With the global rise of industries of the new-generation information technology, energy conservation and environmental protection, biotechnology, high-end manufacturing, new materials and clean-energy vehicles, tradit...With the global rise of industries of the new-generation information technology, energy conservation and environmental protection, biotechnology, high-end manufacturing, new materials and clean-energy vehicles, traditional metal materials cannot meet the functional requirements. Consequently, "three rare mineral resources", regarded as the best altemative for current and future new industries, have received much attention among industrial circles and have become a new focus during the present geological prospecting in China.展开更多
As non-renewable natural resources, rare minerals' are extensively used as important raw materials in strategic emerging industries. As global consumption continues to increase over recent years, international compet...As non-renewable natural resources, rare minerals' are extensively used as important raw materials in strategic emerging industries. As global consumption continues to increase over recent years, international competition in the area of rare mineral minerals has been escalating. On the basis' of the identification of 22 rare mineral resources of six categories and analysis of their applications in strategic emerging industries, this paper has adopted a three-factor analytical framework and designed nine indicators from the three dimensions of supply risks, environmental impacts and economic impacts of restricted supply to conduct a quantitative evaluation of the strategic significance of rare mineral resources. The result indicates that the strategic significance of platinum-group metals is the highest and the strategic significance of cesium is the lowest. In order to further increase the reliability of evaluation results, this paper has employed the Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty analysis'. Simulation result demonstrates that after the impacts" of individual indicators have been taken into account, the results' of this paper's evaluation of 22 rare mineral resources remain valid. Given the growing significance of rare mineral resources to strategic emerging industries, China should formulate a national strategy on rare mineral resources', strive to inerease the supply security of key raw materials for strategic emerging industries and achieve the sustainable development and utilization of rare mineral resources for national security of natural resources.展开更多
Peninsular Malaysia is already well known for having rare earth(RE)resources.However,pertinent data and information on upstream RE resources and reserve potential in Malaysia are yet to be established.It is vital to i...Peninsular Malaysia is already well known for having rare earth(RE)resources.However,pertinent data and information on upstream RE resources and reserve potential in Malaysia are yet to be established.It is vital to identify opportunities and challenges for value addition to rare earth elements(REEs)deposits in Malaysia.Therefore,this study evaluates the potential of Malaysian geological formations to serve as repositories for RE resources,such as rare earth minerals(REMs)and REEs,by elucidating the geological processes that are considered critical to the formation of the various deposit types.This paper concisely reviews possible REE mineralization in alkaline igneous rocks,pegmatites,placer deposits:monazite and xenotime,marine sediments,river and lake sediments,ion adsorption clays(IAC)deposits,and shale/coal deposits found in Malaysia.Comparisons between Malaysian deposits revealed that these deposits are potentially enriched with RE resources showing geological formations across the world.The paper reviews the methods and flowsheets used for the recovery of REMs and REEs from primary,secondary as well as alternative resources,with special consideration to the hydrometallurgical procedures comprising of leaching with acids and alkalis tailed by ion exchange,solvent extraction,or precipitation.The REEs ecosystem of Malaysia has also been discussed by considering the latest information from the Malaysian Investment Development Authority(MIDA),the REEs processing center,the Academy of Science of Malaysia(ASM),the People’s Republic of China(PRC),Lynas Malaysia Sdn.Bhd.(Lynas),Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources(NRECC),Jabatan Mineral&Geosains(JMG),Ministry of Science,Technology,and Innovation(MOSTI),and the Malaysian Chamber of Mines.The information on upstream RE resources and recent hydrometallurgical approaches provided in this study will contribute to developing and enhancing midstream and downstream RE-based manufacturing and processing operations in Malaysia.展开更多
The ion-adsorption rare earth tailings have become a serious environmental pollution in Southern China, yet the potential of their economical value has not been fully exploited. In this work, the chemical and mineral ...The ion-adsorption rare earth tailings have become a serious environmental pollution in Southern China, yet the potential of their economical value has not been fully exploited. In this work, the chemical and mineral compositions of the ion-adsorption rare earth tailings were characterized by Mineral Liberation Analyze (MLA) and XRF. The results show that 91.98 wt% of the tailings are composed of kaolinite and quartz, latter of which was removed by the sieving method. The other minor minerals contain feldspar, biotite, muscovite, titanomagnetite and limonite. Amongst these, the iron-bearing minerals are mostly found in the titanomagnetite and limonite which can be mostly removed by using a periodic high-gradient magnetic separator with a magnetic induction of 0.6 Tesla. The Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content of the tailings changed from 2.11 wt% to 1.06 wt% after the sorting process, which met the Chinese national standard of TC-3 grade raw materials for ceramic industry applications. The Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content in kaolinite was further decreased after Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> treatment.展开更多
According to the notice released by MIIT and the Ministry of Natural Resources, the first batch of rare earth ore mining quotas was 60,000 tons in 2019, of which quotas for ionic type rare earth mineral (mainly medium...According to the notice released by MIIT and the Ministry of Natural Resources, the first batch of rare earth ore mining quotas was 60,000 tons in 2019, of which quotas for ionic type rare earth mineral (mainly medium and heavy rare earth) was 9,575 tons, and quotas for rock type rare earth mineral (mainly light rare earths) was 50,425 tons.展开更多
China's Ministry of Land and Resources released the first batch of rare earth mining quotas in 2017, according to an announcement on the ministry's website. The total mining amount for the first batch is 52,50...China's Ministry of Land and Resources released the first batch of rare earth mining quotas in 2017, according to an announcement on the ministry's website. The total mining amount for the first batch is 52,500 tonnes, equal to the number in 2016. Out of the 52,500 tonnes, there are 43,550 tonnes for light rare earths and 8,950 tonnes for medium and heavy rare earths.展开更多
文摘With the global rise of industries of the new-generation information technology, energy conservation and environmental protection, biotechnology, high-end manufacturing, new materials and clean-energy vehicles, traditional metal materials cannot meet the functional requirements. Consequently, "three rare mineral resources", regarded as the best altemative for current and future new industries, have received much attention among industrial circles and have become a new focus during the present geological prospecting in China.
基金Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(Grant No.SKGJCX2013-04)Key Program of National Social Sciences Foundation of China(Grant No.13&ZD169)Young Scientists Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71203232)
文摘As non-renewable natural resources, rare minerals' are extensively used as important raw materials in strategic emerging industries. As global consumption continues to increase over recent years, international competition in the area of rare mineral minerals has been escalating. On the basis' of the identification of 22 rare mineral resources of six categories and analysis of their applications in strategic emerging industries, this paper has adopted a three-factor analytical framework and designed nine indicators from the three dimensions of supply risks, environmental impacts and economic impacts of restricted supply to conduct a quantitative evaluation of the strategic significance of rare mineral resources. The result indicates that the strategic significance of platinum-group metals is the highest and the strategic significance of cesium is the lowest. In order to further increase the reliability of evaluation results, this paper has employed the Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty analysis'. Simulation result demonstrates that after the impacts" of individual indicators have been taken into account, the results' of this paper's evaluation of 22 rare mineral resources remain valid. Given the growing significance of rare mineral resources to strategic emerging industries, China should formulate a national strategy on rare mineral resources', strive to inerease the supply security of key raw materials for strategic emerging industries and achieve the sustainable development and utilization of rare mineral resources for national security of natural resources.
文摘Peninsular Malaysia is already well known for having rare earth(RE)resources.However,pertinent data and information on upstream RE resources and reserve potential in Malaysia are yet to be established.It is vital to identify opportunities and challenges for value addition to rare earth elements(REEs)deposits in Malaysia.Therefore,this study evaluates the potential of Malaysian geological formations to serve as repositories for RE resources,such as rare earth minerals(REMs)and REEs,by elucidating the geological processes that are considered critical to the formation of the various deposit types.This paper concisely reviews possible REE mineralization in alkaline igneous rocks,pegmatites,placer deposits:monazite and xenotime,marine sediments,river and lake sediments,ion adsorption clays(IAC)deposits,and shale/coal deposits found in Malaysia.Comparisons between Malaysian deposits revealed that these deposits are potentially enriched with RE resources showing geological formations across the world.The paper reviews the methods and flowsheets used for the recovery of REMs and REEs from primary,secondary as well as alternative resources,with special consideration to the hydrometallurgical procedures comprising of leaching with acids and alkalis tailed by ion exchange,solvent extraction,or precipitation.The REEs ecosystem of Malaysia has also been discussed by considering the latest information from the Malaysian Investment Development Authority(MIDA),the REEs processing center,the Academy of Science of Malaysia(ASM),the People’s Republic of China(PRC),Lynas Malaysia Sdn.Bhd.(Lynas),Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources(NRECC),Jabatan Mineral&Geosains(JMG),Ministry of Science,Technology,and Innovation(MOSTI),and the Malaysian Chamber of Mines.The information on upstream RE resources and recent hydrometallurgical approaches provided in this study will contribute to developing and enhancing midstream and downstream RE-based manufacturing and processing operations in Malaysia.
文摘The ion-adsorption rare earth tailings have become a serious environmental pollution in Southern China, yet the potential of their economical value has not been fully exploited. In this work, the chemical and mineral compositions of the ion-adsorption rare earth tailings were characterized by Mineral Liberation Analyze (MLA) and XRF. The results show that 91.98 wt% of the tailings are composed of kaolinite and quartz, latter of which was removed by the sieving method. The other minor minerals contain feldspar, biotite, muscovite, titanomagnetite and limonite. Amongst these, the iron-bearing minerals are mostly found in the titanomagnetite and limonite which can be mostly removed by using a periodic high-gradient magnetic separator with a magnetic induction of 0.6 Tesla. The Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content of the tailings changed from 2.11 wt% to 1.06 wt% after the sorting process, which met the Chinese national standard of TC-3 grade raw materials for ceramic industry applications. The Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content in kaolinite was further decreased after Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> treatment.
文摘According to the notice released by MIIT and the Ministry of Natural Resources, the first batch of rare earth ore mining quotas was 60,000 tons in 2019, of which quotas for ionic type rare earth mineral (mainly medium and heavy rare earth) was 9,575 tons, and quotas for rock type rare earth mineral (mainly light rare earths) was 50,425 tons.
文摘China's Ministry of Land and Resources released the first batch of rare earth mining quotas in 2017, according to an announcement on the ministry's website. The total mining amount for the first batch is 52,500 tonnes, equal to the number in 2016. Out of the 52,500 tonnes, there are 43,550 tonnes for light rare earths and 8,950 tonnes for medium and heavy rare earths.