The influence of reflections from the train body and the ground on the sound radiation from a railway rail

Purpose – The vibration of the rails is a significant source of railway rolling noise, often forming the dominantcomponent of noise in the important frequency region between 400 and 2000 Hz. The purpose of the paper is toinvestigate the influence of the ground profile and the presence of the train body on the sound radiation fromthe rail.Design/methodology/approach – Two-dimensional boundary element calculations are used, in which therail vibration is the source. The ground profile and various different shapes of train body are introduced in themodel, and results are observed in terms of sound power and sound pressure. Comparisons are also made withvibro-acoustic measurements performed with and without a train present.Findings – The sound radiated by the rail in the absence of the train body is strongly attenuated by shieldingdue to the ballast shoulder. When the train body is present, the sound from the vertical rail motion is reflectedback down toward the track where it is partly absorbed by the ballast. Nevertheless, the sound pressure at thetrackside is increased by typically 0–5 dB. For the lateral vibration of the rail, the effects are much smaller. Oncethe sound power is known, the sound pressure with the train present can be approximated reasonably well withsimple line source directivities.Originality/value – Numerical models used to predict the sound radiation from railway rails have generallyneglected the influence of the ground profile and reflections from the underside of the train body on the soundpower and directivity of the rail. These effects are studied in a systematic way including comparisons with measurements.

Research and Demonstration of Direct Air-Cooling System for 600-MW Fossil-Fired Power Plants

Given the distribution feature of resources such as coal and water, the requirements for the development of Chinese power industry, and the fact of monopoly by foreign companies, it is very necessary and significant to independently research and develop air-cooling technologies. Through experimental research, simulative calculation, process and equipment development, field tests and a demonstration project, the design and operation technologies for air-cooling system are grasped and relevant key equipment is developed. The results of the demonstration project show that the technical indicators for the air-cooling system have met or exceeded the design requirements. Part of the research results have been incorporated into the relevant national design standards. The technologies developed have been applied to more than 23 sets of thermal power units of or above 600 MW in China.

All-Sky Direct Radiative Effects of Urban Aerosols in Beijing and Shanghai, China

Aerosol particles can directly alter the radiation balance by scattering and absorbing incident solar radiation, thus decreasing the amount of light reaching the surface and increasing the fraction of diffuse radiation—the so-called ‘aerosol direct radiative effect'. Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol products, the aerosol direct radiative effects under all-sky conditions in Beijing and Shanghai in 2007 were explored in this study. The total shortwave radiation was calculated using the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model, with the influence of clouds taken into account through sunshine-duration data, and the diffuse radiation was calculated with radiation decomposition models. Good correlation between measured and calculated total radiation was obtained at both cities, with an R greater than 0.9, and thus this calculation method was adopted to derive aerosol direct radiative effects. The presence of aerosols caused the mean total and diffuse solar radiation reaching the surface to change by-19.9% and +27.4% in Beijing, respectively, and by-18.4% and +6.5% in Shanghai. It was also found that, despite the strong negative correlation between aerosol optical depth and total radiation change, the diffuse radiation changes were determined predominantly by clouds. The effects of such changes induced by aerosols on plant productivity should be further studied.

Distributed modeling of direct solar radiation on rugged terrain of the Yellow River Basin

Due to the influences of local topographical factors and terrain inter-shielding, calculation of direct solar radiation （DSR） quantity of rugged terrain is very complex. Based on digital elevation model （DEM） data and meteorological observations, a distributed model for calculating DSR over rugged terrain is developed. This model gives an all-sided consideration on factors influencing th a resolution of 1 km × 1 km for thDSR. Using the developed model, normals of annual DSR quantity wie Yellow River Basin was generated, with DEM data as the general characterization of terrain. Characteristics of DSR quantity influenced by geographic and topographic factors over rugged terrain were analyzed thoroughly. Results suggest that： influenced by local topographic factors, i.e. azimuth, slope and so on, and annual DSR quantity over mountainous area has a clear spatial difference; annual DSR quantity of sunny slope （or southern slope） of mountains is obviously larger than that of shady slope （or northern slope）. The calculated DSR quantity of the Yellow River Basin is provided in the same way as other kinds of spatial information and can be employed as basic geographic data for relevant studies as well.

Estimation of Direct Solar Radiation of Chad

The aim of this paper is to estimate the direct solar radiation on a horizontal plane in five regions of Chad using the Liu and Jordan’s model in view of the installation of a thermo-solar power plant. For this purpose, the HelioClim-3 Data Base of Solar Irradiance V5’s is used. All the results presented in this paper were obtained using Microsoft Excel software 2015. These results show that compared to the other regions considered for this study, the direct solar radiation on a horizontal plane in Moundou is less.

Radiation heat transfer model for complex superalloy turbine blade in directional solidification process based on finite element method

For the sake of a more accurate shell boundary and calculation of radiation heat transfer in the Directional Solidification(DS) process, a radiation heat transfer model based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)is developed in this study. Key technologies, such as distinguishing boundaries automatically, local matrix and lumped heat capacity matrix, are also stated. In order to analyze the effect of withdrawing rate on DS process,the solidification processes of a complex superalloy turbine blade in the High Rate Solidification(HRS) process with different withdrawing rates are simulated; and by comparing the simulation results, it is found that the most suitable withdrawing rate is determined to be 5.0 mm·min^(-1). Finally, the accuracy and reliability of the radiation heat transfer model are verified, because of the accordance of simulation results with practical process.

Analysis and improvement of sound radiation performance of spherical cap radiator

A spherical cap radiator is one of the important parts of an underwater wide-beam imaging system. The back radiation of a traditional spherical cap radiator, which is composed of a vibrating cap and a rigid baffle, is strong and its far-field directivity function may fluctuate in big amplitude in the vicinity of the polar axis. These shortcomings complicate the processing of the reflective waves received for imaging the targets. In this study, the back radiation is weakened by adding an acoustic soft material belt between the vibrating cap and the rigid baffle. And the fluctuation mentioned above is lowered remarkably by dividing the spherical cap radiator into many annuluses and a relatively smaller spherical cap, and by controlling the phase retardations of all elements appropriately. Furthermore, the numerical experiments are carried out by the finite element method （FEM） to prove the validity of the above methods.

Influence of thermal flow field of cooling tower on recirculation ratio of a direct air-cooled system for a power plant

In order to get thermal flow field of direct air-cooled system,the hot water was supplied to the model of direct air-cooled condenser(ACC). The particle image velocimetery (PIV) experiments were carried out to get thermal flow field of a ACC under different conditions in low velocity wind tunnel,at the same time,the recirculation ratio at cooling tower was measured,so the relationship between flow field characteristics and recirculation ratio of cooling tower can be discussed. From the results we can see that the flow field configuration around cooling tower has great effects on average recirculation ratio under cooling tower. The eddy formed around cooling tower is a key reason that recirculation produces. The eddy intensity relates to velocity magnitude and direction angle,and the configuration of eddy lies on the geometry size of cooling tower. So changing the flow field configuration around cooling tower reasonably can decrease recirculation ratio under cooling tower,and heat dispel effect of ACC can also be improved.

Assessment of the Direct Sun-Light on Rural Road Network through Solar Radiation Analysis Using GIS

The movement of vehicles on the roads, during summer, can sometimes hide risks involved in direct sunlight. In places where the relief is complicated, road network usually consists of a road complexity. This complexity in conjunction with the motion of a vehicle on a road and the position of the sun at the same time may result in the loss of vision in some sections of the road. This paper describes a GIS-based methodology of the spatiotemporal analysis of this phenomenon. Thus, for a given study area, in this case ofMilos Island,Greece, the geometry of the road network, the terrain morphology and the solar radiation (in specific time intervals during summer) have been analyzed. The result of this procedure is a map illustrating the sections of the road where direct sunlight includes a serious amount of risk for the drivers. Applying this methodology for long periods of time may lead to prevention policies adoption related to accidents of direct exposure to sunlight. Moreover, this methodology could be an additional module in car navigation systems.

The Impact of Sun Radiation on the Thermal Comfort in Highly Glazed Buildings Equipped with Floor Heating Systems

Occupants of highly glazed buildings often suffer from thermal discomfort during the mid-seasons when no shadings are used in such buildings,especially when inertial heating systems are used.The present study is devoted to evaluating the impact of long solar beam exposure on the internal thermal discomfort in glazed spaces when heating is implemented through a floor system.A comprehensive experimental study is carried out using an experimental bi-climatic chamber which is fully monitored and controlled,allowing realistic simulations of the dynamic movement of the sun patch on a heated slab.The findings show that a period of discomfort as long as 8 h can occur,and persist far after the sunbeam exposure stops.During this period,the heating slab’s surface temperature,considered from an average point of view,can attain 34°C while the indoor temperature reaches 26°C.Simulations conducted using a previously developed model display a good fit with the measurements.

便携天然放射性模型组合系统均匀性辐射特征

无人机航空放射性测量技术的应用,提出无人机载伽马能谱仪现场校准的需求。原有固定于机场的“航空放射性测量模型标准装置”不宜应用于现场校准,需研制便携式标准装置,并根据无人机载伽马谱仪特点开展相应的校准方法研究。为此新研建了“便携天然放射性模型组合系统”。为确认模型组合产生伽马辐射场的均匀性,对采用6个小模块组合摆放形成的天然辐射场在垂向和水平方向的辐射特征进行测试。测试结果表明:在辐射场中心点上方50~120 cm范围内,MAP-U、MAP-Th和Map-M模型辐射场变化在5%以内,MAP-K模型由于受天然钾含量及探测器对^(40)K灵敏度限制,其变化较大,但其垂向辐射场是均匀的;水平方向均呈现以中心为原点的均匀散射分布:与中心位置相比,在100 cm×100 cm范围内的变化大致在5%以内,在200 cm×200 cm范围内的变化大致在20%以内,在300 cm×300 cm范围内的变化大致在35%以内。在辐射场中心300 cm×300 cm范围内,任意一点周边50 cm范围内的变化在5%以内。其辐射特征满足相关校准规范中计量标准均匀性的要求,可以用于无人机航放测量系统的现场校准。

空气源热泵直接地板辐射供暖升温过程实验研究

空气源热泵直接地板辐射供暖系统以制冷剂为热媒直接加热地板,具有系统简单、传热效果好的优点。文中搭建空气源热泵直接地板辐射供暖实验装置,在0℃、-5℃和-10℃3种不同室外环境温度下,对毛细管地板辐射末端供暖升温过程进行实验研究。实验结果表明:室外温度为-5℃时,地板温度稳定基本需要120 min,同一根毛细管壁制冷剂蒸气入口端与出口端温差较小为1.55℃,而在20 mm厚水泥地板表面上其温差为1.73℃;室外温度为-10℃时,地板升温速度最慢为0.15℃/min,小室内空气升温速度为0.09℃/min,此时机组制热COP稳定在3.06。

电磁点源辐射线法用于复杂二维干涉仪测向研究

战斗机综合电子战系统采用二维干涉仪实现方位和俯仰同时测向,用于实现高精度无源定位或引导火控雷达等快速截获目标等。方位干涉仪天线通常安装在机翼前缘等位置,由于受重力或在飞行中颤动等影响,天线出现下倾而不在飞机机体水平面内,现有基于电磁辐射源远场近似平行投射原理进行测向建模过程方法非常复杂且困难。针对非正交二维干涉仪测向难题,提出了一种简洁高效的测向模型,将投射电磁波假设为空间中的辐射点源,由辐射点源到二维干涉仪天线距离差与相位差的关系,再利用辐射点源对应的空间方向线上超过一定距离时的任意点到干涉仪天线相位差近似相等的前提,得到辐射点源空间三维位置的三个方程,求解得到空间三维位置进一步得到电磁波方位俯仰的二维测向公式。对算法模型及其误差进行理论、仿真分析和实际工程验证,结果证明了该方法的有效性。

黑体涂层宽温区红外光谱发射率特性研究(内封面文章)

为了研究高发射率黑体涂层的宽温区红外辐射特性,基于两种发射率测量装置测量了应用于不同温度场景的JSC-3和GR两种涂层宽温区3~14μm内的光谱发射率。其中JSC-3和GR涂层的测量温度范围分别是室温~1000℃和室温~150℃。分析了两种涂层光谱发射率与温度之间的关系以及不同角度下方向光谱发射率的变化。实验结果表明:宽温区内JSC-3和GR涂层在8~14μm的光谱发射率分别优于0.96和0.97,且光谱发射率保持稳定,变化量分别小于0.01和0.003。两种涂层在0°~30°内的方向光谱发射率均具有较好的一致性,变化量均小于0.005。最后利用积分球反射法得到了两种涂层在室温下3~14μm内的连续光谱发射率数据,实现了两种涂层在宽温区宽波段内的光谱发射率数据覆盖。

月球直射辐照度仪同光轴装调及传递定标

采用激光水平仪与平面反射镜相结合的方式,在实验室模拟月球对追踪相机与探测镜头进行同光轴装调,避免未同光轴导致测试不到信号或者信号太小造成数据不准确的问题,实验结果显示实验室同光轴装调误差在±0.03°以内。为保证仪器定标系数的准确性,采用已溯源于国家计量基准的标准灯传递定标微光灯的方式,利用激光测距仪与激光水平仪、平面反射镜相结合的方式保证传递定标精度,解决了直接使用标准灯定标带来的探测器非线性响应误差和长定标距离误差的难题。为地基对月观测仪器建立高精度的月球辐射模型提供了一种思路与解决方法。

基于近零介电常数材料的热辐射调控研究进展

热辐射调控基于热辐射特性和物质相互作用实现对热辐射强度、频谱分布和方向的调控,在能量转化、传感等领域具有广泛的科学研究价值。传统热辐射材料受限于材料本身辐射吸收特性而无法实现按需设计及可控热辐射性能。近零介电常数(ENZ)材料因其特定波长附近介电常数近零而具有低折射率、强色散和电场增强等独特电磁响应特性,在调控热辐射方面具有巨大潜力。本文介绍了不同红外波段的ENZ材料分类以及ENZ材料电场增强机理,并围绕研究工作重点论述了近几年基于ENZ材料的宽带、定向、动态及可见兼容红外热辐射调控器的结构设计及最新进展,最后总结了基于ENZ材料的热辐射调控器目前所面临的挑战并展望了其未来发展方向。

基于BLDC的气象温度传感器设计与实验研究

针对自然通风温度传感器受太阳辐射影响后测量精度较差,而强制通风温度传感器功耗大、能耗浪费严重等问题,设计了一种基于无刷直流电机(BLDC),将自然通风与强制通风相结合的新型温度传感器。首先利用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法量化传感器在不同环境变量及电机转速下的辐射误差,并基于此制定电机转速的控制策略。其次利用粒子群优化的神经网络算法对仿真数据进行训练学习,并拟合成辐射误差修正方程。最后搭建户外测试平台验证新型温度传感器的测温精度以及修正方程的修正效果。实验结果表明,新型温度传感器具有较高的温度测量精度,其修正值与基准值的差值的平均绝对误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.035℃和0.043℃。

基于大功率辐射阵列的指向性加热研究

针对当前工程应用中传统开采岩石技术存在的效率低、耗能大、器具磨损严重等问题,提出了基于微波近场聚焦理论实现对岩石内指定区域进行加热,利用微波能转化的热能使岩石内部产生应力、形成裂缝,以便进一步挖掘开采。本文基于喇叭天线基本结构与匹配层设计原理,设计了一种通过调整各辐射单元的输入相位值来实现指向性加热的4×4大功率辐射器阵列。以加热介质深度400 mm、500 mm以及500 mm向左右分别偏移100 mm四种情况为例,使用COMSOL进行多物理场耦合计算,仿真结果表明在2.45 GHz工作频率下,各单元输入对应相位值能够使波束在指定位置实现聚焦,焦斑面积可控制在约210~235 cm^(2),且焦斑中心位置温升分别为106.85、99.2、98.6和100.56 K,验证了通过多元辐射阵列能够实现更精准的指向性加热。

混合信道下基于到达时间的快速直接定位算法

为了实现复杂环境下视距(Line-of-Sigh,LOS)与非视距(Non-Line-of-Sigh,NLOS)同时存在的混合信道中的目标辐射源直接定位(Direct Position Determination,DPD),提出基于到达时间(Time-of-Arrival,TOA)的快速直接定位算法。该算法充分挖掘不同信道信号中的信息参数,采用最小二乘法原理构建代价函数,无需估计定位参数,避免了传统两步定位法所需的NLOS识别与数据关联。引入粒子群(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法精确估计目标辐射源的位置信息,以降低计算复杂度。将所提定位算法与基于TOA的两步定位法在定位精度方面进行对比,仿真结果表明,所提算法定位精度高于两步定位法,且可以逼近克拉美罗下界(Cramer-Rao Lower Bound,CRLB),能够快速定位混合信道中的目标辐射源。

太阳能热化学转化技术研究进展

利用热化学反应将太阳能转化为易存储的化学产品,是实现太阳能大规模连续利用的有效方式。聚光器和反应器是太阳能热化学转化系统的核心设备。该文首先基于热化学反应进行温度的不同,对典型的低、中、高温太阳能热化学转化系统进行介绍,并对不同温度段系统中常用的聚光器类型进行总结,同时简要评述不同太阳能热化学转化系统的优缺点和发展趋势;然后基于太阳能热化学转化过程中传热方式的差异,对直接辐射加热型和间接辐射加热型太阳能反应器的种类、结构、工作原理和研究进展进行阐述。