Enzyme Inhibition Rate Method for Rapid Detection of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides in Cowpea

[Objectives ] The paper was to explore enzyme inhibition rate method for rapid detection of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in cowpea. [ Methods ] Acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） was added to cowpea extract, to determine the inhibition rate of extract against enzyme. The influences of different sampiing methods and sampling parts on detection results were compared. [ Results] The positive rate of standard sampling was 18.18% higher than that of non-stand- ard sampling, and the positive rate of samples collected from cowpea tail was 16.67% higher than that collected from other parts. [ Condmions] Enzyme inhibi- tion rate method is suitable for rapid detection of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in cowpea.

A Kinetic Study of Anaerobic Biodegradation of Food and Fruit Residues during Biogas Generation Using Initial Rate Method

A kinetic study of biogas production from Urban Solid Waste (USW) generated in Dar es Salaam city (Tanzania) is presented. An experimental bioreactor simulating mesophilic conditions of most USW landfills was developed. The goal of the study was to generate the kinetic order of reaction with respect to biodegradable organic waste and use it to model biogas production from food residues mixed with fruit waste. Anaerobic biodegradation was employed under temperature range of 28℃ - 38℃. The main controls were leachate recirculation and pH adjustments to minimize acid inhibitory effects and accelerate waste biodegradation. The experimental setup comprised of three sets of bioreactors. A biodegradation rate law in differential form was proposed and the numerical values of kinetic order and rate constant were determined using initial rate method as 0.994 and 0.3093 mol0.006·day-1, respectively. Results obtained were consistent with that found in literature and model predictions were in reasonable agreement with experimental data.

Biasing transition rate method based on direct MC simulation for probabilistic safety assessment

Direct Monte Carlo(MC) simulation is a powerful probabilistic safety assessment method for accounting dynamics of the system.But it is not efficient at simulating rare events.A biasing transition rate method based on direct MC simulation is proposed to solve the problem in this paper.This method biases transition rates of the components by adding virtual components to them in series to increase the occurrence probability of the rare event,hence the decrease in the variance of MC estimator.Several cases are used to benchmark this method.The results show that the method is effective at modeling system failure and is more efficient at collecting evidence of rare events than the direct MC simulation.The performance is greatly improved by the biasing transition rate method.

Queue clearance rate method for estimating passenger car equivalents at signalized intersections

This study explored the use of queue clearance rate method for estimating passenger car equivalent （PCE） at signalized intersections. PCE was estimated based on the assumption that the rate at which a queue of vehicles clears the intersection is a function of its composition. Results of this method were compared with the results estimated by some popular techniques. A fourqegged intersection was simulated in VISSIM software and different techniques were used to convert the traffic mix into a uniform one. Parameters of VISSIM were modified to closely reflect the traffic behaviour under heterogeneous traffic conditions. All approaches of the intersection were loaded to saturated conditions and accuracy of estimated PCEs were established by comparing converted flow （PCE/h） with the capacity of an all-car traffic stream. Method based on saturation flow delivered the best result, but its use was limited to traffic composed only of two types of vehicles. Results of regression and optimization techniques were almost similar and the converted flow was close to the capacity of all-car stream. However, accuracy of these methods strongly relied on the correct measurement of saturation flow. Queue clearance rate method did not require value of saturation flow and yielded good estimates of PCE throughout the simu- lation runs. The maximum difference between the converted flow and capacity estimated with all car situations was found to be less than 10% in all cases considered in this study.

New Estimates for the Rate of Convergence of the Method of Subspace Corrections

We discuss estimates for the rate of convergence of the method of successive subspace corrections in terms of condition number estimate for the method of parallel subspace corrections.We provide upper bounds and in a special case,a lower bound for preconditioners defined via the method of successive subspace corrections.

A rate-based method for dynamic analysis and optimal design of reactive extraction: n-Hexyl acetate esterification as an example

The dynamic analysis and optimal design of reactive extraction are challenging due to high nonlinearity of model equations and tough decision of judging criteria. In this work, a dynamic rate-based method is developed on g PROMS platform to get easy access to the solutions of reactive extraction with phase splitting. Based on rigorous criteria, dynamic analysis from initial state to final equilibrium(e.g., evolution of phase composition, mass transfer rate and reaction rate) and optimal design of operating conditions(e.g., extractant dosage and feed molar ratio) are achieved. To illustrate the method, the esterification of n-hexyl acetate is taken as an example. The approach proves to be reliable in the analysis and optimization of the exemplified system, which provides instructive reference for further process design and simulation of reactive extraction.

Description of Mechanism Function about Dehydration of Cobalt Oxalate Dihydrate by Multiple Rates Isotemperature Method

A new method of the multiple rates isotemperature is proposed to define the most probable mechanismg(α) of thermal anlaysis; the iterative isoconversional procedure has been employed to estimate apparent activation energyE; the pre-exponential factorA is obtained on the basis ofE andg(α). By this new method, the thermal analysis kinetics triplet of dehydration of cobalt oxalate dihydrate is determined, apparent activation energyE is 99.84 kJ·mol?1; pre-exponential factorA is 3.427×109–3.872×109 s?1 and the most probable mechanism belongs to nucleation and growth,A m model, the range ofm is from 1.50 to 1.70. Key words multiple rates isotemperature method - isoconversional method - cobalt oxalate dihydrate - accomodation function - differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) CLC number O 636.1 Foundation item: Supported by the Key Foundation of the Science and Technology Committee of Hubei Province (2001ABA009)Biography: Li Li-qing (1977-), female, Master candidate, research direction: material synthesize and thermal analysis kinetics.

Research on deposition rate of TiZrV/Pd film by DC magnetron sputtering method

An accelerator storage ring needs clean ultrahigh vacuum.A TiZrV non-evaporable getter(NEG) film deposited on interior walls of the chamber can realize distributed pumping,effective vacuum improvement and reduced longitudinal pressure gradient.But accumulation of pollutants such as N_2 and O_2 will decrease the adsorption ability of the NEG,leading to a reduction of NEG lifetime.Therefore,an NEG thin film coated with a layer of Pd,which has high diffusion rate and absorption ability for H_2,can extend the service life of NEG and improve the pumping rate of H_2 as well.In this paper,with argon as discharge gas,a magnetron sputtering method is adopted to prepare TiZrV-Pd films in a long straight pipe.By SEM measurement,deposition rates of TiZrV-Pd films are analyzed under different deposition parameters,such as magnetic field strength,gas flow rate,discharge current,discharge voltage and working pressure.By comparing the experimental results with the simulation results based on Sigmund's theory,the Pd deposition rate C can be estimated by the sputtered depth.

Progress in Determination Methods of Degradation Rate in Ruminants

Degradation rate of feed proteins in rumen is a basic indicator of new intestinal protein system of ruminants. In this paper, determination methods of degradation rate in tureen including in-vivo method, nylon bag method and artificial rumen method are compared in order to provide a reference for animal nutrition.

Annoyance Rate Evaluation Method on Ride Comfort of Vehicle Suspension System

The existing researches of the evaluation method of ride comfort of vehicle mainly focus on the level of human feelings to vibration. The level of human feelings to vibration is influenced by many factors, however, the ride comfort according to the common principle of probability and statistics and simple binary logic is tmable to reflect these uncertainties. The random fuzzy evaluation model from people subjective response to vibration is adopted in the paper, these uncertainties are analyzed from the angle of psychological physics. Discussing the traditional evaluation of ride comfort during vehicle vibration, a fuzzily random evaluation model on the basis of annoyance rate is proposed for the human body＇s subjective response to vibration, with relevant fuzzy membership function and probability distribution given. A half-car four degrees of freedom suspension vibration model is described, subject to irregular excitations from the road surface, with the aid of software Matlab/Simulink. A new kind of evaluation method for ride comfort of vehicles is proposed in the paper, i.e., the annoyance rate evaluation method. The genetic algorithm and neural network control theory are used to control the system. Simulation results are obtained, such as the comparison of comfort reaction to vibration environments between before and after control, relationship of annoyance rate to vibration frequency and weighted acceleration, based on ISO 2631 / 1 （1982）, ISO 2631-1 （1997） and annoyance rate evaluation method, respectively. Simulated assessment results indicate that the proposed active suspension systems prove to be effective in the vibration isolation of the suspension system, and the subjective response of human being can be promoted from very uncomfortable to a little uncomfortable. Furthermore, the novel evaluation method based on annoyance rate can further estimate quantitatively the number of passengers who feel discomfort due to vibration. A new analysis method of vehicle comfort is presented.

Infant Mortality Rate Statistic Method and Difference Analysis in China

Infant mortality rate (IMR) has been viewed as the vital index which can be used to measure the health level of a country or a district, and also can indirectly illustrate the economic development level of the country or district. In this paper, the authors 1) introduce three calculation methods of IMR and compare the differences among them;2) calculate the IMR using one method above, and find the IMRs recorded in China Population Statistic Yearbook (CPSY) from National Statistics Institute and in China Health Statistic Yearbook from Ministry of National Hygiene are both overestimated;3) point out three main reasons for this overestimation: firstly, confusion of methods of calculation and concepts, secondly, inconsistent statistical caliber among different yearbooks, thirdly, flaws within the registration system.

Extensive application of rate transient method in performance analysis for low permeability gas reservoirs

Rate transient method is a recently-developed performance analysis tool specially designed for low-permeability or tight gas reservoirs. This method, theoretically based on pressure transient analysis, integrates material balance principle and the concept of material balance pseudo-time proposed by Blansingame. With daily production data of gas well, it could be used to calculate OGIP, current formation pressure, permeability, skin factor, to identify complex geologic boundaries, to determine whether drainage boundary has been reached, to calculate drainage area and drainage radius for single well and to predict performance. It has been extensively employed in more than ten low-permeability gas fields. It proves that most problems in performance analysis for low permeability gas reservoirs could be solved by this method. Field practices show great economical benefits could be achieved by employing this method in gas field development.

THE MONOTONICITY OF CONVERGENCE RATE FOR MGS METHODS

In this paper we prove that the asymptotic rate of convergence of the mod-ified Gauss-Seidel method of a non-singular M-matrix is a monotonic function for precondition parameters 0 ≤ αi ≤ 1-2,(i = 1,2,… ,n- 1).

Self-heating Probe Instrument and Method for Measuring High Temperature Melting Volume Change Rate of Material

The castings defects are affected by the melting volume change rate of material. The change rate has an important effect on running safety of the high temperature thermal storage chamber, too. But the characteristics of existing measuring installations are complex structure, troublesome operation and low precision. In order to measure the melting volume change rate of material accurately and conveniently, a self-designed measuring instrument, self-heating probe instrument, and measuring method are described. Temperature in heating cavity is controlled by PID temperature controller; melting volume change rate υ and molten density are calculated based on the melt volume which is measured by the instrument. Positive and negative υ represent expansion and shrinkage of the sample volume after melting, respectively. Taking eutectic LiF＋CaF2 for example, its melting volume change rate and melting density at 1 123 K are -20.6% and 2 651 kg/m–3 measured by this instrument, which is only 0.71% smaller than literature value. Density and melting volume change rate of industry pure aluminum at 973 K and analysis pure NaCl at 1 123 K are detected by the instrument too. The measure results are agreed with report values. Measuring error sources are analyzed and several improving measures are proposed. In theory, the measuring errors of the change rate and molten density which are measured by the self-designed instrument is nearly 1/20-1/50 of that measured by the refitted mandril thermal expansion instrument. The self-designed instrument and method have the advantages of simple structure, being easy to operate, extensive applicability for material, relatively high accuracy, and most importantly, temperature and sample vapor pressure have little effect on the measurement accuracy. The presented instrument and method solve the problems of complicated structure and procedures, and large measuring errors for the samples with high vapor pressure by existing installations.

落叶型棉花黄萎病的生物学特征及药剂防治分析

【目的】比较研究新疆昌吉市和沙湾市落叶型棉花黄萎病病原菌的生物学特性,分析的多菌灵、乙蒜素、唑酮乙蒜素、枯草芽孢杆菌和哈茨木霉菌5种农药对棉花黄萎病的防治效果,筛选出高效的药剂用于指导棉花病害防治。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法,通过不同离子、pH值、碳源及温度生长的适应,分析各病原菌的主要生物学特性,并对5种农药进行室内毒力测定。【结果】昌吉市和沙湾市各病原菌生长最适温度为20~25℃,最适离子培养基为Ca^(2+),最适pH值5~7,最适碳源是蔗糖。5种供试药剂均对各病原菌具有明显的抑制效果。多菌灵、枯草芽孢杆菌、哈茨木霉菌对病原菌的抑制作用极强,昌吉市多菌灵、枯草芽孢杆菌、哈茨木霉菌其抑制中浓度EC_(50)值仅分别为0.2923~0.8193μg/mL、0.01661~0.02695μg/mL和0.1015~0.8846μg/mL,沙湾市EC_(50)值分别为0.3588~5.694μg/mL、1.813×10^(-2)~2.727×10^(-2)μg/mL和0.1810~0.6088μg/mL;而乙蒜素、唑酮乙蒜素对病原菌的防效最差,其EC_(50)在昌吉市分别高达71.04、111.6μg/mL,沙湾市分别为79.22、171.7μg/mL。【结论】昌吉市、沙湾市的各病原菌最适生长的温度为25℃,含Ca^(2+)培养基为最适离子培养基。各病原菌在pH值5~7时生长速率最快,最适生长环境为酸性环境,对偏碱性环境也有较好的耐受性。微菌核在偏碱性的环境下更易形成,在以蔗糖为碳源的培养基上的生长速率最快。多菌灵、枯草芽孢杆菌、哈茨木霉菌对棉花黄萎病菌有强抑菌作用,可在昌吉市和沙湾市用于防治棉花黄萎病。

露天爆破中炸药单耗对岩石破碎块度的数值模拟研究

露天爆破中岩石破碎块度是钻爆、铲装、运输及后续工艺等综合成本的主要衡量标准,炸药单耗是其主要影响因素,而炸药单耗对破碎块度的研究一般采用爆破模型试验,但其存在成本高、试验结果误差大等缺点.为了优化炸药单耗来降低爆堆的大块率、平均块度,并预测实际工程块度,在爆炸破岩理论基础上,运用基础力学测试设备对模型材料进行了单轴抗压、弹性模量、断裂韧度等测试,标定RHT本构模型参数,通过LS-DYNA数值仿真软件和粒子流算法(SPH)构建了三维露天台阶爆破数值仿真模型,首次对爆破破岩数值模拟结果实现块度精准统计,并对爆破破岩块度随炸药单耗的变化规律开展了系统研究.研究结果表明:炸药单耗在0.23~0.79 kg·m^(-3)范围内,岩块最大尺寸均小于240 mm,其变化区域分为240、220、140 mm三个最大块度相近区和240~220 mm、220~140 mm两个明显下降区;随单耗增加,均匀性指数n呈波浪式减小,分形维数D与n的变化趋势相反,平均块度尺寸呈现先快速下降后缓慢变化的趋势;炸药单耗的块度分布拟合曲线采用G–G–S函数拟合,相关系数均在0.91~0.97间,其变化规律验证了通过SPH法来模拟岩石爆破和岩石破碎块度统计方法的可行性和准确性.研究结果对爆破破碎块度分布规律的完善及块度控制工程具有一定的意义.

碳中和背景下的海洋微生物呼吸速率测定方法研究进展

全球气候变化与人类活动导致的CO_(2)排放息息相关。海洋是净吸收大气CO_(2)的重要环境,因此影响海洋碳存储能力的生物地球化学过程成为研究热点。海洋微生物的呼吸作用是调节碳“源-汇”转换的关键生物过程之一,呼吸速率是海区碳收支研究的重要参照指标。依据不同生物化学原理,海洋领域研发了多种微生物呼吸速率测定方法。依据海洋水文环境和微生物群落等不同应用场景的差异,使得采用一种或多种方法准确测定呼吸速率具有重要意义。文章着重陈述了各种呼吸速率测定的原理、优缺点和适用范围等,系统分析了常规测定方法和前沿测定技术,为碳中和背景下的海洋碳汇关键过程解析提供技术选择的理论支撑。

草地放牧饲养要素分析

饲养牲畜是草地放牧的目标,放牧饲养牲畜是草地饲草资源利用的最有效途径。放牧饲养要素包括草地生产率、适宜载畜率、饲草质量、牲畜生长需要和采食量及放牧方式。本文对这些要素进行了归纳分析,目的在于推进发展草地放牧饲养理论并推导草地生产和保护性利用的关键技术。本文介绍了草地生产率研究方法、适宜载畜率确定标准、划区轮牧区块数计算方法及间歇休牧期和放牧期确定方法。草地放牧饲养理论:基于土壤和气候,改善草地生产和饲草质量,制定适宜载畜率,确定合理放牧方式,满足放牧牲畜最佳生长需要,并维持草地健康,实现“双赢”或“三赢”。草地保护性利用关键技术:放牧场或割草场施肥,调整适宜的载畜率,延迟放牧及间歇休牧,确切的划区轮牧体系,放牧场和割草场等量配置,二时段饲养模式。

博落回生物碱和茶皂素对4种蔬菜病原菌的室内联合毒力

为明确博落回生物碱与茶皂素混配对辣椒疫霉病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌、番茄晚疫病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的联合毒力,以期为博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配型植物源农药的开发提供依据,采用生长速率法测定博落回生物碱和茶皂素单剂及其混剂对上述4种病原菌的EC_(50)、毒力比率以及最佳配比的联合毒力。结果表明,博落回生物碱对辣椒疫霉病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌、番茄晚疫病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的EC_(50)值分别为29.3、89.0、24.8、29.6μg/mL;茶皂素对4种病原菌的EC_(50)值分别为90.0、90.3、55.2、83.0μg/mL。毒力比率筛选结果表明,博落回生物碱和茶皂素EC_(50)剂量百分比为90∶10、80∶20、70∶30、60∶40、50∶50和40∶60时,对辣椒疫霉病菌的毒力比率分别为1.30、1.38、1.45、1.33、1.29和1.28,表现为增效作用;EC_(50)剂量百分比为40∶60和10∶90时,对瓜果腐霉病菌的毒力比率分别为1.26和1.28,表现为增效作用;EC_(50)剂量百分比为80∶20和50∶50时,对番茄晚疫病菌的毒力比率分别为1.27和1.25,表现为增效作用;博落回生物碱和茶皂素复配对番茄灰霉病菌表现为相加作用。最佳配比的联合毒力筛选结果表明,博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1.0∶3.1和1.0∶4.6的混剂对辣椒疫霉病菌表现为增效作用,增效系数分别为2.30和1.54;质量比为1.0∶1.5和1.0∶9.1的混剂对瓜果腐霉病菌表现出较好的增效作用,增效系数分别为1.67和2.12;博落回生物碱与茶皂素混剂对番茄灰霉病菌的联合毒力主要表现为相加作用;博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1.8∶1.0的混剂对番茄晚疫病菌表现出较好的增效作用,增效系数为1.52。综上,博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配对辣椒疫霉病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌和番茄晚疫病菌具有明显的协同增效作用,对番茄灰霉病菌表现为相加作用。

速泡鲜腐竹加工工艺研究

在传统腐竹加工工艺的基础上,采用冷冻工艺制备速泡鲜腐竹。研究鼓风干燥预处理方式下冷冻时间、冷冻温度对速泡鲜腐竹复水率、泡发时间、感官品质的影响。分析不同加工工艺下腐竹的质构、色泽、泡发时间和复水率,以及炒制、油炸和煮制食用方式下产品的品质特点。结果表明,速泡鲜腐竹的最佳工艺为鼓风干燥温度40℃、干燥时间20 min、冷冻时间8 h、冷冻温度-20℃,该条件下制备的速泡鲜腐竹的水分含量为42.55%,泡发时间为3 min,复水率为58.87%。与市售干腐竹相比,速泡鲜腐竹的泡发时间缩短了90倍,油炸时的吸油率降低48.51%,速泡鲜腐竹无需浸泡,可以直接炒制、油炸和煮制,极大提高了食用的便捷性。