The clutch size,incubation behavior of Reeves’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii) and their responses to ambient temperature and precipitation

Weather conditions play a pivotal role in embryo development and parental incubation costs,potentially impacting the clutch size and incubation behavior of birds.Understanding these effects is crucial for bird conservation.Reeves’ s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii) is a threatened species endemic to China,which is characterized by female-only incubation.However,there is a lack of information regarding the impact of weather conditions on clutch size and incubation behavior in this species.Using satellite tracking,we tracked 27 wild female Reeves’ s Pheasants from 2020 to 2023 in Hubei Province,China.We explored their clutch size and incubation behavior,as well as their responses to ambient temperature and precipitation.Clutch size averaged 7.75 ±1.36,had an association with average ambient temperature and average daily precipitation during the egglaying period,and was potentially linked to female breeding attempts.Throughout the incubation period,females took an average of 0.73 ±0.46 recesses every 24 h,with an average recess duration of 100.80 ±73.37 min and an average nest attendance of 92.98 ±5.27%.They showed a unimodal recess pattern in which nest departures peaked primarily between 13:00 and 16:00.Furthermore,females rarely left nests when daily precipitation was high.Recess duration and nest attendance were influenced by the interaction between daily mean ambient temperature and daily precipitation,as well as day of incubation.Additionally,there was a positive correlation between clutch size and recess duration.These results contribute valuable insights into the lifehistory features of this endangered species.

Dry environment on the expression of lacrimal gland S100A9,Anxa1,and Clu in rats via proteomics

●AIM:To investigate the underlying mechanism of dry environment(autumn dryness)affecting the lacrimal glands in rats.●METHODS:Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups.The rats were fed in specific pathogen free environment as the control group(n=10),and the rats fed in dry environment as the dryness group(n=10).After 24d,lacrimal glands were collected from the rats.The tissues morphology was observed by hematoxylineosin(HE)staining.Tandem mass tags(TMT)quantitative proteomics analysis technology was used to screen the differential expressed proteins of lacrimal glands between the two groups,then bioinformatics analysis was performed.Further,the immunohistochemical(IHC)method was used to verify the target proteins.●RESULTS:In dryness group,the lacrimal glands lobule atrophied,the glandular cavities enlarged,the sparse nuclear distribution and scattered inflammatory infiltration between the acinus were observed.The proteomics exhibited that a total of 195 up-regulated and 236 downregulated differential expressed proteins screened from the lacrimal glands of rats.It was indicated that the biological processes(BP)of differential expressed proteins mainly included cell processes and single BP.The cellular compositions of differential expressed proteins mainly located in cells,organelles.The molecular functions of differential expressed proteins mainly included binding,catalytic activity.Moreover,the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis showed that the differential expressed proteins mainly involved lysosome,complement and coagulation cascade,and ribosome pathway.The IHC result verified that the up-regulated expression proteins of Protein S100A9(S100A9),Annexin A1(Anxa1),and Clusterin(Clu)in lacrimal glands of rats in dryness group were higher than control group.●CONCLUSION:The up-regulated expression proteins of S100A9,Anxa1,and Clu may be the potential mechanisms of dry eye symptoms caused by dry environment.This study provides clues of dry environments causing eye-related diseases for further studies.

Impact of social isolation and resident intruder stress on aggressive behavior in the male rat

Stress studies frequently utilize physical stressors to establish animal models of stress. In the majority of cases, these models are not consistent with human circumstances. The present study simulated a social isolation plus resident intruder stress model in the rat. The rats were subjected to daily social isolation and resident intruder stress for 2 weeks. Behaviors were then tested. Rats subjected to social stress exhibited different aggressive behavior styles; some rats had greater scores on composite aggression behaviors, as well as locomotor and exploratory activity, but lower scores on latency than others. The high-aggressive group exhibited predominantly anger-out, while the low-aggressive group exhibited anger-in. Results suggest that social isolation plus resident intruder may serve as an appropriate model for anger-in and anger-out emotion modeling in the rat.

Improved sexual behavior in male rats treated with a Chinese herbal extract： hormonal and neuronal implications

Aim： To investigate the influence of an extract obtained from five Chinese medicinal plants on sexual behavior of adult male rats. Methods： The extract was administered at doses of 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg by oral gavage, acutely （one time, 45 min before mating test） or subchronically （daily for 10 days） in sexually potent and sexually sluggish/impotent rats. Sexual behavior, serum levels of luteinizing hormone （LH） and testosterone （T） were evaluated in treated rats and compared with controls receiving vehicle. The effect of the extract on central dopaminergic neurotransmission was assessed in the nucleus accumbens using a microdialysis technique. Results： In sexually potent rats, both acute and subchronic treatment with the extract dosed at 30 and 60 mg/kg reduced mount latency and intromission latency. In sluggish/impotent rats, the acutely administered extract at the dose of 60 mg/kg shortened ejaculation latency, whereas subchronically administered at the doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, reduced mount, intromission and ejaculation latencies, increasing also the percentage of mounting and ejaculating rats. The extract dosed at 60 mg/kg significantly increased LH and T following acute and subchronic administration and increased 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the nucleus accumbens, 30 min after the acute administration. Conclusion： The improvement in both appetitive and consummatory components of sexual behavior observed in male rats treated with the extract could be ascribed to increased serum T level in parallel with the activation of the central dopaminergic system.

Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of wild adult rats from nine district areas in Hainan,China

BACKGROUND Wild rats have the potential to hold zoonotic infectious agents that can spread to humans and cause disease.AIM To better understand the composition of gut bacterial communities in rats is essential for preventing and treating such diseases.As a tropical island located in the south of China,Hainan province has abundant rat species.Here,we examined the gut bacterial composition in wild adult rats from Hainan province.METHODS Fresh fecal samples were collected from 162 wild adult rats,including three species(Rattus norvegicus,Leopoldamys edwardsi,and Rattus losea),from nine regions of Hainan province between 2017-2018.RESULTS We analyzed the composition of gut microbiota using the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.We identified 4903 bacterial operational taxonomic units(30 phyla,175 families,and 498 genera),which vary between samples of different rat species in various habitats at various times of the year.In general,Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla,followed by Bacteroidetes(15.55%),Proteobacteria(6.13%),and Actinobacteria(4.02%).The genus Lactobacillus(20.08%),unidentified_Clostridiales(5.16%),Romboutsia(4.33%),unidentified_Ruminococcaceae(3.83%),Bacteroides(3.66%),Helicobacter(2.40%)and Streptococcus(2.37%)were dominant.CONCLUSION The composition and abundance of the gut microbial communities varied between rat species and locations.This work provides fundamental information to identify microbial communities useful for disease control in Hainan province.

GREEN'S FUNCTION AND THE POINTWISE BEHAVIORS OF THE VLASOV-POISSON-FOKKER-PLANCK SYSTEM

The pointwise space-time behaviors of the Green’s function and the global solution to the Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck(VPFP)system in three dimensional space are studied in this paper.It is shown that the Green’s function consists of the diffusion waves decaying exponentially in time but algebraically in space,and the singular kinetic waves which become smooth for all(t,x,v)when t>0.Furthermore,we establish the pointwise space-time behaviors of the global solution to the nonlinear VPFP system when the initial data is not necessarily smooth in terms of the Green’s function.

Combined acupuncture and HuangDiSan treatment affects behavior and synaptophysin levels in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 after neural stem cell transplantation

Sanjiao acupuncture and HuangDiSan can promote the proliferation, migration and differentiation of exogenous neural stem cells in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 （SAMP8） mice and can improve learning and memory impairment and behavioral function in dementia-model mice. Thus, we sought to determine whether Sanjiao acupuncture and HuangDiSan can elevate the effect of neural stem cell transplantation in Alzheimer’s disease model mice. Sanjiao acupuncture was used to stimulate Danzhong （CV17）, Zhongwan （CV12）,Qihai （CV6）, bilateral Xuehai （SP10） and bilateral Zusanli （ST36） 15 days before and after implantation of neural stem cells （5 × 10^5） into the hippocampal dentate gyrus of SAMP8 mice. Simultaneously, 0.2 mL HuangDiSan, containing Rehmannia Root and Chinese Angelica,was intragastrically administered. Our results demonstrated that compared with mice undergoing neural stem cell transplantation alone,learning ability was significantly improved and synaptophysin mRNA and protein levels were greatly increased in the hippocampus of mice undergoing both Sanjiao acupuncture and intragastric administration of HuangDiSan. We conclude that the combination of Sanjiao acupuncture and HuangDiSan can effectively improve dementia symptoms in mice, and the mechanism of this action might be related to the regulation of synaptophysin expression.

Effect of Chronic Aluminum Administration on Affective and Cognitive Behavior in Male and Female Rats

In this study, we investigated the effect of chronic exposure of low doses of Aluminum on affective and cognitive disorders in male and female rats. Twenty-five rats for each gender are used and the treatment carried out for 8 weeks. Animals received distilled water for control or an intraperitoneal injection of different doses of Aluminum: 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg. Behavioral performance is measured in various tests mainly the Open Field, Elevated Plus Maze, Force Swimming Test, Morris Water Maze, Y-maze and Object Recognition Test. Al exerts anxiogenic properties and depressive effect. The effect begins at 0.25 mg/kg to reach a maximum at 1 mg/kg. In addition, chronic exposure to Aluminum causes cognitive disorders characterized by affection of memory and influence spatial learning performance. The effect of Aluminum on working memory is effective just at 1 mg/kg, while the effect on spatial learning performance begins at 0.25 mg/kg to reach a maximum at 1 mg/kg. In conclusion, Aluminum enhances anxiety and depression parameters and cognitive disorders characterized by the affection of memory and spatial learning performance.

Establishment of model of visceral pain due to colorectal distension and its behavioral assessment in rats

瞄准：证实内脏的疼痛经由颜色为表面的扩张(CRD ) 建模并且由在老鼠测量腹的屈肌反射(AWR ) 的分数评估 CRD 的行为的回答的效率。方法：称 180-240 g 的 38 只男 SD 老鼠被用来建立内脏的疼痛模型。老鼠与 7 厘米 intra-anally 被插入在醚麻醉下面的长灵活的乳胶汽球，和由与空气使汽球膨胀的表面的扩张在从麻醉恢复以后被成为 30 min 的颜色。五个 AWR 分数(到 AWR4 的 AWR0 ) 被用来估计有害内脏的刺激的紧张。它被认为是最低压(kPa ) 的阀值。因为腹的 flatting 被颜色导致表面的扩张。结果：到下降冒号和直肠的扩张的精力旺盛的 AWR 在 100% 被发现醒着测试的老鼠。越高扩张的压力，越 higher AWR 的分数。0， 2.00， 3.33， 5.33 和 8.00 kPa 的扩张压力生产了不同 AWR 分数(P【0.05 ) 。AWR 的痛觉阈为在起始的终结(第一 1-3 扩张) 以后的多达 80 min 是不变的，吝啬的阀值是 3.69+/-0.35 kPa。吗啡硫酸盐的全身的管理在一个剂量依赖者和 naloxone 提高了内脏的疼痛的阀值可逆举止。结论：在表面的扩张能估计的颜色期间获得 AWR 有害内脏的刺激的紧张。到内脏的痛觉阈清楚、不变、可靠的 CRD 的腹部(AWR 3 ) 的 Flatting。这个疼痛模型和它的行为的评价对关于内脏的疼痛和止痛剂的研究好。

Characterization of Unsaturated Polyester Filled with Waste Coconut Shells, Walnut Shells, and Carbon Fibers

This study aims to evaluate the erosion behavior and the hardness of hybrid composites made of varying amounts of coconut shells,walnut shells,and carbonfibers dispersed in a polyester matrix.MINITAB(L16)Taguchi experiments were used to determine the optimal combination of parameters.In particular,an erosion device con-sisting of a motor with a constantflow rate of 45 L/min,a pump with a diameter of 40 mm,a nozzle with a dia-meter of 5 mm,and a tank made of“perspex glass”55 cm long,30 cm tall,and 25 cm wide was used.The tests were conducted by varying the sample-to-nozzle distance,the pattern angle,and the sand particle size.The results have revealed that the presence of 7.5%by weight of waste coconut shell,for conditions corresponding to 90°angle,sand size 425μm,stand distance 30 cm,gives the best wear resistance(3.04×10^(-5) g/g).Thefiller content and sand particle size affect the erosive rate,with the angle playing a secondary role.The distance between the sample and the nozzle has a weaker effect on erosive wear.The hardness results show that the models(UP-5%carbonfiber-2.5-3.5-4.5-5.5-6.5-7.5 wt.%waste coconut shell)give the best values for prayer compared to the samples(UP-5 wt.%carbonfiber-2.5-3.5-4.5-5.5-6.5-7.5 wt.%waste walnut shell).

热处理对电沉积Ni-S合金微观组织和析氢性能的影响

电解水制氢是目前最有望替代矿石燃料制氢的技术,低成本且高效的析氢电极是限制电解水制氢大规模应用的瓶颈问题,而Ni-S合金具有易制备和高活性等优点,作为电解水的阴极材料具有极大的潜力。通过电沉积法在泡沫镍表面制备了非晶Ni-S合金,研究了Ni-S合金的晶化行为对其析氢性能的影响,热处理促使非晶Ni-S合金镀层再结晶转变为以Ni_(3)S_(2)和Ni为主的结晶层,电化学分析结果表明热处理减少非晶Ni-S合金镀层的析氢活性位点,增大氢气从Ni-S合金表面脱附难度,显著削弱Ni-S/NF电极的电化学析氢性能。

SAMP8小鼠在中医药抗痴呆中的应用研究进展

快速老化小鼠是一种早期学习记忆障碍模型,因其表现出阿尔茨海默病发病机制的大多数特征,包括抗衰老因子的异常表达、炎症因子的过度升高、淀粉样蛋白沉积、tau蛋白过度磷酸化、线粒体自噬、血脑屏障损伤的中枢机制以及多系统多器官的病理损伤,因而成为阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)研究的理想模型而广泛应用。随着AD机制实验研究的不断深入,发现SAMP8小鼠在行为活动、组织病理及生化参数指标上相较于SAMR1发生明显变化,并与人体疾病相类似。基于此,本文对SAMP8小鼠的行为学、组织病理和中医药实验研究进行了系统综述,加深对SAMP8小鼠的认识,了解其生理病理特性,并依据中医药实验研究对其中医证型进行推测,以期对SAMP8小鼠的科学应用提供有益帮助。

916 MHz electromagnetic field exposure affects rat behavior and hippocampal neuronal discharge

Wistar rats were exposed to a 916 MHz, 10 W/m2 mobile phone electromagnetic field for 6 hours a day 5 days a week. Average completion times in an eight-arm radial maze were longer in the exposed rats than control rats after 4-5 weeks of exposure. Error rates in the exposed rats were greater than the control rats at 6 weeks. Hippocampal neurons from the exposed rats showed irregular firing patterns during the experiment, and they exhibited decreased spiking activity 6-9 weeks compared with that after 2 5 weeks of exposure. These results indicate that 916 MHz electromagnetic fields influence leaming and memory in rats during exposure, but long-term effects are not obvious.

Social Deprivation of Newborn Rats Modifies Exploratory and Defensive Behavior at Mature Age

The effect of complete social deprivation in early postnatal ontogenesis on adult behavior in Wag/Rij rats with a genetic predisposition to the development of absence epilepsy was studied. From the 2nd to the 8th day of life, a 3-hour daily isolation of the pups from the mother and siblings was performed, the control animals were handled. In adulthood, offspring behavior was tested in an elevated plus-maze, an open field, and for an ability to learn the conditioned reflex of active avoidance. In isolated earlier rats, an increase in emotional reactivity, exploratory behavior in a potentially dangerous space, the speed of learning a conditioned reflex with negative painful reinforcement, and a disturbance of the formation of a defensive reaction were revealed. It is assumed that high emotional reactivity creates the prerequisites for the development of absence epilepsy.

Ethanol Effects on Cortical EEG Correlation and Sexual Behavior in Male Rats

Ethanol affects sexual behavior drastically, as much as its execution as well as its motivation. Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is one of the cortical areas most sensitive to its effects. This prefrontal area participates in the modulation of the cognitive control, and furthermore, by mean of connections with the parietal cortex (PC) plays an important role in the processing of sexually relevant stimuli. Considering that it has been reported that the ethanol affects the proper functioning of these cortical areas, particularly decreasing the degree of electroencephalographic (EEG) coupling or correlation between them, the aim of this study was to characterize the effect of a low dose of ethanol on EEG correlation, as well determining if this effect is associated with impaired sexual behavior in male rats. Nine male rats unilaterally implanted were simultaneously recorded the EEG from the PFC and PC to calculate the degree of EEG synchronization (correlation, r) between both cortices during the first 40 minutes post administration of 0.75 g/kg of ethanol. At the end of the EEG recording, the males were submitted to copulatory behavior with a receptive female rat. The ethanol administration was associated with a decreased intrahemispheric correlation of the fast bands between PFC and PC, as well as with an increased mount and intromission latency. This data showed that ethanol in moderate doses decreased the coupling degree between cortices. It is likely that this functional disconnection between the PFC and PC after the ethanol administration could be associated with the difficulty in discriminating incentive value of the sexual stimuli so that decreased the sexual motivation but not the performance of the copulatory parameters in the male rat.

Does Argan Oil Supplementation Affect Metabolic Parameters and Behavior in Wistar Rats?

Argan oil is renowned for its particular biochemical profile: high-fat oleic and linoleic acids, tocopherols, sterols, polyphenols. This composition gives it nutritional, therapeutic and preventive properties against dermatological, metabolic and proliferative diseases. The composition of argan oil assigns its benefits to mental health;it would be provided with possible effects on the prevention and/or cure of stress related disorder. This work aims to evaluate the impact of argan oil dietary on the behavioral response, biochemical and hematological constants and histological profiles of adrenal involved in emotional responses to stress. The variation of these parameters was evaluated in Wistar rats receiving dietary 10 ml/Kg/day of argan oil, starting from weaning, for 13 weeks. Our results show that supplementation has resulted in an increase in locomotor activity, reduced sensitivity to frightening environments with sex dependent variation. Moreover, lipid markers, corticosterone and lymphocytes show a rising trend. If the important role of argan oil diet in cardio-metabolic health is generally well recognized;for mental health, it is the first study that needs further investigation linking between the nervous system, inflammation parameters and metabolism.

The Long Way from Complex Phenotypes to Genes: The Story of Rat Chromosome 4 and Its Behavioral Effects

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping has been performed during the past decades in an attempt to identify genes, gene products and mechanisms underlying numerous quantitative traits. It’s a strategy based on natural variations in genes and gene products, which facilitates translation from animal models to human clinical conditions. Our team has shown that the inbred rat strains Lewis (LEW) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) differ with respect to several emotionality- related behaviors, one of which (inner locomotion in the open field) was strongly influenced by a QTL (Anxrr16) on rat chromosome 4. Since then, several other studies not only corroborated the initial description of Anxrr16, but also extrapolated its effects to a broader context (rats from both sexes and regardless of the estrous cycle phase) and suggested that this same region influences other emotionality-related behaviors as well as alcohol intake. Other QTLs affecting neurobiological traits were also found on rat chromosome 4 and several candidate genes have been pointed out as possibly influencing those phenotypes. Altogether, these studies suggest that rat chromosome 4 constitutes an interesting target for the study of the molecular bases of anxiety and other traits related to emotional reactivity.

基于人脸识别的课堂教学行为S-T分析系统设计

提出并详细介绍了一种基于人脸识别技术的课堂教学行为S-T分析系统的设计。该系统以S-T分析法为理论基础,采用多种人脸识别算法,包括年龄检测、表情分析、姿态分析等,旨在自动识别并分析教师和学生在课堂上的行为。基于大量课堂视频数据的准备、软件系统原型的设计、深入研究课堂教学行为理论等,解决人脸识别技术的算法选型、视频关键帧的分析与因果关系模型的建立、系统运行的稳定性和界面设计等关键技术问题。通过系统性的需求分析、设计与架构、实现、评估与可视化等阶段的论述,详细展现了该系统的开发过程。

Differential Effects of Voluntary Ethanol Consumption on Dopamine Output in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell of Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats: A Behavioral and Brain Microdialysis Study

The Roman high(RHA) and low-Avoidance (RLA) rats were selectively bred for rapid vs poor acquisition of two-way active avoidance behavior. These lines differ in numerous behavioral traits, with RLA rats being more fearful/anxious than RHA rats, and the latter being novelty-seekers and showing larger intake of, and preference for, addictive substances including ethanol (ETH). Moreover, several differences in central dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic functions have been reported in these two lines. Since those neural systems are involved in the regulation of ETH consumption, it was considered of interest to investigate: 1) the differences in ETH intake and preference between RHA and RLA rats, 2) the effects of ETH on DA release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens (AcbSh) using brain microdialysis. ETH solutions of increasing concentrations (2% - 10%) were presented on alternate days in a free choice with water. To examine ETH intake and preference stability, animals were subsequently switched to daily presentations of 10% ETH for 10 consecutive days. RHA rats consumed significantly larger amounts of ETH and displayed higher ETH preference than did RLA rats throughout the acquisition and maintenance phases. Following chronic exposure to ETH the animals were habituated to a restricted access to ETH schedule (2% ETH, 2 h per day × 4 days) before surgical implantation of a dialysis probe in the AcbSh. Under these experimental conditions, voluntary ETH intake (2%, 1 h, p.o.) produced a significant increase in accumbal DA output in RHA rats but not in their RLA counterparts. Finally, the i.p. administration of ETH (0.25 g/kg) to na?ve Roman rats produced a significant increment in accumbal DA output only in RHA rats. These results indicate that the mesolimbic dopaminergic system of RHA rats is more responsive to the effects of ETH than that of RLA rats.

Xylene-induced Effects on Brain Neurotransmitters, Behavior and Fos Protein in Rats

Male Sprague-Dawley rats administered xylene intrapetitoneally on alternate days at a dose of 125 or 250mg/kg for 30 days exhibited no marked changes in locomotor activity, learning and memory capacity. However in rats given xylene on alternate day at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 30 days, a significant decrease in locomotor activity, deficits in leaming ability and memory loss were detected. These xylene-induced behavioral ehanges were assoryiated with a decrease in fyendorphin and leuenkaphlin concentrations in the pons-medulla. On the contrary, xylene at a dose of 500mg/kg increased the β-endorphin level in caudate and c-fos expression in hippocampus. These data suggest that the xylene-induced behavioral alterations might be associated with the expression of Fos protein in the hippocampus.