展的植被冠层四流辐射传输模式的模拟性能。将浙江大学田间观测数据用于模式试验,其结果表明:在可见光波段,因叶片散射率值较小,四流模式和二流模式模拟结果差别不大,模拟的冠层反照率都接近观测值。这表明在可见光波段,二流模式已经能够较好模拟冠层反照率,四流模式能够提高的精度范围有限;在近红外波段,因叶片散射率值较大,两个模式模拟结果差别较明显,四流模式模拟的冠层反照率相对二流模式的模拟结果更接近观测值。利用第2次雪模式比较计划SNOWMIP资料和改进的10层陆面模式BATS进行耦合试验,将四流模式以及二流模式均耦合到该陆面模式中,其目的是为考察四流模式对陆面模式模拟地表反射太阳短波辐射通量的影响。耦合后得到的结果与SNOWMIP中加拿大BERMS草地站和森林站的观测资料进行了对比。对比结果表明,采用四流模式、二流模式、BATS原辐射传输模式后,耦合四流模式的陆面模式模拟地表反射太阳短波辐射通量最接近观测值。说明采用四流模式能够改善陆面模式对地表反射太阳短波辐射通量的模拟。

利用MODIS资料模拟计算水云大气红外辐射特性

利用MODIS二级云产品和大气产品资料,采用通用大气辐射传输软件模拟计算了水云存在的情况下8.55μm、11.03μm和12.02μm波段水云大气顶亮温,并对三波段的MODIS云顶观测亮温和模拟计算的亮温进行了对比分析.结果表明:利用MODIS卫星观测云参量、大气参量和空间几何参量,结合通用大气辐射传输软件模拟计算的亮温和MODIS云顶亮温分布基本一致,亮温差较小,主要分布在-10K^10K附近.模拟计算的三个通道亮温差BTD(8.55~11.03μm)和BTD(11.03~12.02μm)的变化符合水云的情况.

陆面模拟中植被辐射传输参数化方案研究

在冠层二流辐射传输模式基础上新发展了一个描述太阳短波辐射在植被中传输的冠层四流辐射传输模式。冠层四流辐射传输模式是在大气辐射传输理论的基础上得到一组描述短波辐射在植被中传输过程的冠层辐射传输基本方程,引进大气中求解辐射传输方程的四流近似解法,并求得冠层四流辐射传输方程的解析解。方程中各项参量能够反映叶子或冠层特殊的几何和光学特征。冠层向上、向下辐射通量取决于冠层散射相函数、叶子在入射光方向投影面积、单个叶子反射率和透射率、叶面积指数以及直射光入射太阳高度角等。四流模式计算叶子水平倾角时对太阳短波辐射的反照率,与二流模式结果比较可以验证模式的理论推导和建模都是正确的:计算结果的比较,表明四流模式在水平叶角分布时计算的冠层反照率与二流模式结果一致,同时直射光从任何太阳高度角入射的冠层反照率结果也一致,从而证明发展的冠层四流辐射传输模式是成功的。模拟试验中将两种模型同时耦合到同一个陆面过程模式中进行比较试验,结果表明,冠层四流辐射传输模式能够得到更精确的植被反照率,从而使得陆面模式计算的地表吸收的净太阳辐射通量更接近于观测值。

民勤地区紫外辐射的观测与模拟研究

利用2010年春季民勤加强观测实验的地面辐射资料,分析了民勤沙漠干旱区总紫外辐射的变化特征,并对该地区的紫外辐射进行了估算和模拟。结果表明,紫外辐射和太阳总辐射表现出一致的变化特征,层云对两者的反射能力比卷云强。2010年6月紫外辐射的瞬时最大值为55.92 W·m-2,平均日总量为1.07 MJ·m-2,紫外辐射与太阳辐射比例的平均值为4.7%,其变化范围在3%~9%之间。根据晴空指数(Kt)与最大紫外辐射(UV0)及太阳总辐射(G)建立了民勤地区紫外辐射(UV)的估算方程:UV=2.94+1.22×(Kt×UV0)和UV=0.047G,均能较好地估计该地区的地表紫外辐射。由于受输入参数精度的限制,辐射传输模式SBDART低估了晴空条件下的紫外辐射,低估的总平均值为1.12 W·m-2(约5.6%),变化范围在-2.8~0.2 W·m-2之间。

陆面过程模式中植被冠层短波辐射传输参数化方案研究进展

阐述植被冠层内短波辐射传输模式研究在陆面过程及陆气相互研究中的重要性,全面地回顾有关冠层短波辐射传输模式的研究进展,结合目前在陆面过程领域具有代表性的冠层短波辐射传输模式,指出当前在这一领域研究中存在并有待于解决的问题,探讨了未来的发展趋势。

对流性降水云微波辐射特性

结合MM5模式和三维微波辐射传输模式,对2003年7月9日宜昌地区一次典型的中尺度降水中心的对流性降水云微波辐射特性进行研究。结果表明:MM5模式模拟的降水量和落区与实况一致,模拟的水凝物廓线也与TMI反演值接近,85.5 GHz通道辐射亮温与TMI实测情况相近。85.5 GHz通道亮温与地面雨强相关性很弱,受云中云冰和雪花的散射降温作用显著,由于其他粒子的综合作用以及斜角观测造成的位置偏移,霰粒子对该通道亮温散射作用不明显。19.35 GHz通道亮温随雨强增加先升温后降温;与霰粒子含量表现出明显的负相关关系。37.0 GHz通道亮温随雨强的增加而降温,雨强大于20 mm/h后达到饱和,主要受雨水降温作用影响。倾斜观测比天顶垂直观测产生更低的亮温低值中心,且频率越高,低值中心的偏移越严重。