Determination of Total Vector Error of the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Using the Phase Angle Error of a Constant Amplitude Voltage Signal

This paper investigates the effect of the Phase Angle Error of a Constant Amplitude Voltage signal in determining the Total Vector Error (TVE) of the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) using MATLAB/Simulink. The phase angle error is measured as a function of time in microseconds at four points on the IEEE 14-bus system. When the 1 pps Global Positioning System (GPS) signal to the PMU is lost, sampling of voltage signals on the power grid is done at different rates as it is a function of time. The relationship between the PMU measured signal phase angle and the sampling rate is established by injecting a constant amplitude signal at two different points on the grid. In the simulation, 64 cycles per second is used as the reference while 24 cycles per second is used to represent the fault condition. Results show that a change in the sampling rate from 64 bps to 24 bps in the PMUs resulted in phase angle error in the voltage signals measured by the PMU at four VI Measurement points. The phase angle error measurement that was determined as a time function was used to determine the TVE. Results show that (TVE) was more than 1% in all the cases.

ZERO PHASE ERROR REAL TIME CONTROL FOR FLIGHT SIMULATOR SERVO SYSTEM

Flight simulator is an important device and a typical high performanceposition servo system used in the hardware-in-the-loop simulation of flight control system. Withoutusing the future desired output, zero phase error controller makes the overall system's frequencyresponse exhibit zero phase shift for all frequencies and a very small gain error at low frequencyrange can be achieved. A new algorithm to design the feed forward controller is presented, in orderto reduce the phase error, the design of proposed feed forward controller uses a modified plantmodel, which is a closed loop transfer function, through which the system tracking precisionperformance can be improved greatly. Real-time control results show the effectiveness of theproposed approach in flight simulator servo system.

QFT control based on zero phase error compensation for flight simulator

To improve the robustness of high-precision servo systems, quantitative feedback theory （QFT） which aims to achieve a desired robust design over a specified region of plant uncertainty is proposed. The robust design problem can be solved using QFT but it fails to guarantee a high precision tracking. This problem is solved by a robust digital QFT control scheme based on zero phase error （ZPE） feed forward compensation. This scheme consists of two parts： a QFT controller in the closed-loop system and a ZPE feed-forward compensator. Digital QFT controller is designed to overcome the uncertainties in the system. Digital ZPE feed forward controller is used to improve the tracking precision. Simulation and real-time examples for flight simulator servo system indicate that this control scheme can guarantee both high robust performance and high position tracking precision.

Study on fast calibration of a ULA's gain and phase error

Array calibration is important in engineering practice. In this paper, fast calibration methods for a ULA's gain and phase errors both in far and near fields are proposed. In the far field, using a single sound source without exact orientation, this method horizontally rotates the array exactly once, performs eigen value decomposition for the covariance matrix of received data, then computes the gain and phase error according to the formulas. In the near field, using the same single sound source, it is necessary to rotate the array horizontally at most three times, build equations according to geometric relations, then solve them. Using the formula proposed in this paper, spherical waves are modified into plane waves. Then eigen values decomposition is performed. These two calibration methods were shown to be valid by simulation and are fast, accurate and easy to use. Finally, an analysis of factors influencing estimation precision is given.

Ultra wideband CMOS digital T-type attenuator with low phase errors

A proposed inductive-phase-compensation ultra wideband CMOS digital T-type attenuator design based on an analysis of minimising phase errors is presented in this letter.In a standard CMOS technology,the proposed attenuator is analytically demonstrated to have low phase errors due to the inductive-phase-compensation network.A design equation is inferred and a wide-band 4dB attenuation bit digital attenuator with low phase errors is designed as a test vehicle for the proposed approach.

Quantitative feedback theory and zero phase error tracking control combined robust control for radar truck leveling simulator

Radar leveling system is the key equipment for improving the radar mobility and survival capability. A combined quantitative feedback theory (QFT) controller is designed for the radar truck leveling simulator in this paper, which suffers from strong nonlinearities and system parameter uncertainties. QFT can reduce the plant uncertainties and stabilize the system, but it fails to obtain high-precision tracking. This drawback can be solved by a robust QFT control scheme based on zero phase error tracking control (ZPETC) compensation. The combined controller not only possesses high robustness, but greatly improves the system performance. To verify the effiectiveness and the potential of the proposed controller, a series of experiments have been carried out. Experimental results have demonstrated its robustness against a large range of parameters variation and high tracking precision performance, as well as its capability of restraining the load coupling among channels. The combined QFT controller can drive the radar truck leveling platform accurately, quickly and stably.

Studies on absorption coefficients of dual-energy γ-rays and measur-ing error correction for multiphase fraction determination

In this article, principle and mathematical method of determining the phase fractions of multiphase flows by using a dual-energy γ -ray system have been described. The dual-energy γ -ray device is composed of radioactive isotopes of 241Am and 137Cs with γ -ray energies of 59.5 and 662 keV, respectively. A rational method to calibrate the absorption coefficient was introduced in detail. The modified arithmetic is beneficial to removing the extra Compton scattering from the measured value. The result shows that the dual-energy γ -ray technique can be used in three-phase flow with average accuracy greater than 95%, which enables us to determine phase fractions almost independent of the flow regime. Improvement has been achieved on measurement accuracy of phase fractions.

IDENTIFICATION OF PHASE ERROR BY MULTI-SAMPLING DIGITAL TANLOCKED LOOP(MS-DTL)

A multisampling technique was introduced to the phase error detector of Conventional Digital Tanlocked Loop(C DTL). In this new technique a number of samples ( M ) were taken at nonuniform intervals within one period of the input signal. The novel system is called Multisampling Digital Tanlocked loop(MS DTL). The simulated model on the computer shows that for M =4, the system has a faster locking speed and wider locking in range compared with C DTL.

Effects of systematic phase errors on optimized quantum random-walk search algorithm

This study investigates the effects of systematic errors in phase inversions on the success rate and number of iterations in the optimized quantum random-walk search algorithm. Using the geometric description of this algorithm, a model of the algorithm with phase errors is established, and the relationship between the success rate of the algorithm, the database size, the number of iterations, and the phase error is determined. For a given database size, we obtain both the maximum success rate of the algorithm and the required number of iterations when phase errors are present in the algorithm. Analyses and numerical simulations show that the optimized quantum random-walk search algorithm is more robust against phase errors than Grover＇s algorithm.

Zero phase error control based on neural compensation for flight simulator servo system

Using the future desired input value, zero phase error controller enables the overall system＇s frequency response exhibit zero phase shift for all frequencies and a small gain error at low frequency range, and based on this, a new algorithm is presented to design the feedforward controller. However, zero phase error controller is only suitable for certain linear system. To reduce the tracking error and improve robustness, the design of the proposed feedforward controller uses a neural compensation based on diagonal recurrent neural network. Simulation and real-time control results for flight simulator servo system show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Adaptive Zero Phase Error Feedforward Method for Robotic Force Control

In order to remove the time delay between the input and the output signals of a robot force control system,adaptive zero phase error feedforward(AZPEF)control method is presented and applied to PUMA 560 industrial robot,which has six degree of freedom(6-DOF).The whole adaptive force control algorithm is implemented on TMS320C30 micro-processor whose instruction cycle is 60ns.The results of the force control experiments prove that AZPEF force control makes robot have good robustness and quick response ability.

The Influence of Carrier Phase Error on the Performances of Digital Image m-QAM Transmission System

The effect of carrier phase error in digital image transmission system is discussed. Code error rate and SNR with carrier phase error in Gauss white noise channel are calculated, and the transmission system is simulated on computer.

A Modified Regression Estimator for Single Phase Sampling in the Presence of Observational Errors

In this paper, a regression method of estimation has been used to derive the mean estimate of the survey variable using simple random sampling without replacement in the presence of observational errors. Two covariates were used and a case where the observational errors were in both the survey variable and the covariates was considered. The inclusion of observational errors was due to the fact that data collected through surveys are often not free from errors that occur during observation. These errors can occur due to over-reporting, under-reporting, memory failure by the respondents or use of imprecise tools of data collection. The expression of mean squared error (MSE) based on the obtained estimator has been derived to the first degree of approximation. The results of a simulation study show that the derived modified regression mean estimator under observational errors is more efficient than the mean per unit estimator and some other existing estimators. The proposed estimator can therefore be used in estimating a finite population mean, while considering observational errors that may occur during a study.

The Role of Phase Errors Distributions in Phased Array Systems Operations

A comprehensive study on the role of the phase errors distribution on the performances of the phased array systems has been led using a complete and behavioral model for radiation-pattern characteristics. The used model has many input parameters and it has a lot of features, such as parameters simulations with results analysis, unconventional two-dimensional color graph representation capability in order to show more clearly the results. The results of the study have been discussed and reported. The main achievement of this work is the demonstration that the RMS phase error is a valuable figure of merit of phased array systems but it is not sufficient to completely describe the behavior of a real system. Indeed, this work has shown how the phase errors distribution actually affects the performances of the phased arrays antennas.

A Combined Antenna Array Deployment with High Positioning Accuracy and Low Angular Measurement Error

In this paper,an antenna array composed of circular array and orthogonal linear array is proposed by using the design of long and short baseline“orthogonal linear array”and the circular array ambiguity resolution design of multi-group baseline clustering.The effectiveness of the antenna array in this paper is verified by sufficient simulation and experiment.After the system deviation correction work,it is found that in the L/S/C/X frequency bands,the ambiguity resolution probability is high,and the phase difference system error between each channel is basically the same.The angle measurement error is less than 0.5°,and the positioning error is less than 2.5 km.Notably,as the center frequency increases,calibration consistency improves,and the calibration frequency points become applicable over a wider frequency range.At a center frequency of 11.5 GHz,the calibration frequency point bandwidth extends to 1200 MHz.This combined antenna array deployment holds significant promise for a wide range of applications in contemporary wireless communication systems.

DOA estimation for mixed signals with gain-phase error array

Most of the direction of arrival(DOA) estimation methods often need the exact array manifold, but in actual applications,the gain and phase of the channels are usually inconsistent, which will cause the estimation invalid. A novel direction finding approach for mixed far-field and near-field signals with gain-phase error array is provided. Based on simplifying the space spectrum function by matrix transformation, DOA of far-field signals is obtained. Consequently, errors of the array are acquired according to the orthogonality of far-field signal subspace and noise subspace.Finally, DOA of near-field signals can be estimated. The method merely needs one-dimensional spectrum searching, so as to improve the computational efficiency on the premise of ensuring a certain accuracy, simulation results manifest the effectiveness of the method.

A NEW ALGORITHM FOR ELIMINATING PHASE-SHIFT ERROR IN PHASE SHIFTING INTERFEROMETRY

The effect of phaseshift error in phase shifting interferometry is investigated. A new algorithm with two sets of 4 samples for eliminating phase shift error is presented. The computer simulation and experiment result show that the phase shift offset should be π when the algorithm is used, and this algorithm has gotten better result than the original 4 sample algorithm.

Analysis of electrical performances of planar active phased array antennas with distorted array plane

The influence of the distorted plane of the active phased array antenna on the electromagnetic performance is of great significance to the research on and development of the high-performance antennas. On the bent and bowl-shape distortion, the model is established of the relationship between the electromagnetic performance and the position error of the radiated elements. The method is presented of analyzing the far-field pattern of the distorted rectangular active phased array antenna. The analysis results of a planar phased array antenna with different distortions grades prove the validity of the model. Therefore, by the method, the antenna designers may set the reasonable requirement on the structural tolerance in manufacturing antenna.

Extended Range(10–30 Days) Heavy Rain Forecasting Study Based on a Nonlinear Cross-Prediction Error Model

Extended range （10-30 d） heavy rain forecasting is difficult but performs an important function in disaster prevention and mitigation. In this paper, a nonlinear cross prediction error （NCPE） algorithm that combines nonlinear dynamics and statistical methods is proposed. The method is based on phase space reconstruction of chaotic single-variable time series of precipitable water and is tested in 100 global cases of heavy rain. First, nonlinear relative dynamic error for local attractor pairs is calculated at different stages of the heavy rain process, after which the local change characteristics of the attractors are analyzed. Second, the eigen-peak is defined as a prediction indicator based on an error threshold of about 1.5, and is then used to analyze the forecasting validity period. The results reveal that the prediction indicator features regarded as eigenpeaks for heavy rain extreme weather are all reflected consistently, without failure, based on the NCPE model; the prediction validity periods for 1-2 d, 3-9 d and 10-30 d are 4, 22 and 74 cases, respectively, without false alarm or omission. The NCPE model developed allows accurate forecasting of heavy rain over an extended range of 10-30 d and has the potential to be used to explore the mechanisms involved in the development of heavy rain according to a segmentation scale. This novel method provides new insights into extended range forecasting and atmospheric predictability, and also allows the creation of multi-variable chaotic extreme weather prediction models based on high spatiotemporal resolution data.

A convenient look-up-table based method for the compensation of non-linear error in digital fringe projection

Although the structured light system that uses digital fringe projection has been widely implemented in three-dimensional surface profile measurement, the measurement system is susceptible to non-linear error. In this work, we propose a convenient look-up-table-based （LUT-based） method to compensate for the non-linear error in captured fringe patterns. Without extra calibration, this LUT-based method completely utilizes the captured fringe pattern by recording the full-field differences. Then, a phase compensation map is established to revise the measured phase. Experimental results demonstrate that this method works effectively.