Isolated Hyperacute T-Waves in West Nile Encephalitis Indicating Atypical Variant of Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Several cardiac outcomes have been reported with West Nile-encephalitis;however, the underlying pathophysiology remains complex. We present a 42-year-old female, with multiple sclerosis, whose neurological symptoms and respiratory decline were finally explained by the diagnosis of West Nile-encephalitis. During her admission, the isolated peaked T-waves indicated the underlying stress-induced cardiomyopathy. The absence of all other causes of hyperacute T-waves, their subsequent resolution with the resolution of infection and improvement in wall motion abnormalities, further supported the association. This case highlights the importance of considering hyperacute T-waves in an approach towards the diagnosis of WNV-encephalitis related atypical variant of stress-induced cardiomyopathy.

Diagnosis of West Nile virus infections:Evaluation of different laboratory methods

BACKGROUND The diagnosis of West Nile virus(WNV)is challenging due to short-term and low-level viremia,flavivirus cross-reactivity,and long immunoglobulin M(IgM)persistence.AIM To evaluate different methods for WNV detection[reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),IgM/IgG antibodies,IgG avidity]in serum,cerebrospinal fluid(CSF),and urine samples of patients with confirmed WNV infection.METHODS The study included patients with confirmed WNV neuroinvasive infection(n=62),asymptomatic WNV seropositive individuals(n=22),and individuals with false-positive WNV IgM antibodies(n=30).WNV RNA was detected using RT-PCR.A commercial ELISA was used to detect WNV IgM/IgG antibodies with confirmation of cross-reactive samples using a virus neutralization test(VNT).IgG-positive samples were tested for IgG avidity.RESULTS The WNV-RNA detection rates were significantly higher in the urine(54.5%)/serum(46.4%)than in CSF(32.2%).According to the sampling time,the WNV-RNA detection rates in urine collected within 7 days/8-14/≥15 days were 29.4/66.6/62.5%(P=0.042).However,these differences were not observed in the CSF.The median RT-PCR cycle threshold values were significantly lower in urine(32.5,IQR=28-34)than in CSF(34.5,IQR=33-36).The frequency of positive WNV IgM and IgG significantly differed according to the sampling time in serum but not in CSF.Positive IgM/IgG antibodies were detected in 84.3/9.3%of serum samples collected within 7 days,100/71.1%of samples collected 8-14,and 100%samples collected after≥15 days.Recent WNV infection was confirmed by low/borderline avidity index(AI)in 13.6%of asymptomatic individuals.A correlation between ELISA and AI was strong negative for IgM and strong positive for IgG.No significant correlation between ELISA IgG and VNT was found.CONCLUSION The frequency of WNV RNA and antibody detection depends on the sampling time and type of clinical samples.IgG avidity could differentiate recent WNV infections from long-persisting IgM antibodies.

Controlled drainage in the Nile River delta of Egypt:a promising approach for decreasing drainage off-site effects and enhancing yield and water use efficiency of wheat

North Africa is one of the most regions impacted by water shortage.The implementation of controlled drainage(CD)in the northern Nile River delta of Egypt is one strategy to decrease irrigation,thus alleviating the negative impact of water shortage.This study investigated the impacts of CD at different levels on drainage outflow,water table level,nitrate loss,grain yield,and water use efficiency(WUE)of various wheat cultivars.Two levels of CD,i.e.,0.4 m below the soil surface(CD-0.4)and 0.8 m below the soil surface(CD-0.8),were compared with subsurface free drainage(SFD)at 1.2 m below the soil surface(SFD-1.2).Under each drainage treatment,four wheat cultivars were grown for two growing seasons(November 2018–April 2019 and November 2019–April 2020).Compared with SFD-1.2,CD-0.4 and CD-0.8 decreased irrigation water by 42.0%and 19.9%,drainage outflow by 40.3%and 27.3%,and nitrate loss by 35.3%and 20.8%,respectively.Under CD treatments,plants absorbed a significant portion of their evapotranspiration from shallow groundwater(22.0%and 8.0%for CD-0.4 and CD-0.8,respectively).All wheat cultivars positively responded to CD treatments,and the highest grain yield and straw yield were obtained under CD-0.4 treatment.Using the initial soil salinity as a reference,the soil salinity under CD-0.4 treatment increased two-fold by the end of the second growing season without negative impacts on wheat yield.Modifying the drainage system by raising the outlet elevation and considering shallow groundwater contribution to crop evapotranspiration promoted water-saving and WUE.Different responses could be obtained based on the different plant tolerance to salinity and water stress,crop characteristics,and growth stage.Site-specific soil salinity management practices will be required to avoid soil salinization due to the adoption of long-term shallow groundwater in Egypt and other similar agroecosystems.

RAPD-SCAR Markers for Genetically Improved NEW GIFT Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus niloticus L.) and Their Application in Strain Identification

The NEW GIFT Nile tilapia （Oreochromis niloticus niloticus L.） is a nationally certificated new strain selected over 14 years and 9 generations from the base strain of GIFT Nile tilapia, introduced in 1994. This new variety has been extended in most of areas of China. The management of genetically improved strains, including the genetic markers for identification is needed urgently. RAPD analysis was conducted and their conversion to SCAR markers was developed. From NEW GIFT Nile tilapia, two strain-specific RAPD bands, S304624 bp and S36568 bp were identified. The strain-specific RAPD bands were gel-purified, cloned, and sequenced. Locus-specific primers were then designed to amplify the strain-specific bands. PCR amplification was conducted to test the variations in allele frequencies of two converted SCAR markers among the NEW GIFT Nile tilapia and its base strains, as well as 7 additional farmed strains worldwide. The frequency of SCAR marker Ⅰ （553 bp） was 85.7% in NEW GIFT Nile tilapia, but 16.7% in the base strain. The frequency of SCAR marker Ⅱ （558 bp） was 91.4% in NEW GIFT Nile tilapia, but 0% 70% in the 7 other strains. In order to confirm the utility of these two markers, an examination was conducted for a wild population from Egypt, resulted the frequency of SCAR Ⅰ and Ⅱ was 10% and 70%, respectively, much lower than that of New GIFT strain. The increase in allele frequency of these two SCAR markers suggests that these markers might be genetically linked to the quantitative trait loci （QTL） underlining the performance traits by long term selection, and indicate the bright potential of SCAR marker technology for tracking generations during selection progress and for distinguishing among genetically improved strain and other strains.

罗非鱼戴维斯黄杆菌实时定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

戴维斯黄杆菌(Flavobacterium davisii)是柱形病病原之一,严重影响罗非鱼养殖产业.为了实现对其快速和准确的诊断,本研究以TonB基因为靶基因构建了重组质粒,建立了戴维斯黄杆菌的实时定量PCR检测方法,并将其应用到罗非鱼感染戴维斯黄杆菌后的载菌量测定研究.结果表明:特异性引物TonB-F/R与不同基因型的黄杆菌及罗非鱼其他常见病原无交叉反应,所建立的绝对定量检测方法是常规PCR检测方法灵敏度的100倍,其重复性和稳定性良好;罗非鱼感染戴维斯黄杆菌后其鳃组织载菌量显著高于其他组织,符合该疾病的侵染特点.综上所述,该实时定量PCR检测方法具有快速、高灵敏度和强特异性等优势,可准确评估戴维斯黄杆菌的感染程度,对柱形病的预防具有重要价值.

饥饿胁迫下罗非鱼下丘脑转录组研究

有鉴于鱼类摄食调控具明显种属差异性,为解析吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)食欲调控机制,本研究采用RNA-Seq测序技术,通过对罗非鱼禁饲3 d和6 d以模拟长短期饥饿胁迫压力,针对其下丘脑组织进行转录组分析.发现饥饿胁迫下多个基因差异表达,针对这些基因的聚类分析、KEGG分析、GO分析以及蛋白互作分析支持罗非鱼黑皮质素系统参与罗非鱼下丘脑食欲的核心调控,此外,多个下丘脑核心调控因子包括食欲肽,促生长激素神经肽等在饥饿胁迫下差异表达,共同参与罗非鱼摄食调控.以上分析结果初步解析了罗非鱼饥饿胁迫下下丘脑差异基因表达图谱.

2000—2020年白尼罗河上游地区植被动态及其驱动因子

[目的]明确21世纪白尼罗河上游的植被动态及变化的驱动因子,为该区域生产活动、环境政策的制定与调整提供科学指导。[方法]以白尼罗河上游地区为研究区,基于降水、温度和人口数据,利用趋势分析、偏相关分析及残差趋势法确定了该地区2000—2020年植被(NDVI)变化特征及其主导因子的空间差异。[结果]白尼罗河上游地区NDVI平均以0.105/10 a的速率上升,且温度变化对于NDVI的影响强于降雨;人类活动总体对植被造成负面影响,但是这一负面影响的趋势正在逐渐减弱;在5种土地类型中,灌木地的植被为气候变化及人类活动变化背景下最为脆弱的(所受正面影响小,负面影响大);流域内15.01%陆地范围植被变化主要受人类活动主导,另外84.99%受气候变化主导。[结论]虽然流域内整体植被呈现增长趋势,但是个别地区植被发生了严重退化,尤其是城镇的扩张以及农田开垦的扰动对植被造成了破坏,当地在寻求增加粮食产量及旅游业收入的前提下应当做好植被的监测与管理工作。

人工养殖对尼罗罗非鱼肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在研究人工养殖对尼罗罗非鱼肠道菌群的影响。研究采用16S rDNA测序方法对野生(YS)和人工养殖(YZ)尼罗罗非鱼的肠道内容物进行测序,分析比较两者肠道菌群生物丰富度及多样性差异。结果表明,在野生环境下,尼罗罗非鱼肠道中Actinobacteriota、Proteobacteria和Firmicutes为主要优势菌群;在人工养殖环境下,Actinobacteriota、Proteobacteria和Cyanobacteria为主要优势菌群。肠道菌群多样性的分析表明,YZ组群落多样性指数低于YS组(P<0.05)。门水平上,YZ组的Proteobacteria、Acidobacteriota、Bacteroidota和NB1-j菌门低于YS组(P<0.01或P<0.05),Cyanobacteria、Dependentiae高于YS组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。属水平上,YZ组的norank_f_norank_o_Chloroplast、 Mycobacterium、 Paeniclostridium、 IMCC26207、 Methylocystis和Conexibacter菌属高于YS组(P<0.01),Exiguobacterium、norank_f_Steroidobacteraceae、norank_f_SC-I-84菌属低于YS组(P<0.01)。Spearman相关分析结果表明,在门分类水平上,环境因子对不同分组样本中物种数据分布的影响排序为pH值>NH_(4)-N>NO_(2)-N>O>PO_(4)-P。在属分类水平上,环境因子对不同分组样本中物种数据分布的影响程度排序为NO_(2)-N>NH_(4)-N>pH值>O>PO_(4)-P。研究表明,人工养殖会改变尼罗罗非鱼的肠道菌群,有助于解释肠道菌群对养殖和野生环境下尼罗罗非鱼健康和生长的影响。

鱼富脂胃肠道中微塑料检测

为建立富含脂质的生物样本中微塑料的检测方法,以鱼胃肠道为研究对象,选取不同粒径(10-100μm、100-500μm、500-1000μm和1-5 mm)、不同密度(ρ<1.15 g·cm^(-3)、ρ>1.3 g·cm^(-3))的6种微塑料为验证对象,对传统KOH消解法中回收率低、皂化反应干扰、计数不准确等问题进行优化.结果表明,分液漏斗双密度浮选法能有效减少微塑料损失和降低泥沙等干扰,回收率达91%-100%;100℃热水和乙醇联用对皂化反应产生的肥皂的去除效率达98%±1.08%,生物样品的消解效率达99%±0.56%;尼罗红(Nile Red,NR)染色后,不同类型微塑料在不同滤光片下能观察到明显的荧光;除部分聚酰胺(PA)微塑料部分颜色变黄,该方法对PA、聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)的红外光谱和羰基指数(carbonyl index,CI)无明显影响;实际样本应用表明,该方法对不同河段、不同种类的野生鱼类样本的消解率达97%-100%,对微塑料的检出率(84.70%)显著高于传统的体视显微镜镜检法(54.64%).

基于CRISPR/Cas9系统建立新吉富罗非鱼双等位基因敲除技术——以SLC24A5基因为例

目前,簇状规则间隔短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat,CRISPR)相关蛋白Cas9系统(CRISPR/Cas9)已经成为提高真核生物基因组编辑效率的主要技术。然而,对于像罗非鱼这样繁殖周期较长的物种,CRISPR/Cas9技术由于低纯合效率,在进行大规模遗传筛选研究时面临一定的困难。为了解决这一问题,以罗非鱼为模型,以SLC24A5基因为例,开发了一种高效的CRISPR/Cas9方法,能够在注射的胚胎中以相对稳定的概率直接实现F_(0)代的双等位基因敲除。具体而言,采用两个高效的gRNA进行混合,Cas9蛋白的浓度为800 ng·μL^(-1),Cas9蛋白与gRNA的质量比例为4:1,注射剂量控制在1 nL,即800 pg的Cas9蛋白和200 pg的gRNA。这一敲除技术使得在新吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)的F_(0)代注射胚胎中,能够直接产生表型外显率(Lv.1、Lv.2、Lv.3和Lv.4)为71%的个体,其中显著表型外显率(Lv.1和Lv.2)为17%。这一技术突破为罗非鱼的遗传筛选提供了便利和高效的手段。

Anti-Diabetic Activity of an Extract of Syzygium Jambolanum - A Review

Syzygium jambolanum is a promising natural treatment for diabetes.The potential benefits of S jambolanum for diabetes include lowering blood sugar levels,increasing insulin sensitivity,protecting pancreatic beta cells,and slowing the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream.The anti-diabetic activity of the crude extract of S jambolanum was evaluated in L6 myotubes and the lipid deposition in tissue was measured using Nile red Staining.Nile red staining confirmed that a considerable quantity of lipids had been deposited in the tissue treated with a crude extract of S jambolanum,comparable to the quantity of lipids deposited with a standard drug known as Rosiglitazone.This study analyzed the anti-diabetic activity of a crude extract of S jambolanum to understand its potential as a feedstock for extracting bioactive constituents to screen for bioactive molecules in the treatment of diabetes.

薰衣草非特异性脂质转移蛋白基因nsLTP2-1和nsLTP2-2的克隆与功能分析

非特异性脂质转移蛋白(nsLTP,non-specific lipid transfer proteins)在植物脂质转运和分泌中发挥重要作用。本研究从薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia)中克隆到2个II型nsLTP基因,命名为nsLTP2-1和nsLTP2-2,并对其进行功能分析。生信分析表明,nsLTP2-1和ns LTP2-2分别编码119个和117个氨基酸,具有脂转移蛋白(LTP,lipid transfer proteins)保守结构域和8个高度保守的半胱氨酸残基;系统进化分析显示它们处于两个分支,与同科的紫苏(Perilla frutescens)相似性最高。基因表达分析显示2个基因均在花蕾中高表达,在叶片、茎和花瓣中几乎不表达,在花萼中的表达存在差异,nsLTP2-1和nsLTP2-2分别在成熟花萼和幼嫩花萼中表达量更高;2个基因在花蕾和叶片中的表达均受到强光诱导,且在花蕾中的表达均受脱落酸诱导,而叶片中nsLTP2-1和nsLTP2-2的表达分别受茉莉酸甲酯和乙烯诱导。亚细胞定位显示2个nsLTPs均定位在细胞膜和细胞壁上,可能与次生代谢物的转运有关。过表达nsLTP2-1和nsLTP2-2烟草叶片经尼罗红染色后,经485~543 nm激发光激发,叶片腺毛头部的荧光显示多于野生型,说明本研究中的nsLTPs可能在脂类的合成和转运中起重要作用。这些结果为明确薰衣草脂转移蛋白在脂类及萜类转运中的功能研究提供了参考。

宿主具有Logistic增长的西尼罗河病毒模型动力学形态分析

建立了媒介具有指数出生率以及宿主具有Logistic增长的西尼罗河病毒传染病模型,求出了模型的基本再生数,讨论了平衡点的存在性,即当基本再生数小于1时,系统有两个正平衡点或者没有正平衡点;当基本再生数大于1时,系统存在一个正平衡点或者三个正平衡点.验证了无病平衡点的稳定性.

新型Nile blue材料对多种客体上潜在手印显现研究

尼罗蓝类化合物是灵敏度高、生物毒性较低的吩恶嗪类荧光试剂。从尼罗蓝A(Nile blue A)的光学性能入手,考察了Nile blue A显现潜在手印时的最佳适用条件及在不同客体上的显现效果。通过连续捺印显现实验进一步探究了该方法的灵敏度和对陈旧性手印的显现能力。实验结果证实,该方法在潜在手印显现时具有较高的显现灵敏度和广泛的客体适用性,在Nile blue A质量浓度为0.03mg/mL时达到最佳,其显现手印具有显色和荧光双重效果,能够适用于大多数渗透性与非渗透性客体表面潜在手印显现,甚至对于潮湿及复杂背景客体仍具有良好的效果,为犯罪现场潜在手印的显现提供了更有效的方法。

Water Quality Assessment of the River Nile System:An Overview

Objectives The main objective of the present article is to assess and evaluate the characteristics of the Nile water system , and identify the major sources of pollution and its environmental and health consequences. The article is also aimed to highlight the importance of water management via re-use and recycle of treated effluents for industrial purpose and for cultivation of desert land. Method An intensive effort was made by the authors to collect, assess and compile the available data about the River Nile. Physico-chemical analyses were conducted to check the validity of the collected data. For the determination of micro-pollutants, Gas Chromatography (GC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were used. Heavy metals were also determined to investigate the level of industrial pollution in the river system. Results The available data revealed that the river receives a large quantity of industrial, agriculture and domestic wastewater. It is worth mentioning that the river is still able to recover in virtually all the locations, with very little exception. This is due to the high dilution ratio. The collected data confirmed the presence of high concentrations of chromium and manganese in all sediment samples. The residues of organo-chlorine insecticides were detected in virtually all locations. However, the levels of such residues are usually below the limit set by the WHO for use as drinking water. The most polluted lakes are Lake Maryut and Lake Manzala. Groundwater pollution is closely related to adjacent (polluted) surface waters. High concentrations of nutrients, E.coli, sulfur, heavy metals, etc. have been observed in the shallow groundwater, largely surpassing WHO standards for drinking water use. Conclusion A regular and continuous monitoring scheme shall be developed for the River Nile system. The environmental law shall be enforced to prohibit the discharge of wastewater (agricultural, domestic or industrial) to River Nile system.

SWOT Analysis and Challenges of Nile Basin Initiative:An Integrated Water Resource Management Perspective

River Nile is one of the longest transboundery rivers and it is shared and used by Burundi,Democratic Republic of Congo,Egypt,Ethiopia,Eritrea,Kenya,Rwanda,Sudan,Tanzania and Uganda.As of today,the Nile is a crucial resource for the economic development of the Nile Basin countries and a vital source of livelihood for 160 million inhabitants as well as 300 million people living in the 10 riparian countries.The Nile Basin Initiative(NBI) is one of the international cooperative river basin management program and regional partnership where all the Nile Basin countries except Eritrea unite to pursue long-term sustainable development,improved land use practices and management.This review therefore focused on the challenges not faced on NBI in terms of integrated use of the river and conducted analysis of strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats(SWOT) based on secondary data.The result of the review revealed that for decades,the Nile Basin people have been facing many complex environmental,social,economic and political challenges that have made it difficult for the proper management and sustainability of Nile water.The initiative provides training to develop skills in government ministries,non-governmental organizations and local communities in each country.It is also working to raise awareness of critical environmental issues by strengthening networks of environmental education practitioners;developing curriculum in the education sector.The challenges of NBI include the involvement and funding of World Bank,lack of sufficient staff,procedural and policies conflicts,lack of coordination and linkage with other regional institutions and lack of recognition as river basin organization.Considering the complex nature of the project,it is recommended that the NBI should come up with a strong multi-disciplinary monitoring and evaluation team to follow up all implemented projects.The NBI should carry out participatory land use planning in communities along the river basin.Moreover,livelihood analysis should be carried out especially in communities along the Nile to come up with poverty eradication projects which are socially acceptable,applicable,economically viable and affordable.

Water Quality and Heavy Metal Monitoring in Water, Sediments, and Tissues of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) from the River Nile, Egypt

Water quality of the river Nile and trace elements of the water, sediments and fish tissues were investigated in the current work. Eighteen different sampling points were selected along the whole course of the River Nile from its spring at Aswan to its estuaries at Rosetta and Damietta. Higher mean value of conductivity, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3), total solid (TS), sulphate (SO4), chloride (Cl), orthophosphate were recorded in the water of Damietta and Rosetta branches comparing to other sites. Also trace metals in the water, sediments and tissues of Clarias gariepinus increased significantly (P Fe > Cu > Pb > Mn > Cr> Cd > Hg. In the gill tissues theses metals were accumulated in the following order Fe > Zn > Mn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Cd> Hg. The low accumulation of metals in muscle may be due to lack of binding affinity of these metals with the proteins of muscle. This is particularly important because muscles contribute the greatest mass of the flesh that is consumed as food.

Application of Artificial Neural Networks for the Prediction of Water Quality Variables in the Nile Delta

The quality of a water body is usually characterized by sets of physical, chemical, and biological parameters, which are mutually interrelated. Since August 1997, monthly records of 33 parameters, monitored at 102 locations on the Nile Delta drainage system, are stored in a National Database operated by the Drainage Research Institute (DRI). Correlation patterns may be found between water quantity and water quality parameters at the same location, or among water quality parameters within a monitoring location or among locations. Serial correlation is also detected in water quality variables. Through the investigation of the level of information redundancy, assessment and redesign of water quality monitoring network aim to improve the overall network efficiency and cost effectiveness. In this study, the potential of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) on simulating interrelation between water quality parameters is examined. Several ANN inputs, structures and training possibilities are assessed and the best ANN model and modeling procedure is selected. The prediction capabilities of the ANN are compared with the linear regression models with autocorrelated residuals, usually used for this purpose. It is concluded that the ANN models are more accurate than the linear regression models having the same inputs and output.

Effect of dietary genistein on growth performance,digestive enzyme activity,and body composition of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

An 8-week feeding experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary genistein on growth performance,body composition,and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated containing four graded supplements of genistein:0,30,300,and 3 000 μg/g.Each diet was randomly assigned in triplicate to tanks stocked with 15 juvenile tilapia(10.47±1.24 g).The results show that 30 and 300 μg/gdietary genistein had no significant effect on growth performance of Nile tilapia,but the higher level of genistein(3 000 μg/g)significantly depressed the final body weight and specific growth rate.There was no significant difference in survival rate,feed intake,feed efficiency ratio or whole body composition among all dietary treatments.An assay of digestive enzymes showed that the diet containing 3 000 μg/ggenistein decreased stomach and hepatopancreas protease activity,and amylase activity in the liver and intestine,while a dietary level of300 μg/g genistein depressed stomach protease and intestine amylase activities.However,no significant difference in stomach amylase activity was found among dietary treatments.Overall,the results of the present study indicate that a high level of dietary genistein(3 000 μg/g,or above) would significantly reduce the growth of Nile tilapia,partly because of its inhibitory effect on the activity of major digestive enzymes.Accordingly,the detrimental effects of genistein,as found in soybean products,should not be ignored when applied as an alternative ingredient source in aquaculture.

Induction of testis-ova in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to 17β-estradiol

The efficacy of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs), 17β-estradiol was tested on the fish Oreochromis niloticus in order to understand the intersex relationship of fish, in which sequential hermaphrodism can consist of a male changing into a female (protandry) or a female changing into a male (protogyny). The fish were equally divided into 3 groups. The first group was the control group;the second and third groups were treated with 10 and 100 mg L-1 of 17β-estradiol, respectively, for 30 days. The overall result in this experiment had no significant effect on the growth parameters. Among the two treated groups, the low concentration group shows results similar to those of the control groups. The high concentration group shows changes to the male reproductive system with the appearance of the testis-ova present resulting in an intersex condition of the male gonads. With this experiment, it can be concluded that 17β-estradiol at high concentration reveals positive changes towards the male reproductive system of the fish, Oreochromis niloticus.