Regional differences in gully network connectivity based on graph theory:a case study on the Loess Plateau,China

Material exchange frequently occurs in gullies,and thus the relationship between a gullynetwork structure and sediment transport potential has attracted considerable interest.However,previous researches ignored the difficulty of material transport from sources to sinks,and did not quantify the connectivity of a network structure.In this study,we used a graph model structure to model gully networks of six typical sample areas in the Loess Plateau of China and quantified gully network connectivity using four indexes:average node strength,accessibility from sources to sinks,potential flow,and network structural connectivity index.Results show that:(1)Reflected by different quantitative indexes,the trends of gully network connectivity in different regions are similar.From north to south,the connectivity of a sample area first increases and then decreases.(2)The more mature gullies have stronger network connectivity.Small resistance is conducive to material transport in the gullies.(3)The node connectivity index of the gully network shows a significant aggregation distribution in space,and node connectivity on the main channel is often stronger than that on the branch trench.These results not only deepen the understanding of the process and mechanism of loess gully geomorphic development and evolution but also provide a reference for geomorphic studies.

Study on Rural Domestic Waste Treatment in Loess Plateau Region——Taking Longfang Town in Shaanxi Province as Example

With the continuous development of economy and changes in people’s lifestyle,rural domestic waste brought about serious harm to water,air,human health,ecological landscape and so forth.In this paper,taking Longfang Town in Loess Plateau region as example,the source,amount and harms of rural domestic waste were analyzed firstly,as well as the current situation and existing problems of treatment,and then a suitable waste disposal technology for the town was chosen,finally the reasonable treatment methods combining new countryside and non-new countryside with township was summed up,so as to realize the reduction,harmless and resource treatment of rural domestic waste.

Study on the Climate Changes Characteristics in the Hilly Region of the Loess Plateau and Its Influence on Agricultural Production

[Objective] The aim was to study the climate changes characteristics in the hilly region of the loess plateau and its influence on agricultural production.[Method] Taking Yan’an City as an example,and by dint of temperature and precipitation in nine meteorological stations from 1957 to 2007 and accumulated anomaly curve,linear regression and relevant analysis,the climate changes characteristics in 51 years in Yan’an were expounded.The climate changes in the hilly region of the loess plateau were studied and its influences on agricultural production were concluded.[Result] The characteristics of climate changes in the hilly region were as follow:high temperature in winter and warm winter trend was clearly;the temperature in spring enhanced fast and the drought disaster was increasing worse;rainy days occurred now and then in autumn.The climate changes had different levels of influences on agricultural production in Yan’an City.Because of rising temperature in winter,facility agriculture was vigorously developed and the apple range expanded;in the meantime,because of rising temperature in spring,drought was worsen and sowing in spring can not proceed;constant rain in autumn damaged the quality of date.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the regional agricultural production and agricultural structure adjustment.

Land-use changes in the small watershed of the Loess Plateau,hilly-gully region, China

As more and more farmland is converted to forestry, the need for effective decision support regarding the use of land in the fragile ecological environment of the Loess Plateau hilly-gully area. The Luoyugou watershed was chosen as the study area to calculate the single dynamic degree, integrated dynamic degree, and change indexes of land use, as well as the land-use type transition matrix. This was done by interpreting the TM and SPOT images of the Luoyugou watershed in 1986, 1995, and2004 and making statistical analysis. The results of ou statistical analysis show that the conversion of slope farm land to terrace and forest land plays a dominant role in land-use changes in the Luoyugou watershed from 1986 to2004. The land-use changes are mainly driven by popula tion growth, socio-economic development, consume spending, and investment in forest ecology.

A GIS-based Modeling Approach for Fast Assessment of Soil Erosion by Water at Regional Scale, Loess Plateau of China

The objective of this study is to develop a unique modeling approach for fast assessment of massive soil erosion by water at a regional scale in the Loess Plateau, China. This approach relies on an understanding of both regional patterns of soil loss and its impact factors in the plateau area. Based on the regional characteristics of pre- cipitation, vegetation and land form, and with the use of Landsat TM and ground investigation data, the entire Loess Plateau was first divided into 3 380 Fundamental Assessment Units (FAUs) to adapt to this regional modeling and fast assessment. A set of easily available parameters reflecting relevant water erosion factors at a regional scale was then developed, in which dynamic and static factors were discriminated. ArcInfo GIS was used to integrate all es- sential data into a central database. A resulting mathematical model was established to link the sediment yields and the selected variables on the basis of FAUs through overlay in GIS and multiple regression analyses. The sensitivity analyses and validation results show that this approach works effectively in assessing large area soil erosion, and also helps to understand the regional associations of erosion and its impact factors, and thus might significantly contribute to planning and policymaking for a large area erosion control in the Loess Plateau.

Dynamic Land Use /Cover Change and Analysis of Landscape Pattern in the Hilly and Gully Region of Loess Plateau: A Case Study of Pengyang County in Southern Ningxia

The quantitative evaluation on land use /cover change as well as its influence on landscape pattern under the background of returning grain plots to forestry is significant to the sustainable utilization of land resources and ecological environment reconstruction in the southern Ningxia.Based on multi-temporal remote sensing data from four periods of Landsat TM /ETM,and combination of ecological quantity analytical method with GIS,the change of land use /cover and landscape pattern in Pengyang County of Ningxia Province were analyzed.The conclusions showed that the amount of each land use type was changed with different degrees,the area of forest /grass land increased,while farmland and unused land decreased.The change of landscape pattern was characterized as that the degree of landscape fragmentation,mixed distribution of patches,diversity index and evenness index increased gradually and then decreased,the connectivity between patches decreased gradually and then increased,and landscape shape presented irregular.

Autumn Daily Characteristics of Land Surface Heat and Water Exchange over the Loess Plateau Mesa in China

The Loess Plateau, located in northern China, has a significant impact on the climate and ecosystem evolvement over the East Asian continent. In this paper, the preliminary autumn daily characteristics of land surface energy and water exchange over the Chinese Loess Plateau mesa region are evaluated by using data collected during the Loess Plateau land-atmosphere interaction pilot experiment （LOPEX04）, which was conducted from 25 August to 12 September 2004 near Pingliang city, Gansu Province of China. The experiment was carried out in a region with a typical landscape of the Chinese Loess Plateau, known as ＂loess mesa＂. The experiment＇s field land utilizations were cornfield and fallow farmland, with the fallow field later used for rotating winter wheat. The autumn daily characteristics of heat and water exchange evidently differed between the mesa cornfield and fallow, and the imbalance term of the surface energy was large. This is discussed in terms of sampling errors in the flux observations-footprint; energy storage terms of soil and vegetation layers; contribution from air advections; and low and high frequency loss of turbulent fluxes and instruments bias. Comparison of energy components between the mesa cornfield and the lowland cornfield did not reveal any obvious difference. Inadequacies of the field observation equipment and experimental design emerged during the study, and some new research topics have emerged from this pilot experiment for future investigation.

Quantitative analysis of the dynamic change and spatial differences of the ecological security: a case study of Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province

Using the theory and method of the ecological footprint, and combining the changes of regional land use, resource environment, population, society and economy, this paper calculated the ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and ecological surplus/loss in 1986-2002 on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province. What is more, this paper has put forward the concept of ecological pressure index, set up ecological pressure index models, and ecological security grading systems, and the prediction models of different ecological footprints, ecological carrying capacity, ecological surplus and ecological safety change, and also has assessed the ecological footprint demands of 10,000 yuan GDE The results of this study are as follows： （1） the ecological carrying capacity in northern Shaanxi shows a decreasing trend, the difference of reducing range is the fastest; （2） the ecological footprint appears an increasing trend; （3） ecological pressure index rose to 0.91 from 0.44 during 1986-2002 on the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi with an increase of 47%; and （4） the ecological security in the study area is in a critical state, and the ecological oressure index has been increasing rapidlv.

Vegetation and environmental changes in western Chinese Loess Plateau since 13.0 ka BP

Pollen records from the Chinese Loess Plateau revealed a detailed history of vegetation variation and associated climate changes during the last 13.0 ka BP. Before 12.1 ka BP, steppe or desert-steppe vegetation dominated landscape then was replaced by a coniferous forest under a generally wet climate （12.1-11.0 ka BP）. The vegetation was deteriorated into steppe landscape and further into a desert-steppe landscape between 11.0 and 9.8 ka BP. After a brief episode of a cool and wet climate （9.8-9.6 ka BP）, a relatively mild and dry condition prevailed during the early Holocene （9.6-7.6 ka BP）. The most favourable climate of warm and humid period occurred during mid-Holocene （7.6-4.0 ka BP） marked by forest-steppe landscape and vegetation alternatively changed between steppe and desert-steppe from -4.0 to -1.0 ka BP.

Dynamic Simulation of Land Use in the Southern Loess Plateau

To study the dynamic changes of land use and predict the future land use scenarios based on the current land use,this paper uses Cellular Automata- Markov( CA- Markov) model to simulate the landscape pattern in 2030. The results show that in the study area during the period 1980- 2005,grassland and construction land increased,and woodland increased slightly; waters and unused land decreased,and arable land underwent dramatic changes. The simulation precision of CA- Markov model is 87. 28%,indicating that the use of it for simulation is reliable. The land use of the study area will be changed greatly in the future. This method provides a reference for the regions to carry out land prediction,and the research results can provide a basis for the study of optimization of land.

THE SYSTEMATIC DYNAMIC EMULATION ON THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE LOESS PLATEAU

The Loess Plateau, covered with thick loess, lies in the middle reaches of the YellowRiver to the west of the Taihangshan Mountains, east of the Wuqiao Mountains south ofYinshan Mountains and north of the Qinling Mountains with a total area of 56×10~4km^2.The plateau is 1000--2500m above sea level and has loess as thick as 100--200 metres, be-

黄土高原近30年降水集中度分析及时空演变特征

选取近30年的黄土高原地区58个气象站点的降水数据,分析了黄土高原年降水以及降水集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP)的时空变化特征,结果表明:(1)黄土高原地区年均降水量在50~900 mm,空间分布上东南高西北低。降水高值区分布在三门峡站与武功站附近以及五台山站,年均降水量为900 mm;低值区位于临河站附近,年均降水量为50 mm;(2)黄土高原地区的降水集中度分布于0.43~0.76,自东南向西北递增;而降水集中期的变化则不太明显,多集中于夏季的7-8月份。因此在降水集中的7-8月份,水土流失会比较加重,应加强水土流失防治工程,在降水量大的月份做好灾害防护,为工农业生产提供预警,减少工农业生产损失与经济损失。

1970—2020年黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区极端降水时空变化研究及驱动因素分析

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区作为中国北方典型的生态脆弱区,因其独特地形和气候条件,极端降雨事件对其环境和生态系统的影响更加突出。选取水蚀风蚀交错区28个气象站点,结合RClimDex模型计算11个极端降水指数,采用线性相关分析法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和小波交叉法,分析了1970—2020年黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区极端降水事件时空分布特征,探讨了极端降水事件的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)1970—2020年水蚀风蚀交错区持续干燥日数(CDD)呈下降趋势,其余10个指数呈上升趋势,反映出近50a研究区极端降水事件的频率、量级和强度不断增加。交错区年降水量增加和极端降水事件增加具有密切关系,且极端降水事件增加主要是由中雨日数(R10)和大雨日数(R20)引起。(2)1970—2020年极端降水事件在全区整体为增加趋势,交错区中部和西南部极端降水事件显著发生,陕西段极端降水量和强度呈显著增加趋势且极端化程度更显著。(3)湿日总降水量(PRCPTOT)、暴雨日数(R25)、5d最大降水量(R5d)3个极端降水指数,与影响因子厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、东亚夏季风(EASM)和太阳黑子(SN)具有不同的功率,与SN的交叉小波变换功率最大,说明影响因子中SN和极端降水指数的相关性最高,SN对极端降水事件的影响最大。

Spatial-temporal Pattern and Population Driving Force of Land Use Change in Liupan Mountains Region, Southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains is located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, which forms an important dividing line between landforms and bio-geographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountains region has suffered tremendous ecological damages over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. In this paper, datasets of land use between 1990 and 2000 were obtained from Landsat TM imagery, and then spatial models were used to characterize landscape conditions. Also, the relationship between the population density and land use/cover change (LUCC) was analyzed. Results indicate that cropland, forestland, and urban areas have increased by 44,186ha, 9001ha and 1550ha, respectively while the grassland area has appreciably decreased by 54,025ha in the study period. The decrease in grassland was most notable. Of the grassland lost, 49.4% was converted into cropland. The largest annual land conversion rate in the study area was less than 2%. These changes are attributed to industrial and agricultural development and population growth. To improve the eco-economic conditions in the study region, population control, urbanization and development of an ecological friendly agriculture were suggested.

High-frequency climatic fluctuations over the past 30 ka in northwestern margin of the East Asian monsoon region, China

Whether millennial-to centennial-scale climate variations throughout the Holocene convey universal climate change is still widely debated.In this study,we aimed to obtain a set of high-resolution multi-proxy data(1343 particle size samples,893 total organic carbon samples,and 711 pollen samples)from an alluvial-lacustrine-aeolian sequence based on an improved age-depth model in the northwestern margin of the East Asian monsoon region to explore the dynamics of climate changes over the past 30 ka.Results revealed that the sequence not only documented the major climate events that corresponded well with those reported from the North Atlantic regions but also revealed many marked and high-frequency oscillations at the millennial-and centennial-scale.Specifically,the late stage of the last glacial lasting from 30.1 to 18.1 cal.ka BP was a dry and cold period.The deglacial(18.1-11.5 cal.ka BP)was a wetting(probably also warming)period,and three cold and dry excursions were found in the wetting trend,i.e.,the Oldest Dryas(18.1-15.8 cal.ka BP),the Older Dryas(14.6-13.7 cal.ka BP),and the Younger Dryas(12.5-11.5 cal.ka BP).The Holocene can be divided into three portions:the warmest and wettest early portion from 11.5 to 6.7 cal.ka BP,the dramatically cold and dry middle portion from 6.7 to 3.0 cal.ka BP,and the coldest and driest late portion since 3.0 cal.ka BP.Wavelet analysis results on the total pollen concentration revealed five substantially periodicities:c.5500,2200,900,380,and 210 a.With the exception of the c.5500 a quasi-cycle that was causally associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation,the other four quasi-cycles(i.e.,c.2200,900,380,and 210 a)were found to be indirectly causally associated with solar activities.This study provides considerable insight into the dynamic mechanism of the Asian climate on a long-time scale and future climatic change.

黄土高原和六盘山区的林水协调多功能管理

【目的】面对实施黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略、推进“山水林田湖草”系统治理的国家要求,黄土高原等旱区的林业发展和植被恢复必须改变传统方式,增加考虑水资源的限制和对水资源的影响,关注森林的多种功能优化,探索如何克服长期存在的忽视水资源承载力、造林成活率低和生长不良、减少河川径流危及区域供水安全、整体功能低下等问题,实现森林多功能性的整体提升。【方法】针对深入理解林水关系和进行森林多功能管理的科技需求,自2000年以来在黄土高原的泾河流域和作为黄土高原区域重要水源地的六盘山土石山区,围绕“结构”、“格局”、“过程”、“耦合”、“尺度”等关键内容,在从单株到区域的多个空间尺度上,采用观测对比、统计分析、模型模拟等多种手段,长期开展旱区森林生态水文和多功能管理研究。【结果】1)林业高质量发展的本质是森林多功能优化的定量精准管理,为此需深入理解和准确量化立地环境与林分结构对多种功能形成的影响,在考虑多种功能的相互作用和供需关系基础上明确各功能的重要性差异,通过科学设计和合理调控森林的数量、质量(结构)和空间格局而权衡优化相互竞争的多种功能,在保证森林本身稳定的前提下尽可能同时满足对主导功能及其他功能的需求。2)提出了旱区林水协调多功能管理的实现途径,即在管理决策时除继续考虑可造林土地面积、立地质量、可用造林苗木等限制外,增加水资源管理及多功能管理的决策内容,并嵌入到传统的森林单功能经营决策过程中,这涉及流域森林覆盖率(造多少?)、森林空间分布(在哪造?)、植被类型和树种组成(造什么?)、林分结构(怎么管?)4个决策层。3)按决策层梳理总结了相关技术成果,在确定黄土区流域合理森林覆盖率方面,将仅考虑年降水量限制的潜在森林覆盖率提升为同时考虑降水量与产流要求限制的合理森林覆盖率,这可藉助于有关统计关系及率定过的流域水文模型模拟;在确定流域内的森林合理空间分布方面,提出相关决策需增加考虑立地类型的产流差别及其造林响应,这可借助于分布式流域水文模型模拟结果或研发的区域植被承载力计算系统;在林分尺度的森林多功能管理方面,提出了5个决策步骤,即进行立地质量分类、确定各地类的主要功能及优先性、调查现有林分结构特征、诊断现有林分的结构与功能、编制面向结构与功能的管理计划;为给森林多功能管理提供参照和目标,提出了不同详细程度的多功能水源林理想结构,包括表示为“3×0.7+X”的一般化理想结构(郁闭度0.7左右,0.6~0.8;地表覆盖度0.7以上;林木高径比0.7 m/cm以下,至少不超过0.9;X表示其他要求)、通过权衡多种功能和林分稳定的需求而确定的华北落叶松中龄林多功能合理密度、基于主要功能的变化规律和重要性排序而确定的不同海拔和林龄时的华北落叶松林多功能合理密度。【结论】本文证实了林水协调多功能管理的理论先进性和技术可行性,是旱区林业高质量发展的可行途径。通过深入认识和定量分析森林多种功能的变化规律,结合应用本文提出的管理技术,就可以科学设计和合理调节森林的数量(覆盖率)、质量(结构)和分布格局,整体提升森林的多种功能,更好地满足社会发展需求。但是,现有成果还有局限性,仍需针对各地情况开展更多理论与技术研究,助力“山水林田湖草”生命共同体治理及黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展。

陕北黄土高原无资料地区洪水特征值分位数估算方法研究

数据短缺是制约陕北黄土高原区科学防御洪水灾害的关键性因素,探索数据短缺区域的洪水特征值分位数估算方法具有科学意义。以榆林市28个水文站点的实测最大一日流量(MDF)的分位数为响应变量,以集水面积、淤地坝控制面积、水文站点的经纬度等12个指标为解释变量,研究了线性CCA与非线性NLCCA两种同质区域识别方法与线性MLR和非线性GAM两种区域水文分位数估计方法交叉耦合所形成的4种区域洪水频率分析模型的估算效能,并评价了其在陕北黄土高原的适用性。结果显示,NLCCA-GAM凭借其非线性优势,相比其他耦合模型(CCA-MLR、NLCCA-MLR、CCA-GAM)具有更高的精度和鲁棒性,可作为陕北黄土高原无资料地区洪水特征值分位数的最优估计方法。

陇东黄土高原农田生态系统服务及其权衡协同关系

陇东黄土高原是中国农耕文明发祥地之一,探究其农田生态系统服务及其权衡协同关系对于维持农田生态系统多功能性,促进耕地保护、保障粮食安全具有重要价值。为了厘清其农田生态系统服务之间的权衡协同关系,该研究基于社会经济与资源环境数据,运用降水贮存量法、通用土壤流失方程、InVEST等6种生态系统服务评估模型,测算2020年农田生态系统供给服务(食物供给)、调节服务(水源涵养、碳固存)、支持服务(土壤保持、生境维持)和文化服务(美学景观)的物理量,并采用皮尔逊相关系数、双变量莫兰指数,分别识别供给服务与其他3类服务之间的权衡协同关系、各项服务之间关系的空间异质性。结果表明:1)研究区农田生态系统食物供给、水源涵养、碳固存、土壤保持服务物质量分别为4.61×10^(6)t、2.45×10^(8)m^(3)、2.94×10^(6)t、6.61×10^(9)t,生境质量服务均值为0.26;供给服务与文化服务均呈“东西高、中北低”的分布格局,调节服务与支持服务则呈“带状”分布格局。2)研究区农田生态系统供给服务与调节、支持、文化服务之间以及食物供给服务与水源涵养、碳固存、土壤保持、生境维持、美学景观服务之间均表现为不同程度的协同关系。3)研究区农田生态系统4类服务之间、各项子服务之间的权衡协同关系均具有空间自相关性,空间异质性显著。各项服务之间的协同关系“组团”出现在陇东中北部地区,聚集性较明显;各项服务之间的权衡关系则零散分布,聚集性不明显。因此,应全力维持陇东黄土高原农田生态系统多功能性,实施分区管理策略,充分发挥农田生态系统各类服务的协同效应,整体提升农田生态系统服务功能(特别是食物供给服务),巩固新时代“陇东粮仓”地位。

黄土高原地区4种常见树种适宜区对气候变化响应

【目的】分析黄土高原地区4个常见树种(樟子松、油松、柠条、华北落叶松)在当前和未来的潜在分布,揭示气候变化对植物空间分布格局的影响。【方法】基于19个气候因子结合来自Ho1dridge生命地带模型和Kira指标体系的5个指标:年生物温度(ABT)、潜在蒸散率(PER)、温暖指数(WI)、寒冷指数(CI)、干燥指数(HI),运用Maxent模型,模拟预测了4个树种在当前、未来(2041-2060年、2061-2080年)ssp126、ssp245、ssp585气候情景下的潜在地理分布。运用刀切图分析影响其分布的主要环境因子,并采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下的面积(AUC)对预测结果进行检验。【结果】(1)Maxent模型可以较好地模拟黄土高原4个主要常见种的地理分布范围,各物种的10次平均AUC结果均大于0.8;(2)对于樟子松、油松、柠条来说,温度和水分共同限制其分布,而对于华北落叶松来说,影响其分布的主导因子是降水。温度季节性变化标准差、潜在蒸散率、最湿润季节降雨量、最干燥月降水都影响樟子松分布。年均温变化范围、温度季节性变化标准差、最冷月最低温度,最暖季度降水量、潜在蒸散率是影响油松分布的主导因子。影响柠条适宜区分布的主导因子为最暖月最高温度、温暖指数、等温性和潜在蒸散率、最冷季度降水量。影响华北落叶松分布的主导因子主要与降水有关,分别是最湿润月降雨量、最湿润季节降雨量、降水量变异系数和潜在蒸散率。(3)油松、柠条和华北落叶松的潜在适生区将向西北方向迁移,樟子松的潜在适生区向西南方向迁移。油松和华北落叶松的潜在适宜区面积呈现先扩大后缩小的趋势,而柠条和樟子松的潜在适生区将持续扩张,尤其是樟子松的高适生区占比将在2070s扩大至50.97%。【结论】气候变化将使油松和华北落叶松丧失一部分的高适生区,但同时会使柠条和樟子松的高适生区扩张明显。在黄土高原退耕还林建设中,可优先考虑种植柠条和樟子松。