Fragility of disconnect switch subjected to random earthquake ground motions

A fragility calculation scheme is estabtished in this paper for porcelain-type equipments subjected to random earthquake ground motions. All steps of the method are illustrated by the seismic damage analysis of GW4-110 disconnect switch. The model of the equipment is built applying the finite element method with flexible joints, and the seismic response of the equipment is analyzed using elastic time history method. On the base, according to the strength damage index and Monte-Carlo Method, the seismic damage ratios are counted and the seismic fragility curves are presented. Then the seismic damage of GW4-110 disconnect switch can be predicted.

Rupture directivity and hanging wall effect in near field strong ground motion simulation

A random synthesis procedure based on finite fault model is adopted for near field strong ground motion simulation in this paper. The fault plane of the source is divided into a number of sub-sources, the whole moment magnitude is also divided into more sub-events. The Fourier spectrum of ground motion caused by a sub-event in given sub-source, then can be derived by means of taking the point source spectrum, attenuation with distance, energy dissipation, and near surface effect, into account. A time history is synthesized from this amplitude spectrum and a random phase spectrum, and being combined with an envelope function. The ground motion is worked out by superposition of all time histories from each sub-event in each sub-source, with time lags determining by the differences between the triggering times of sub-events and distances of the sub-sources. From the example of simulations at 21 near field points in a scenario earthquake with 4 dip angles of the fault plane, it is illustrated that the procedure can describe the rupture directivity and hanging wall effect very well. To validate the procedure, the response spectra and time histories recorded at three near fault stations MCN, LV3 and PCD during the Northridge earthquake in 1994, are compared with the simulated ones.

Ground motion record simulation for structural analysis by consideration of spectral acceleration autocorrelation pattern

A novel approach is introduced to generate simulated ground motion records by considering spectral acceleration correlations at multiple periods. Most of the current reliable Ground Motion Record(GMR) simulation procedures use a seismological model including source, path and site characteristics. However, the response spectrum of simulated GMR is somewhat different when compared with the response spectrum based on recorded GMRs. More specifi cally, the correlation between the spectral values at multiple periods is a characteristic of a record which is usually different between simulated and recorded GMRs. As this correlation has a signifi cant infl uence on the structural response, it is needed to investigate the consistency of the simulated ground motions with actual records. This issue has been investigated in this study by incorporating an optimization algorithm within the Boore simulation technique. Eight seismological key parameters were optimized in order to achieve approximately the same correlation coeffi cients and spectral acceleration between two sets of real and simulated records. The results show that the acceleration response spectra of the synthetic ground motions also have good agreement with the real recorded response spectra by implementation of the proposed optimized values.

Seismic Response of Base-Isolated Structures underMulti-component Ground Motion Excitation

An analysis of a base-isolated structure for multi-component random ground motion is presented. The mean square respond of the system is Obtained under different parametric variations. The effectiveness of main parameters and the torsional component during an earthquake is quantified with the help of the response ratio and the root mean square response with and without base isolation. It is observed that the base isolation has considerable influence on the response and the effect of the torsional component is not ignored.

深厚覆盖层上沥青混凝土心墙坝非平稳随机地震动响应分析

由于良好的环境适应能力沥青混凝土心墙坝是我国西南强震区深厚覆盖层场地的优选坝型,然而对于沥青混凝土心墙坝非平稳随机地震作用下的抗震安全评价研究尚有不足。采用改进的Clough-Penzien功率谱结合随机函数,充分考虑地震动频率与强度的非平稳特征,生成了一系列与反应谱拟合的非平稳随机地震动集合,以某深厚覆盖层上沥青混凝土心墙坝为例,对其坝顶水平加速度及竖向永久变形等响应的均值及变化范围等进行了统计分析及分布检验,揭示了覆盖层与坝体响应均值及变异性沿高程变化规律,并通过概率密度演化方法,展示了坝顶水平加速度概率密度沿时间的演化过程,同时对生成的55条非平稳随机地震动进行调幅,结合多条带分析法易损性分析方法开展了深厚覆盖层上沥青混凝土心墙坝非平稳随机地震动易损性分析,给出了以震陷率为破坏等级控制指标的坝体易损性曲线,为深厚覆盖层上沥青混凝土心墙坝的抗震安全评价提供了新的方法和思路。

海底长周期地震动预测模型:以日本相模湾海域为例

地震动反应谱预测模型是地震危险性分析的基础,基于日本K-NET台网相模湾地区的892组海域地震动数据和4 033组陆域地震动数据,考虑震级、震源距、震源深度以及震源类型和场地,建立了PGA和0.05~15.0 s的海域地震动加速度反应谱预测模型。通过残差分析以及相关性分析检验了模型的合理性,并分析了震源类型以及震源深度对反应谱的影响,对比了海陆地震动预测模型的差异。结果表明:震源类型以及震源深度对模型预测结果影响显著,水平向海域模型以及长周期(T≥1.0 s)竖向海域模型所预测反应谱大于陆域模型所预测的反应谱值,且水平向和长周期竖向模型的场地放大系数均大于1。该模型可为长周期海域地震动模型的建立和概率地震危险性分析提供参考,为长周期海域工程的抗震设防提供依据。

近断层地震下连续梁桥随机振动与易损性分析

由于桥梁建设场地难免会靠近地震活动断层,为了评定近断层地震动作用下连续梁桥的地震安全性水平以及提高抗震性能,亟待发展连续梁桥非线性随机地震动力响应与易损性分析的统一、准确方法。考虑到近断层地震动是典型的随机过程激励,本文提出了基于直接概率积分法的连续梁桥结构非线性随机振动响应与地震易损性准确、通用分析的新框架。发展直接概率积分法,准确高效地计算连续梁桥结构的随机振动响应;结合连续梁桥多种失效状态,根据动力可靠度的首次超越破坏准则,利用直接概率积分法对连续梁桥进行了地震易损性分析。最后,展示了近断层随机地震动激励作用下四跨非线性连续梁桥算例结果,验证了直接概率积分法的准确性特点。比较了近断层脉冲型和无脉冲地震动对非线性连续梁桥地震易损性曲线的影响。结果表明:近断层地震动的速度脉冲显著加剧了连续梁桥结构受到的地震破坏,增大了桥梁结构进入不同破坏状态的超越概率。

SEISMIC RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF STOCHASTIC STRUCTURES USING RANDOM FACTOR METHOD

Seismic random vibration analysis of stochastic truss structures is presented. A new method called random factor method is used for dynamic analysis of structures with uncertain parameters, due to variability in their material properties and geometry. Using the random factor method, the natural frequencies and modeshapes of a stochastic structure can be respectively described by the product of two parts, corresponding to the random factors of the structural parameters with uncertainty, and deterministic values of the natural frequencies and modeshapes obtained by conventional finite element analysis. The stochastic truss structure is subjected to stationary or non-stationary random earthquake excitation. Computational expressions for the mean and standard deviation of the mean square displacement and mean square stress are developed by means of the random variable＇s functional moment method and the algebra synthesis method. An antenna and a truss bridge are used as practical engineering examples to illustrate the application of the random factor method in the seismic response analysis of random structures under stationary or non-stationary random earthquake excitation.

地震动随机性对地表加速度峰值的影响及机理研究

人造地震动的随机性对地表加速度峰值有重要影响。基于黑龙江地区土层剪切波速以及土体非线性统计结果建立了3个土层地震反应模型,以黑龙江地区典型基岩加速度反应谱为目标谱,每一目标谱选取400个不同的随机数人工合成400条随机地震动加速度时程作为输入,通过土层地震反应分析得到3个经验模型共10800个地表加速度峰值结果。统计分析了每一目标谱下加速度峰值的分布特征及其差异性,并通过傅里叶谱与目标反应谱对比分析初步解释了造成这一差异性的原因。结果表明:在剖面相同,目标反应谱相同的情况下,不同随机数得到的场地地表加速度峰值存在一定差异,大致呈现正态分布;且这种差异与地表地震动傅里叶谱峰值点周期对应的该地震动目标反应谱谱值的大小呈正相关。

考虑随机效应的Clough-Penzien功率谱参数预测模型及地震动合成

国内外学者对典型的地震动参数(a PG,v PG,SAs,I A,Ds等)预测方程的研究不断深入,但对于表征地震动频谱特性的功率谱模型参数预测方程的研究却很少。鉴于地震动的频谱特性与震源特性、传播路径和场地条件紧密相关,该研究基于地震动传播的物理机制建立了Clough-Penizien功率谱(C-P谱)模型参数的预测模型。为了更好地描述不同地震事件不同记录之间的相关性,对模型考虑随机效应,建立了谱参数的预测随机效应模型。采用改进的随机效应一次迭代回归算法,对各类场地C-P谱模型参数的预测随机效应模型进行回归分析,确定了模型系数。结合相位谱的物理传播模型与所提出的C-P谱参数预测模型,构建了“震源-传播路径-局部场地”物理传播机制的随机函数模型。算例分析结果表明,该研究提出的谱参数预测方程模型与实际功率谱拟合较好,模拟得到的地震动记录与原始地震记录的时频特性十分接近,可以较好实现地震动记录的模拟和预测,对地震危险性、易损性和风险分析及抗震设计与评定具有重要的指导意义。

Physical random function model of ground motions for engineering purposes

A physical random function model of ground motions for engineering purposes is presented with verification of sample level. Firstly,we derive the Fourier spectral transfer form of the solution to the definition problem,which describes the one-dimensional seismic wave field. Then based on the special models of the source,path and local site,the physical random function model of ground motions is obtained whose physical parameters are random variables. The superposition method of narrow-band harmonic wave groups is improved to synthesize ground motion samples. Finally,an application of this model to simulate ground motion records in 1995 Kobe earthquake is described. The resulting accelerograms have the frequencydomain and non-stationary characteristics that are in full agreement with the realistic ground motion records.

A random physical model of seismic ground motion field on local engineering site

This paper presents a random physical model of seismic ground motion field on a specific local engineering site.With this model,artificial ground motions which are consistent with realistic records at SMART-1 array on spatial correlation are synthesized.A two-scale modeling method of seismic random field is proposed.In large scale,the seismic ground motion field on bedrock surface is simplified to a two-dimensional spherical wave field based on the seismic point source and homogeneous isotropic media model.In small scale,the seismic ground motion field on the engineering site has a plane waveform.By introducing the physical models of seismic source,path and local site and considering the randomness of the basic physical parameters,the random model of seismic ground motion field is completed in a random functional form.This model is applied to simulation of the acceleration records at SMART-1 array by using the superposition method of wave group.

不同地震激励下大跨度斜拉桥的地震反应分析

考虑地震波的行波效应、部分相干效应和局部场地效应,建立了不同机制的地震激励下大跨度斜拉桥地震反应的分析方法并以正在建设的主跨1 018 m的香港某大跨度斜拉桥为例,数值仿真了大跨度斜拉桥在确定性地震波一致激励、行波激励以及随机地震动场多点激励下的地震反应。结果表明:与确定性地震波一致激励相比,在确定性地震波行波激励以及考虑空间变化的随机地震动场激励下,斜拉桥的纵向位移反应明显减小,而其主跨跨中竖向位移反应明显增大。由此得出结论:对于大跨度斜拉桥,一致地震激励不能控制其抗震设计,应考虑行波激励和随机地震动场多点激励对其地震响应的影响。

大跨度斜拉桥多维多点随机地震激励响应分析

为研究大跨度斜拉桥地震激励下的平稳随机响应规律,以某大跨度斜拉桥为例,用ANSYS软件建立了三维有限元分析模型.考虑地震动的多维性、行波效应、部分相干效应及局部场地效应对主梁及主塔位移和内力随机响应的影响,用该模型分析了大跨度斜拉桥在多维多点地震激励下的响应.研究结果表明:相对于一致激励,大跨度斜拉桥在多维多点激励下的结构响应显著增大,主梁的纵向位移增大了约2.3倍,1号塔顶的纵向位移和塔底横向弯矩分别增大了约2.2和2.3倍;仅考虑一致地震激励不能保证大跨度斜拉桥的结构安全;考虑行波效应时斜拉桥的地震响应减小,相干效应较小可忽略,软场地条件下结构的地震响应更大.

随机地震动场多点激励下大跨度桥梁地震反应分析方法

地震输入问题一直是工程结构抗震研究关注的焦点。对大跨度桥梁结构,考虑随机地震动场的多点激励而进行地震反应分析较为合理。本文结合大跨度桥梁抗震设计,系统地介绍了随机地震动场的模型以及随机地震动场多点激励下大跨度桥梁地震反应分析的方法。

地震动相位谱与相位差谱分布特征的研究

引入相位差谱主值的概念，讨论了相位（差）谱与其主值分布函数之间的关系．通过将相位（差）谱与其主值加以区别，能有效地克服过去相位谱与相位差谱概率特征的不协调性．在假定相位差谱服从正态分布的条件下，对相位（差）谱主值的概率分布进行数值计算与模拟，结果与Ｏｈｓａｋｉ对实际地震记录的统计结果非常接近，说明本文的思想是合理的．

非线性随机振动分析的概率密度演化方法

为深入探讨概率密度演化方法对于非线性随机振动分析的适用性,考察了随机地震动作用下一类硬弹簧Duffing振子的非线性响应,对概率密度演化方法与经典非线性随机振动分析进行了比较研究.结果表明:在弱非线性水平,概率密度演化方法与混沌多项式展开、Monte Carlo模拟的解答一致;在强非线性水平,数值求解误差、人为截断误差放大,概率密度演化方法与混沌多项式展开解答在Monte Carlo模拟解附近上下波动,表明概率密度演化方法与经典非线性随机振动解答在均方特征意义上是等价的.

非一致性地震动作用下某长大隧洞动力响应的时空效应初步研究

为研究非一致性地震动作用下长大隧洞动力响应的时空效应,首先,采用随机地震动合成法生成了能反映某长距离隧洞行波效应、衰减效应等局部场地效应的多条不同地震动时程曲线。通过底部分区域垂直输入的方式,分析了一致性和非一致性地震动作用下某长大隧洞围岩和衬砌的动力响应。在此基础上,通过傅里叶谱、传递函数及相干函数揭示了输入地震与围岩动力响应的频谱相关性。其次,从加速度、位移及相对位移时程等方面研究了不同部位围岩动力响应的空间非一致性。最后,通过分析地震动作用下围岩与结构的动力学特征,研究了围岩与结构地震动力响应的协调性。结果表明,与一致性地震动情况下保持不变相比,非一致性地震动使隧洞沿轴向上相同位置处围岩监测点的传递系数在主频段的变化过程明显不一致;地震动向上传播过程中,沿高程分布各监测点响应和输入地震动的最大相干系数与高程的关系基本符合二次多项式关系,但非一致性地震动输入情况的最大相干系数明显大于一致性地震动输入情况;在非一致地震动输入下,沿隧洞轴向方向上同一个位置的围岩监测点的位移时程虽存在一定的延时现象,但隧洞出口位置处围岩最大位移出现的时间却是早于隧洞进口位置处,而且隧洞围岩监测点加速度峰值、最大位移以及顶底监测点最大相对位移沿隧洞轴向基本呈现两端较大、中间较小的分布趋势;非一致地震动输入下,行波效应还会使隧洞左右两端产生一定的剪切作用。该研究可为地震作用下长大隧洞破坏机制的研究提供整体宏观认识。

随机地震作用下剪力墙结构振动台试验研究

为了开展随机地震动作用下钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构的地震反应研究,制作了一个1/5缩尺的12层现浇剪力墙振动台试验模型,基于谱表示-随机函数方法生成了适用于7度设防的34条非平稳多遇地震动样本。通过结构动力特性测试分析了模型结构的振型和阻尼比变化,根据振动台试验结果分析了随机地震动作用下结构动力放大系数、楼层剪力及层间侧移角的均值、方差、变异系数和概率密度函数。结果表明,结构随机地震反应表现出明显的离散性,加速度放大系数的离散性随楼层增高而增大,楼层剪力的离散性随楼层增高而减小。实测的随机反应及其概率信息可为剪力墙结构随机响应数值模拟和动力可靠度评估提供验证。

强震地面运动的超随机特性研究

简述了几种常用的地震动平稳随机模型,这几种地震动平稳随机模型的功率谱是一组光滑的函数,相应的自相关函数基本上是指数衰减的振荡函数,且很快衰减到零;但是真实地震动的归一化自相关函数则有一较显著的随机噪声项,这个随机噪声的幅值为0. 15左右,这就是本文中所说的超随机特性。目前常用的地震动平稳随机模型没有考虑这个随机噪声项及其对结构反应的影响。本文将真实地震动的自相关函数分解为一确定性函数和一随机噪声的叠加,并对自相关函数中的噪声部分进行了分析,得出两条重要性质。本文的研究结果表明地震动加速度时程的平方和(SS)比峰值加速度(PGA)更好地量度了地震地面运动强度。由于归一化自相关函数的随机噪声部分所对应的功率谱的随机波动成分对频率的积分为零,即归一化自相关函数的噪声部分对地震动总功率或平方和的贡献为零,因此自相关函数的随机噪声项对地震动的幅值影响不大,但自相关函数的随机噪声项明显改变了地震动功率谱在频域上的分布特征,因此会对结构反应产生一定的影响。由于篇幅所限详细内容将在下一篇文章中作进一步探讨。