The interaction between temperature and precipitation on the potential distribution range of Betula ermanii in the alpine treeline ecotone on the Changbai Mountain

Alpine treeline ecotones are highly sensitive to climate warming.The low temperature-determined alpine treeline is expected to shift upwards in response to global warming.However,little is known about how temperature interacts with other important factors to influence the distribution range of tree species within and beyond the alpine treeline ecotone.Hence,we used a GF-2 satellite image,along with bioclimatic and topographic variables,to develop an ensemble suitable habitat model based on the species distribution modeling algorithms in Biomod2.We investigated the distribution of suitable habitats for B.ermanii under three climate change scenarios(i.e.,low(SSP126),moderate(SSP370)and extreme(SSP585)future emission trajectories)between two consecutive time periods(i.e.,current-2055,and 2055-2085).By 2055,the potential distribution range of B.ermanii will expand under all three climate scenarios.The medium and high suitable areas will decline under SSP370 and SSP585scenarios from 2055 to 2085.Moreover,under the three climate scenarios,the uppermost altitudes of low suitable habitat will rise to 2,329 m a.s.l.,while the altitudes of medium and high suitable habitats will fall to 2,201 and2,051 m a.s.l.by 2085,respectively.Warming promotes the expansion of B.ermanii distribution range in Changbai Mountain,and this expansion will be modified by precipitation as climate warming continues.This interaction between temperature and precipitation plays a significant role in shaping the potential distribution range of B.ermanii in the alpine treeline ecotone.This study reveals the link between environmental factors,habitat distribution,and species distribution in the alpine treeline ecotone,providing valuable insights into the impacts of climate change on high-elevation vegetation,and contributing to mountain biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

Simulation Study on the Migration Range of CO_(2) in the Offshore Saline Aquifer

The geological storage of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) is a crucial technology for mitigating climate change. Offshore deep saline aquifers have elicited increased attention due to their remarkable potential for storing CO_(2). During long-term storage, CO_(2) migration in a deep saline aquifer needs special attention to prevent it from reaching risk points and leading to security issues. In this paper, a mechanism model is established according to the geological characteristics of saline aquifers in an offshore sedimentary basin in China. The CO_(2) migration over 100 years is simulated considering geological changes such as permeability, dip angle, thickness, and salinity. The effects of injection conditions on the CO_(2) migration range are also investigated. Results reveal that the migration range of CO_(2) in the injection period exceeds 70%, even if the postinjection period's duration is five times longer than that of the injection period. As the values of the above geological parameters increase, the migration range of CO_(2) increases, and permeability has a particularly substantial influence. Moreover, the influences of injection rate and well type are considerable. At high injection rates, CO_(2) has a greater likelihood of displacing brine in a piston-like scheme. CO_(2) injected by long horizontal wells migrates farther compared with that injected by vertical wells. In general, the plane migration range is within 3 000 m, although variations in the reservoir and injection parameters of the studied offshore saline aquifers are considered. This paper can offer references for the site selection and injection well deployment of CO_(2) saline aquifer storage. According to the studied offshore aquifers, a distance of at least 3 000 m from potential leakage points, such as spill points, active faults, and old abandoned wells, must be maintained.

Analysis of application range of simplified models for field to thermo-field to thermionic emission processes from the cathode

Electron emission plays a dominant role in plasma-cathode interactions and is a key factor in many plasma phenomena and industrial applications.It is necessary to illustrate the various electron emission mechanisms and the corresponding applicable description models to evaluate their impacts on discharge properties.In this study,detailed expressions of the simplified formulas valid for field emission to thermo-field emission to thermionic emission typically used in the numerical simulation are proposed,and the corresponding application ranges are determined in the framework of the Murphy-Good theory,which is commonly regarded as the general model and to be accurate in the full range of conditions of the validity of the theory.Dimensionless parameterization was used to evaluate the emission current density of the Murphy-Good formula,and a deviation factor was defined to obtain the application ranges for different work functions(2.5‒5 eV),cathode temperatures(300‒6000 K),and emitted electric fields(10^(5) to 10^(10) V·m^(-1)).The deviation factor was shown to be a nonmonotonic function of the three parameters.A comparative study of particle number densities in atmospheric gas discharge with a tungsten cathode was performed based on the one-dimensional implicit particle-in-cell(PIC)with the Monte Carlo collision(MCC)method according to the aforementioned application ranges.It was found that small differences in emission current density can lead to variations in the distributions of particle number density due to changes in the collisional environment.This study provides a theoretical basis for selecting emission models for subsequent numerical simulations.

Extending the solid solution range of sodium ferric pyrophosphate:Off‐stoichiometric Na_(3)Fe(2.5)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)as a novel cathode for sodium‐ion batteries

Iron‐based pyrophosphates are attractive cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries due to their large framework,cost‐effectiveness,and high energy density.However,the understanding of the crystal structure is scarce and only a limited candidates have been reported so far.In this work,we found for the first time that a continuous solid solution,Na_(4−α)Fe_(2+α)_(2)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)(0≤α≤1,could be obtained by mutual substitution of cations at center‐symmetric Na3 and Na4 sites while keeping the crystal building blocks of anionic P_(2)O_(7) unchanged.In particular,a novel off‐stoichiometric Na_(3)Fe(2.5)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2)is thus proposed,and its structure,energy storage mechanism,and electrochemical performance are extensively investigated to unveil the structure–function relationship.The as‐prepared off‐stoichiometric electrode delivers appealing performance with a reversible discharge capacity of 83 mAh g^(−1),a working voltage of 2.9 V(vs.Na^(+)/Na),the retention of 89.2%of the initial capacity after 500 cycles,and enhanced rate capability of 51 mAh g^(−1)at a current density of 1600 mA g^(−1).This research shows that sodium ferric pyrophosphate could form extended solid solution composition and promising phase is concealed in the range of Na_(4−α)Fe_(2+α)_(2)(P_(2)O_(7))_(2),offering more chances for exploration of new cathode materials for the construction of high‐performance SIBs.

Radiographic Circularity of Capitellum and Its Relation to the Range of Motion

Background: The shape of the capitellum has been traditionally described in anatomy books as part of a sphere. Alteration in the capitellar morphology following pathologies such as fractures, osteochondrosis, and degenerative arthritis has been associated with less optimum functional results. Aim: To define the relationship between the sphericity of the capitellar morphology as measured on trauma series plain radiographs and the elbow range of motion. Methods: 40 patients were included in the study. All patients recruited from the upper limb clinics presented with non-elbow joint-related complaints. The elbow range of motion was measured using a standardized technique. Digital anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of patients’ elbows were used to measure capitellar circularity using the ImageJ processing program and circularity calculation equation. Correlation analyses were conducted between the degree of capitellar sphericity and elbow range of motion. Results: The results of measurements from the anteroposterior radiographs showed a positive correlation between increased circularity and an increase in the range of flexion, pronation, and supination. The range of extension decreased with the increased circularity of the capitellum. This trend was repeated with measures of lateral radiographs but was statistically not significant. Conclusion: Native capitellar circularity has an impact on the elbow range of motion. This should be put into consideration when dealing with pathologies that affect capitellar morphology.

The resistive range of motion exercise training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy:a case study

Background:To determine the effectiveness of resistive range of motion exercises in improving muscle strength and functional abilities in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.The study was also aimed to determine if resistive range of motion exercises can slow down the progression of the disease.Methods:A seven-year-old male child was diagnosed with Duchenne muscle dystrophy presented to outpatient physiotherapy clinic.The patient was presented with difficulty in stair climbing,sitting up from the floor,fatigue,and muscle weakness specifically weakness in the proximal limb muscles.The progressive resistive range of motion training was implemented for four years to improve muscle strength and functional abilities.The medical research council grading scale,north ambulatory assessment scale,and creatine kinase were used to evaluate muscle strength,functional abilities,and creatine kinase levels.Results:The muscular strength and functional abilities did not improve after four years of exercise training.The creatine kinase levels were decreased over the period of four years.Conclusion:Resistive range of motion exercises are helpful in maintaining the muscular strength and functional abilities in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Measurement of cervical range of motion using smartphone compass in the healthy people:a cross-sectional pilot study

Objective:This study evaluates the reliability of smartphone compass software in measuring the cervical range of motion in healthy people.Methods:We selected 40 healthy intern college students from Tianjin Hospital from June to August 2022 to participate in this study.Two physiotherapists used a smartphone(iPhone 11256 Gb(model A2223))compass software to measure six directions of motion of the cervical spine in 40 subjects in a total of 3 rounds each.The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to compare the reliability intra-group,and the Pearson correlation coefficient was also used to compare the correlation between groups,with P<0.05 being statistically significant.Results:The intraclass correlation coefficient showed good reliability(>0.5)in cervical range of motion(CROM),especially in cervical flexion and right rotation(>0.9).In the correlation comparison between the two groups,the Spearman comparison was used,and the six directions of the cervical spine were significantly correlated(P<0.05).Conclusion:The built-in compass software in smartphones has good reliability in measuring CROM in healthy people.

Altitudinal Range of Black-and-white Snub-nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti ) at Baima Snow Mountain, China

Faeces were counted along horizontal, 5.0m wide strips at altitude intervals of 100m to examine the altitudinal ranging pattern of a band of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys （Rhinopithecus bieti） at Nanren （99°04′E, 28°34′N, Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reverse, Yunnan, China） at four areas in each season between 2000-2001. Faeces were also counted along vertical, 2.5 m wide strips in one subvalley and on one subridge in each area. Monkeys used an altitudinal range of 3500-4300m, but preferred occupying the upper forest belt between 3900 and 4200m asl year-round, being at the highest altitude in summer, the lowest altitude in spring, and middle altitudes between autumn and winter （lower in winter than autumn）. Moreover, there were secondary peaks of lower altitude use （3700m） in spring and winter. In addition, more faeces were distributed in subvalleys than on subridges in winter, this suggests that monkeys tend to spend more time in subvalleys where there is less wind and fluctuating temperatures. The significant correlation between faecal density and lichen load might indicate that altitudinal distribution of food resources may act as an important factor affecting the monkeys＇ range. The monkeys might migrate to lower altitudes to eat young sprouts and leaves in spring, and to shelter from snowstorms in winter, possibly resulting in the secondary peaks at lower altitudes.

Influence range of emergency under special events based on CTM

To determine the dynamic influence range of emergencies under special events, the spacial and temporal characteristics of the traffic flow are studied by simulation based on the cell transmission model （CTM）. Based on the traffic management measures used under special events, a semi-dynamic assignment algorithm is proposed, which is combined with an algorithm for logit multi-path traffic assignment and the CTM. In a simple calculation network, the spacial and temporal characteristics of traffic flows which vary with different traffic management schemes are studied, and a method to obtain the influence range of emergency is proposed by computing the jam time of the intersections. By contrasting the average delay of each vehicle, the dissipation effect is studied under two different traffic management schemes. The example shows that the spatial and temporal variety of the traffic flow can be easily simulated and the influence range of emergency can be confirmed by the method based on the CTM. The proposed method provides a new idea for decision-making on traffic management under emergency under special events.

Investigation on the Optimizing Range of CombustionChamber Configuration Parameters of DSCS

Aim To obtain an optimizing range of the main configuration parameters of double swirls combustion system (DSCS) Methods To analyze the influence of DS combustion cham-ber configuration parameters on fuel spray and mixing by means of the fuel jet developmentperiphery charts obtained by the high speed photography with a modeling test device deve-loped by authors,and to examine it by the tests on a single cylinder diesel engine.Resultsand Conclusion The mixing process can be divided into four phases.The optimizing range of the ration of the inner chamber diameter to the cylinder bore,d2/D,is 0.4-0.7; and the outerchamber diameter,d1 the height of the circular ridge to the piston top face,h1,the radius of outer/inner chamber circle,R1,R2 ,the max depth of outer/inner chamber bowl,H1,H2,etc. are also important

Numerical analysis of factors affecting the range of heat transfer in earth surrounding three subways

In order to examine the factors which affect the range of heat transfer in earth surrounding subways, FLAC3D was adopted in this study to analyze these factors, under different conditions, in a systematic manner. When we compare these numerical tests, the results show that the main factors, affecting the heat transfer range are the thermal properties of the surrounding earth, the initial ground temperature and the temperature in the tunnel. The heat transfer coefficient between air and linings has little effect on the temperature distribution around the tunnel. The current results can provide a reference for improving the thermal environment in subways and optimizing the design of subwav ventilation and air conditioning.

The equilibrium range of wind wave frequency spectrum

-Theoretical form of equilibrium range is given on the basis of the wind wave frequency spectra proposed by Wenel al. (1988a,b,c, 1989a,b). The effects of peakness factor and water depth are discussed. In the case of deep water the e-quilibrium range is reduced to the form first proposed by Toba (1973) and the coefficient of the formula is shown to be the function of nondimensional fetch or peak frequency. Results of the present paper have been verified through field data.

Studies on Human Dietary Requirements and Safe Range of Dietary Intakes of Selenium in China and Their Application in the Prevention of Related Endemic Diseases

The human dietary selenium requirement in China has been estimated by various methods. The minimum dietary selenium requircment for the prevention of Keshan disease (KD) was found to be around 17 μg/d. On the other hand, an intake of 40 μg/d is required to maintain the plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity at plateau. Hence 40 μg/d is considered as the adequate dietary selenium requirement. Studies conducted in a chronic selenosis area indicate thai the toxic dietary selenlum inlake (adverse effect level), which would maintain the characteristic fingernail changes, was approximately 1600 μg/d. The mean value of dietary selenium intakes, which enabled the five patients to recover from fingernail lesions, was found to be 819 ±126μg/d. At a 95% confidence limit, the lower limit is around 600μg/d. Therefore, 600 and 400μg/d were suggested as the individual daily maximum safe selenium intake and the safe dietary selenium intake, respectively,The results were used in the prevention of Se-related endemic KD and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD)

Charge Couple Device-Based Systemfor3-di mensional Real Ti me Positioning on the Assessment of Segmental Range of Motion of Lumbar Spine

Objective： To observe the tested results of the segmental range of motion （ROM） of lumbar spine by charge couple device （CCD）-based system for 3-dimensional real-time positioning （CCD system）, and to analyze its clinical significance. Methods： Seven patients with lumbar joint dysfunction and 8 healthy subjects were tested twice by the CCD-based system with an interval of 10 min. Results： The ROM of the patients was obviously lesser than that of the healthy subjects. The measuring data of segmental ROM of lumbar spine by CCD system is correlated significantly to the same data checked later on the same subjects in every direction of the movements. The differences between two checks are usually less than 1 degree. Conclusion： Specially designed CCD based system for 3-dimensional real-time positioning could objectively reflect the segmental ROM of lumbar spine. The system would be of great clinical significance in the assessment of the biomechanical dysfunction of lumbar spine and the effect of the treatment applied.

将Range of motion内容操作规程化的探索与研究

目的提高本科护生Range ofmotion练习的手法技能.方法通过编制被动性Range ofmotion的操作规程,选择从头颈部屈曲、伸展、左、右侧屈、顺时针、逆时针旋转;肩关节屈曲、伸展、外展、外旋、内旋;肘关节伸直、屈曲、内旋、外旋;腕关节屈曲、伸展;手指关节屈曲、伸直;髋、膝关节屈曲、伸直、内收、外展;踝关节背屈、跖屈、内旋、外旋;脚趾关节屈曲、伸展的活动,结合患者病情,在合适的体位配合下,按一定的节拍、顺序、时间完成Range of motion的操作练习.结论使Range ofmotion的练习具有一定的操作性、规范性和指导性,让护生对被动性Range ofmotion的练习内容、操作程序、动作要领、手法、时间、注意事项都能全面掌握并正确予以实施,提高了护生对被动性Range of motion练习的技能.

THE RAPID DETERMINATION FOR BENZO(a)PYRENE WITH SYNCHRONOUS FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY SCANNING IN DEFINED RANGE OF DUAL—WAVELENGTHS

A rapid method of determination of BaP in various environmental samples,using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy scanning in defined range of dual-wavelengths(SFDW)is described in this paper.

Combining Cubic Spline Interpolation and Fast Fourier Transform to Extend Measuring Range of Reflectometry

The reflectometry is a common method used to measure the thickness of thin films. Using a conventional method,its measurable range is limited due to the low resolution of the current spectrometer embedded in the reflectometer.We present a simple method, using cubic spline interpolation to resample the spectrum with a high resolution,to extend the measurable transparent film thickness. A large measuring range up to 385 m in optical thickness is achieved with the commonly used system. The numerical calculation and experimental results demonstrate that using the FFT method combined with cubic spline interpolation resampling in reflectrometry, a simple,easy-to-operate, economic measuring system can be achieved with high measuring accuracy and replicability.

Determination of the Range of Magnetic Interactions from the Relations between Magnon Eigenvalues at High-Symmetry k Points

Magnetic exchange interactions(MEIs) define networks of coupled magnetic moments and lead to a surprisingly rich variety of their magnetic properties. Typically MEIs can be estimated by fitting experimental results.Unfortunately, how many MEIs need to be included in the fitting process for a material is unclear a priori,which limits the results obtained by these conventional methods. Based on linear spin-wave theory but without performing matrix diagonalization, we show that for a general quadratic spin Hamiltonian, there is a simple relation between the Fourier transform of MEIs and the sum of square of magnon energies(SSME). We further show that according to the real-space distance range within which MEIs are considered relevant, one can obtain the corresponding relationships between SSME in momentum space. By directly utilizing these characteristics and the experimental magnon energies at only a few high-symmetry k points in the Brillouin zone, one can obtain strong constraints about the range of exchange path beyond which MEIs can be safely neglected. Our methodology is also generally applicable for other Hamiltonian with quadratic Fermi or Boson operators.

ZTE Supplies Comprehensive Range of Communications Solutions for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

ZTE Corporation,a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions,supplied a comprehensive range of

Obesity Effect on Children Hip and Knee Range of Motion

The aim of this study was to characterize the obesity effect on children knee and hip joint range of motion. A randomized controlled trial was performed with goniometry evaluation for hip flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external and internal rotation, and knee flexion in fifty male children (20 obese and 30 non obese), with age ranging from 6 to 12 years old. The obesity effect was found to be non-uniform across the joint range of motion. In the obesity group, a statistically significant reduction in the range of motion of hip flexion and adduction, and knee flexion was observed;and also an increase in external rotation in the hip was observed. Conclusion: Obese and overweight children present alterations in hip and knee joints mobility when compared to eutrophic children. The obesity/overweight associated with factors previously described in the literature, such as joint overload, postural deviation and sedentariness may influence the musculoskeletal development and, consequently, the motor function.