Suppression of stimulated Brillouin and Raman scatterings using an alternating frequency laser and transverse magnetic fields

A novel scheme to suppress both stimulated Brillouin scattering(SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering(SRS) by combining an alternating frequency(AF) laser and a transverse magnetic field is proposed. The AF laser allows the laser frequency to change discretely and alternately over time. The suppression of SBS is significant as long as the AF difference is greater than the linear growth rate of SBS or the alternating time of the laser frequency is shorter than the linear growth time of SBS. However, the AF laser proves ineffective in suppressing SRS, which usually has a much higher linear growth rate than SBS. To remedy that, a transverse magnetic field is included to suppress the SRS instability. The electrons trapped in the electron plasma waves(EPWs) of SRS can be accelerated by the surfatron mechanism in a transverse magnetic field and eventually detrapped. While continuously extracting energy from EPWs, the EPWs are dissipated and the kinetic inflation of SRS is suppressed. The one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation results show that both SBS and SRS can be effectively suppressed by combining the AF laser with a transverse magnetic field with tens of Tesla. The total reflectivity can be dramatically reduced by more than one order of magnitude. These results provide a potential reference for controlling SBS and SRS under the related parameters of inertial confinement fusion.

A New Method for In-Situ Measurement of Internal Solitary Waves Based on the Stimulated Raman Scattering in Optical Fibers

In-situ measurement of internal solitary waves(ISWs)is complicated in the ocean due to their randomness.At present,the ISWs are mainly detected by the chain structure of conductivity-temperature-depth systems(CTDs)or temperature sensors.The high cost limits the spatial resolution,which ultimately affects the measuring accuracy of the ISW amplitude.In this paper,we developed an experimental measurement system for detecting ISWs based on the stimulated Raman scattering in distributed optical fibers.This system has the advantages of high precision,low cost,and easy operation.The experimental results show that the system is consistent with CTDs in the measurement of vertical ocean temperature variation.The spatial resolution of the system can reach 1.0 m and the measuring accuracy of temperature is 0.2℃.We successfully detected 3 ISWs by the system in the South China Sea and two optical remote sensing images collected on May 18,2021,the same day of two detected ISWs,verify the occurrence of the measured ISWs.We used the image pairs method to calculate the phase velocity of ISW and the result is 1.71 ms^(-1).By extracting the distances between wave packets,it can be found that the semi-diurnal tide generates the detected ISWs.The impact of the tidal current velocity on the ISW in amplitude is undeniable.Undoubtedly,the system has a great application prospect for detecting ISWs and other dynamic phenomena in the ocean.

Label-free breast cancer detection and classification by convolutional neural network-based on exosomes surface-enhanced raman scattering

Because the breast cancer is an important factor that threatens women's lives and health,early diagnosis is helpful for disease screening and a good prognosis.Exosomes are nanovesicles,secreted from cells and other body fluids,which can reflect the genetic and phenotypic status of parental cells.Compared with other methods for early diagnosis of cancer(such as circulating tumor cells(CTCs)and circulating tumor DNA),exosomes have a richer number and stronger biological stability,and have great potential in early diagnosis.Thus,it has been proposed as promising biomarkers for diagnosis of early-stage cancer.However,distinguishing different exosomes remain is a major biomedical challenge.In this paper,we used predictive Convolutional Neural model to detect and analyze exosomes of normal and cancer cells with surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS).As a result,it can be seen from the SERS spectra that the exosomes of MCF-7,MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A cells have similar peaks(939,1145 and 1380 cm^(-1)).Based on this dataset,the predictive model can achieve 95%accuracy.Compared with principal component analysis(PCA),the trained CNN can classify exosomes from different breast cancer cells with a superior performance.The results indicate that using the sensitivity of Raman detection and exosomes stable presence in the incubation period of cancer cells,SERS detection combined with CNN screening may be used for the early diagnosis of breast cancer in the future.

Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy on biological cellular machinery

Beneting from the developments of advanced optical microscopy techniques,the mysteries of biological functions at the cellular and subcellular levels have been continuously revealed.Stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)microscopy is a rapidly growing technique that has attracted broad attentions and become a powerful tool for biology and biomedicine,largely thanks to its chemical specicity,high sensitivity and fast image speed.This review paper introduces the principles of SRS,discusses the technical developments and implementations of SRS microscopy,then highlights and summarizes its applications on biological cellular machinery andnally shares our visions of potential breakthroughs in the future.

Application of microfluidic technology based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering in cancer biomarker detection:A review

With the continuous discovery and research of predictive cancer-related biomarkers,liquid biopsy shows great potential in cancer diagnosis.Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)and microfluidic technology have received much attention among the various cancer biomarker detection methods.The former has ultrahigh detection sensitivity and can provide a unique fingerprint.In contrast,the latter has the characteristics of miniaturization and integration,which can realize accurate control of the detection samples and high-throughput detection through design.Both have the potential for point-of-care testing(POCT),and their combination(lab-on-a-chip SERS(LoC-SERS))shows good compatibility.In this paper,the basic situation of circulating proteins,circulating tumor cells,exosomes,circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA),and microRNA(miRNA)in the diagnosis of various cancers is reviewed,and the detection research of these biomarkers by the LoC-SERS platform in recent years is described in detail.At the same time,the challenges and future development of the platform are discussed at the end of the review.Summarizing the current technology is expected to provide a reference for scholars engaged in related work and interested in this field.

Coherent Raman scattering imaging of lipid metabolism in cancer

Cancer cells dysregulate lipid metabolism to accelerate energy production and biomolecule synthesis for rapid growth.Lipid metabolism is highly dynamic and intrinsically heterogeneous at the single cell level.Although°uorescence microscopy has been commonly used for cancer research,bulky°uorescent probes can hardly label small lipid molecules without perturbing their biological activities.Such a challenge can be overcome by coherent Raman scattering(CRS)microscopy,which is capable of chemically selective,highly sensitive,submicron resolution and high-speed imaging of lipid molecules in single live cells without any labeling.Recently developed hyperspectral and multiplex CRS microscopy enables quantitative mapping of various lipid metabolites in situ.Further incorporation of CRS microscopy with Raman tags greatly increases molecular selectivity based on the distinct Raman peaks well separated from the endogenous cellular background.Owing to these unique advantages,CRS microscopy sheds new insights into the role of lipid metabolism in cancer development and progression.This review focuses on the latest applications of CRS microscopy in the study of lipid metabolism in cancer.

A mini review and hypothesis for coronavirus detection using photonics: surface enhanced Raman scattering and fluorescence resonance energy transfer

COVID-19 has devastated numerous nations around the world and has overburdened numerous healthcare systems,which has also caused the loss of livelihoods due to prolonged shutdowns and further led to a cascading effect on the global economy.COVID-19 infections have an incubation period of 2–7 days,but 40 to 45%of cases are asymptomatic or show mild to moderate respiratory symptoms after the period due to subclinical lung abnormalities,making it more likely to spread the pandemic disease.To restrict the spread of the virus,on-site diagnosis methods that are quicker,more precise,and easily accessible are required.Rapid Antigen Detection Tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction tests are currently the primary methods used to determine the presence of COVID-19 viruses.These tests are typically time-consuming,not accurate,and,more importantly,not available to everyone.Hence,in this review and hypothesis,we proposed equipment that employs the properties of photonics to improve the detection of COVID-19 viruses by taking the advantage of typical binding of coronavirus with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)receptors.This hypothetical model would combine Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering(SERS)and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer(FRET)to provide great flexibility,high sensitivities,and enhanced accessibility.

Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering on Self-assembled Nano Silver Film Prepared by Electrolysis Method

We demonstrate surface enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） detection of self-assembled nano silver film using a low-cost electrolysis strategy at a proper voltage and silver nitrate concentration in electrolyte. The concentration dependence of SERS from crystal violet （CV） molecules adsorbed to silver film was systematically studied. Importantly, the SERS surface enhancement factor of such nano silver film was 603, which was measured by a portable Raman spectrometer. The minimum concentration of detectable CV molecules can be as low as 10^-11 mol/L. The nano silver film prepared by this electrolysis method is an active, stable, cost-effective, and reusable SERS substrate.

Chemical Enhancement on Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering of Au3-1,4-BenzenedithioI-Au3 Junction

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） and surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering （SERRS） spectra of the 1,4-benzenedithiol molecule in the junction of two Au3 clusters have been calculated using density functional theory （DFT） and time-dependent DFT method. In order to investigate the contribution of charge transfer （CT） enhancement, the wavelengths of incident light are chosen to be at resonance with four representative excited states, which correspond to CT in four different forms. Compared with SERS spectrum, SERRS spectra are enhanced enormously with distinct enhancement factors, which can be attributed to CT resonance in different forms.

Resonant Raman Scattering and Photoluminescence Emissions from Above Bandgap Levels in Dilute GaAsN Alloys

The transitions of E0 ,E0 ＋A0, and E＋ in dilute GaAs（1-x） Nx alloys with x = 0.10% ,0.22% ,0.36% ,and 0.62% are observed by micro-photoluminescence. Resonant Raman scattering results further confirm that they are from the intrinsic emissions in the studied dilute GaAsN alloys rather than some localized exciton emissions in the GaAsN alloys. The results show that the nitrogen-induced E E＋ and E0 ＋ A0 transitions in GaAsN alloys intersect at a nitrogen content of about 0.16%. It is demonstrated that a small amount of isoelectronic doping combined with micro-photoluminescence allows direct observation of above band gap transitions that are not usually accessible in photoluminescence.

Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering of Aflatoxin B1 on Silver by DFT Method

The structure, electrostatic properties, and Raman spectra of aflatoxin B1 （AFB1） and AFB1-Ag complex are studied by density functional theory with B3LYP/6- 311G（d,p）/Lan12dz basis set. The results show that the surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） and pre-resonance Raman spectra of AFB1-Ag complex strongly depend on the adsorption site and the excitation wavelength found to enhance 102-103 order compared to of the incident light. The SERS factors are normal Raman spectrum of AFB1 molecule due to the larger static polarizabilities of the AFB1-Ag complex, which directly results in the stronger chemical enhancement in SERS spectra. The pre-resonance Raman spectra of AFB1-Ag complex are explored at 266, 482, 785, and 1064 nm incident light wavelength, in which the enhancement factors are about 10^2-10^4, mainly caused by the charge-transfer excitation resonance. The vibrational modes are analyzed to explain the relationship between the vibrational direction and the enhanced Raman intensities.

Temperature-Dependent Raman Scattering of Phonon Modes and Defect Modes in GaN and p-Type GaN Films

Raman spectra of undoped GaN and Mg-doped GaN films grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition on sapphire are investigated between 78 and 573K.A peak at 247cm -1 is observed in both Raman spectra of GaN and Mg-doped GaN.It is suggested that the defect-induced scattering is origin of the mode.The electronic Raman scattering mechanism and Mg-related local vibrational mode are excluded.Furthermore,the differences of E_2 and A_1(LO) modes in two samples are also discussed.The stress relaxation is observed in Mg-doped GaN.

Hybrid metal-insulator-metal structures on Si nanowires array for surface enhanced Raman scattering

Surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)is an efficient technique to detect low concentration molecules.In this work,periodical silicon nanowires(Si NWs)integrated with metal-insulator-metal(MIM)layers are employed as SERS substrates.Laser interference lithography(LIL)combined with reactive ion etching(RIE)is used to fabricate large-area periodic nanostructures,followed by decorating the MIM layers.Compared to MIM disks array on Si surface,the SERS enhancement factor(EF)of the MIM structures on the Si NWs array can be increased up to 5 times,which is attributed to the enhanced electric field at the boundary of the MIM disks.Furthermore,high density of nanoparticles and nanogaps serving as hot spots on sidewall surfaces also contribute to the enhanced SERS signals.Via changing the thickness of the insulator layer,the plasmonic resonance can be tuned,which provides a new localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)characteristic for SERS applications.

Quantitative and sensitive detection of prohibited fish drugs by surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Rapid and simple detections of two kinds of prohibited fish drugs, crystal violet （CV） and malachite green （MG）, were accomplished by surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS）. Based on the optimized Au/cicada wing, the detectable concentration of CV/MG can reach 10-7 M, and the linear logarithmic quantitative relationship curves between log/and logC allows for the determination of the unknown concentration of CV/MG solution. The detection of these two analytes in real environment was also achieved, demonstrating the application potential of SERS in the fast screening of the prohibited fish drugs, which is of great benefit for food safety and environmental monitoring.

Simultaneous measurements of global vibrational spectra and dephasing times of molecular vibrational modes by broadband time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectrography

In broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering （CARS） spectroscopy with supercontinuum （SC）, the simultaneously detectable spectral coverage is limited by the spectral continuity and the simultaneity of various spectral components of SC in an enough bandwidth. By numerical simulations, the optimal experimental conditions for improving the SC are obtained. The broadband time-resolved CARS spectrography based on the SC with required temporal and spectral distributions is realised. The global molecular vibrational spectrum with well suppressed nonresonant background noise can be obtained in a single measurement. At the same time, the measurements of dephasing times of various molecular vibrational modes can be conveniently achieved from intensities of a sequence of time-resolved CARS signals. It will be more helpful to provide a complete picture of molecular vibrations, and to exhibit a potential to understand not only both the solvent dynamics and the solute-solvent interactions, but also the mechanisms of chemical reactions in the fields of biology, chemistry and material science.

Determination of the transport properties in 4H-SiC wafers by Raman scattering measurement

The free carrier density and mobility in n-type 4H-SiC substrates and epilayers were determined by accurately analysing the frequency shift and the full-shape of the longitudinal optic phono-plasmon coupled （LOPC） modes, and compared with those determined by Hall-effect measurement and that provided by the vendors. The transport properties of thick and thin 4H-SiC epilayers grown in both vertical and horizontal reactors were also studied. The free carrier density ranges between 2× 10^18 cm^-3 and 8× 10^18 cm^-3with a carrier mobility of 30-55 cm2/（V.s） for ntype 4H-SiC substrates and 1× 10^16 -3× 10^16 cm^-3 with mobility of 290-490 cm2/（V.s） for both thick and thin 4H-SiC epilayers grown in a horizontal reactor, while thick 4H-SiC epilayers grown in vertical reactor have a slightly higher carrier concentration of around 8.1×10^16 cm^-3 with mobility of 380 cm2/（V.s）. It was shown that Raman spectroscopy is a potential technique for determining the transport properties of 4H-SiC wafers with the advantage of being able to probe very small volumes and also being non-destructive. This is especially useful for future mass production of 4H-SiC epi-wafers.

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectroscopy of single R6G molecules

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering （SERRS） of Rhodamine 6G （R6G） adsorbed on colloidal silver clusters has been studied. Based on the great enhancement of the Raman signal and the quench of the fluorescence, the SERRS spectra of R6G were recorded for the samples of dye colloidal solution with different concentrations. Spectral inhomogeneity behaviours from single molecules in the dried sample films were observed with complementary evidences, such as spectral polarization, spectral diffusion, intensity fluctuation of vibrational lines and even ＂breathing＂ of the molecules. Sequential spectra observed from a liquid sample with an average of 0.3 dye molecules in the probed volume exhibited the expected Poisson distribution for actually measuring 0, 1 or 2 molecules. Difference between the SERRS spectra of R6G excited by linearly and circularly polarized light were experimentally measured.

Raman scattering from highly-stressed anvil diamond

The high-frequency edge of the first-order Raman mode of diamond reflects the stress state at the culet of anvil, and is often used for the pressure calibration in diamond anvil cell(DAC) experiments. Here we point out that the high-frequency edge of the diamond Raman phonon corresponds to the Brillouin zone(BZ) center Γ point as a function of pressure. The diamond Raman pressure gauge relies on the stability of crystal lattice of diamond under high stress. Upon the diamond anvil occurs failure under the uniaxial stress(197 GPa), the loss of intensity of the first-order Raman phonon and a stressdependent broad Raman band centered at 600 cm^(-1) are observed, which is associated with a strain-induced local mode corresponding to the BZ edge phonon of the L1 transverse acoustic phonon branch.

Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy for rapid brain tumor histology

Rapid histology of brain tissues with sufficient diagnostic information has the great potential to aid neurosurgons during operations.Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)microscopy is an emerging label-free imaging technique,with the intrinsic chemical resolutions to delineate brain tumors from normal tissues without the nood of time-consuming tissue processing.Growing number of studies have shown SRS as a“virtual histology"tool for rapid diagnosis of various types of brain tumors.In this review,we focus on the basic principles and current developments of SRS microscopy,as well as its applications for brain tumor imaging.

Controllable Silver Plating on Silica for Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering

We proposed a facile and rapid method for preparing silica-silver core-shell（SSCS） substrates to use Ag electroless plating on SiO2@Au-seed particles.UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectrometer and SEM were employed to monitor the reaction process of the formation of Ag on the surfaces of silica beads,and the optical resonance of the substrate could shift from visible to NIR region.It has been found that surface-enhanced Raman scattering（SERS） enhancement changes with the electroless plating time and the SSCS substrate with the plating time of 90 s（90SSCS） shows the strongest SERS response under the laser excitation at 514.5 nm.Signals collected over multiple spots and substrate of rhodamine 6G（R6G） resulted in a relative standard deviation（RSD） of 9.75%.The calculated enhancement factor（EF） was approximately 105 ＂106.SSCS substrate exhibits high SERS performance,which is due to electromagnetic SERS enhancement with additional localization field within closely packed Ag nanoparticles decorated on the SiO2 nanoparticles.And this substrate presents tunable and broad localized surface plasmon resonance（LSPR）,so this method may open a new way for SERS studies with other laser excitation.