Exploring the Association between Climate Change and Human Development: A Visual Analytics Study

This study explores the complex relationship between climate change and human development. The aim is to understand how climate change affects human development across countries, regions, and the global population. Visual analytics were used to examine the impact of various climate change indicators on different aspects of human development. The study highlights the urgent need for climate change action and encourages policymakers to make decisive moves. Climate change adversely affects numerous aspects of daily life, leading to significant consequences that must be addressed through policy changes and global governance recommendations. Key findings include that regions with higher CO2 emissions experience a significantly higher incidence of life-threatening diseases compared to regions with lower emissions. Additionally, higher CO2 emissions correlate with consistent death rates. Increased pollution exposure is associated with a higher prevalence of life-threatening diseases and higher rates of malnutrition. Moreover, greater mineral depletion is linked to more frequent life-threatening diseases, suggesting that industrialization contributes to adverse health effects. These results provide valuable insights for policy and decision-making aimed at mitigating the impact of climate change on human development.

Analysis of the USD/JPY and EUR/JPY Exchange Rates Using Multifractal Analysis and Extreme Value Theory

We performed a multifractal analysis using wavelet transform to detect the changes in the fractality of the USD/JPY and EUR/JPY exchange rates, and predicted their extreme values using extreme value theory. After the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the USD/JPY and EUR/JPY became multifractal, then the USD/JPY became monofractal and stable, and yen depreciation was observed. However, the EUR/JPY became multifractal and unstable, and a strong yen depreciation was observed. The coherence between the USD/JPY and EUR/JPY was strong between 1995 and 2000. After the 2007-2008 financial crisis, the USD/JPY became monofractal and stable, and yen appreciation was observed. However, the EUR/JPY became multifractal and unstable, and strong yen appreciation was observed. Various diagnostic plots for assessing the accuracy of the GP model fitted to USD/JPY and EUR/JPY are shown, and all the diagnostic plots support the fitted GP model. The shape parameters of USD/JPY and EUR/JPY were close to zero, therefore the USD/JPY and EUR/JPY did not have finite upper limits. We predicted the maximum return level for the return periods of 10, 20, 50, 100, 350, and 500 years and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). As a result, the 10-year and 100-year return levels for USD/JPY were estimated to be 149.6 and 164.8, with 95% CI [143.2, 156.0] and [149.4, 180.1], respectively.

Study on the Daily Change of Photosynthetic Rate for Prunus domestica × armeniacain Different Seasons

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the daily change of photosyntheticratefor Prunus domestica ×armeniacain different growing seasons. The study can provide theoretical basis for arid area high yield and quality cultivation.[Method] The photosynthetic physiological properties of leaves of different types of Prunus domestica × armeniaca were measured by the Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system indifferent seasons. By this method could analysis of photosyntheticcharacteristicsfor different types of Prunus domestica×armeniaca in different seasons.[Result] Daily change of photosyntheticrate（Pn） for Prunus domestica×armeniaca in differentseasons showed a ＂double-peak＂ curve. The peak values were at 10：00 and16：00. The Pn of ‘Fengweihuanghou＇, ‘Konglongdan＇, ‘Weihou＇, ‘Weiwang＇ and‘Weidi＇ reached the maximum in July, theywere 13.75, 14.76, 12.96, 13.3, and 11.9μmol/（m^2·s）, respectively. The Pn of Prunus domestica×armeniaca reached minimumin August, they were 9.78, 10.71, 12.02, 10.43 μmol/（m^2·s）. The Pn overall average of ‘Konglongdan＇ was highest,it reached 12.65 μmol/（m^2·s）.The Pn overall average of ‘Weiwang＇ was lowest, it reached 11.31μmol/（m^2·s）. There were extremely significant positive correlation between the Pn and Gs（P0.01）. [Conclusion] Daily change of photosyntheticrate for Prunus domestica ×armeniaca in differentseasons showed a ＂double-peak＂ curve, showing significant phenomenon of ＂midday depression＂.The photosynthesis intensity of Prunus domestica ×armeniaca was strongest in July, and the photosynthesis intensity was weakest in August. ‘Konglongdan＇showed the strongest photosynthesis capacity, ‘Weihou＇ and ‘Weiwang＇, followed.There were highest correlation between the Pn and stoma conductance（Gs）.

Research on Passive Locating Method Using Phase Rate of Change with Variant Posture of the Observer

Technology of passive location has broad prospects in applications. In this paper, the method using the phase rate of change for the single observer passive location is introduced based on existing methods. One can obtain the direction of the target with phase information of two orthogonal interferometers on the observer and the radial distance with the corresponding phase rate of change. Then the target can be located with high speed and precision. A locating approach is given when the flying posture of t...

Relationship Between Diurnal Changes of Net Photosynthetic Rate and Influencing Factors in Rice under Saline Sodic Stress

The net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves and influencing factors under saline sodic soil conditions were investigated at the full heading stage of rice. The net photosynthetic rate of rice leaves showed a double-peak curve in a day in both non-saline sodic and saline sodic soil treatments. The first peak of the net photosynthetic rate appeared at 9：00-10：00 and 9：00 in the saline sodic and non-saline sodic soil treatments, respectively, whereas the second peak both at 14：00. The midday depression of the net photosynthetic rate always appeared regardless of non-saline sodic or saline sodic soil conditions. In addition, the net photosynthetic rate significantly decreased in all day under saline sodic conditions compared with that under non-saline sodic conditions. Some differences were observed in correlation characters between the net photosynthetic rate and all influencing factors during 9：00-13：00. Under non-saline sodic conditions, the diurnal changes of the net photosynthetic rate in a day were mainly caused by stomatal conductance, and the limitation value and the stomatal factors served as determinants; whereas under saline sodic stress, the diurnal changes of the net photosynthetic rate in a day were mainly caused by non stomatal factors including light intensity and air temperature.

Impacts of climate change on development rate and production of corn in the northeastern China

In this paper, the impacts of climate change on development rate and production of corn in the northeastern China are discussed. The results show that the higher the temperature is, the faster the development rate will be. And the more the precipitation is, the slower the development rate will be. Of which, air temperature is the controlling factor of corn development rate. The influences of development rate on corn yield are remarkable. The impacts of development rate on production in first and last periods are great, and small in the middle two periods. The development rate is positive by relate with corn production from sowing to emergence stage and negative during other periods. So, it is very important to arrange a suitable sowing time for com cultivating in the northeastern China.

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate of Pueraria lobataand its impact factors

In order to identify the relationship between diurnal changes in the net photosynthetic rate（Pn） of Pueraria lobata and environmental factors,diurnal changes in the Pn of leaves of two P.lobata cultivars were measured using a CIRAS-1 portable photosynthesis measurement system（PP-Systems,UK）.The results show that diurnal changes in Pn of both cultivars could be interpreted as double-peak curves,indicating the occurrence of an obvious midday depression.Further analyses indicate that the correlation between Pn and stomatal conductance was positive and extremely significant（p 〈 0.01）.The correlations of Pn with intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate were positive and significant（p 〈 0.05）,while the correlations of Pn with air and leaf temperatures were negative and significant（p 〈 0.05）.The results indicate that among the factors affecting photosynthetic properties,some can be grouped as stomatal limitations while others are non-stomatal limitations.

Discount rate and research progress in economic analysis on climate change

This paper has organized and summarized the economic analysis on climate change from five angles,namely,connotation of discount rate,identification of and dispute about discount rate,discounting way,impact of the discount rate,and the integrated evaluation model of climate change impact and the discount evaluation.As the climate change economic analysis shows,there is a major dispute about discount rate between the market school and the ethic school.Rate of discount largely relates to the present value of potential loss attributable to climate change,and then influences the selection of policies for adapting and slowing down climate change.In the past,the constant index discount was adopted as the main way.But with the full understanding of discount rate,the uncertainty of loss attributable to climate change has been considered in the discount.

Comparative Analysis of Climatic Change Trend and Change-Point Analysis for Long-Term Daily Rainfall Annual Maximum Time Series Data in Four Gauging Stations in Niger Delta

The aim of this study is to establish the prevailing conditions of changing climatic trends and change point dates in four selected meteorological stations of Uyo, Benin, Port Harcourt, and Warri in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Using daily or 24-hourly annual maximum series (AMS) data with the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the modified Chowdury Indian Meteorological Department (MCIMD) models were adopted to downscale the time series data. Mann-Kendall (MK) trend and Sen’s Slope Estimator (SSE) test showed a statistically significant trend for Uyo and Benin, while Port Harcourt and Warri showed mild trends. The Sen’s Slope magnitude and variation rate were 21.6, 10.8, 6.00 and 4.4 mm/decade, respectively. The trend change-point analysis showed the initial rainfall change-point dates as 2002, 2005, 1988, and 2000 for Uyo, Benin, Port Harcourt, and Warri, respectively. These prove positive changing climatic conditions for rainfall in the study area. Erosion and flood control facilities analysis and design in the Niger Delta will require the application of Non-stationary IDF modelling.

Joint Distribution of Wave Periods and Rate of Change of Wave Surface Elevation

The rate of change of wave surface elevation is of much importance in ocean engineering, especially for the determination of the limitation of wave breaking. This paper gives a kind of joint distribution of wave periods and the rate of change of wave surface elevation by means of calculation of the two-order to four-order moment of the frequency spectrum based on the linear wave theory. For the first time, the distribution density function of wave periods determined by peaks is provided, and the conclusion is drawn that the rate of change of wave surface elevation obeys the Rayleigh distribution.

An Improved Rate Control Method Based on Modification at Scene Change for H.264

This paper presents an improved rate control method for H.264. First, the scene changes are detected by the average absolute difference of the brightness histograms between the adjacent frames. Then, the bit allocation and quantization parameters are adjusted, using a certain threshold. In addition, the calculation of the mean absolute difference （MAD） is modified in an alternative way, which makes the rate distortion optimization （RDO） more accurate. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed method, compared with G012, can improve the average peak signal-to-noise ratio （PSNR） and moderate the image quality.

Analysis of the Impact of Interest Rate Changes on Chinese Consumer Behavior

In 2015,the Central Bank cut interest rates six times in a row.There are two main purposes.The first is to reduce the interest burden on corporate loans,and stimulate corporate investment.The second is to reduce interest income on residential deposits,and stimulate residents to increase current consumption.However,many empirical data prove that although the effect of interest rate decline on stimulating corporate investment is more obvious,the effect of stimulating residents to increase current consumption is not obvious,and household savings continue to grow rapidly instead.This shows that the main factor affecting the current consumption of residents is no longer the bank's deposit interest rate,but the irreplaceability of future consumer goods for current consumer goods,income restrictions and other economic factors that can affect cross-time consumption.Based on the theory of intertemporal utility maximization,this paper analyzes the impact of the rate change on China's residents' consumption,looks for the reasons why residents' consumption is not sensitive to changes in the rate,and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

The Relations of Change Rate of Constitutive Variables for the Freezing and Thawing of Water Saturated Porous Media

The relations of change rate of an independent variable, volumetric strain of the porous skeleton, with the change rates of a kind of constitutive variables, such as porosity, volumetric strain of the solid matrix, are derived from the definition of the porosity of water saturated porous media; and the relations of the change rates of another two independent variables, pressure of the pore liquid water and temperature, with the change rates of another kind of constitutive variables, such as pressure of the pore ice, average pressure of the pore liquid water and ice, and average stress of the solid matrix, are obtained from the Clausius Clapeyron relation in the process of freezing or thawing, definitions of the average pore pressure and effective stress. Based on the hypothesis of linear thermoelasticity, principle of effective stress and these relations, the change rates of all constitutive variables may be described with the change rates of the three independent variables.

Applying ArcGIS to Estimate the Rates of Shoreline and Back-Shore Area Changes along the Nile Delta Coast, Egypt

This study was undertaken to apply Geographic Information System “GIS” (ArcGIS 9.3) for calculating shoreline change rates and back-shore surface area due to these changes, particularly after constructing marine structures: including seawall, detached breakwaters and groins. Modelbuilder in ArcGIS software was used to design and develop an automated technique, module, for estimating such changes (rate and area). These changes are deduced from analysis of beach-nearshore profile surveys between 1970 and 2010 and shoreline position versus prevailing coastal processes. The results show that the major erosion occurred along the Delta promontories;the shoreline of Rosetta retreated (1.6 km) at an average rate of 60 m/yr with loss of back-shore area 6.4 km2;the coastline of Burullus bulge recessed at mean rate of 6 m/yr and decreasing in beach area of 1.31 km2;and at Damietta (Ras El-Bar) the shoreline moved backward (6 m/yr) with disappeared in beach area of 1.13 km2. The shape and orientation of these promontories contributed to create alternation between wave convergence zone that eventually causes erosion, and divergence zones that experienced shoreline accretion. Finally, the engineering structures didn’t solve or stop the erosion problem but shifted it from one place to another.

Relationship of tropical cyclone size change rate with size and intensity over the western North Pacific

In this study,the relationship of tropical cyclone(TC)size change rate(SCR),within 24 hours,with size,intensity,and intensity change rate(ICR)are explored over the western North Pacific.TC size is defined as the azimuthally averaged radius of gale-force wind of 17 m s−1(R17)based on the Multiplatform Tropical Cyclone Surface Winds Analysis data.The majority of SCRs are mainly distributed in the range from−20 to 80 km d−1.The correlation coefficients between SCR and size(SCR-R17),intensity,and ICR(SCR-ICR)are−0.43,−0.12,and 0.25,respectively.The sensitivity of the SCR-R17 and SCR-ICR relationships to size,intensity,and evolution stage are further examined.Results show that the SCR-R17 relationship is more sensitive to variations of size and evolution stage than that of intensity.The relationship of SCR-ICR is largely modulated by the evolution stage.The correlation coefficient of SCR-ICR can increase from 0.25 to 0.40 when only considering the lifetime stages concurrently before and after the lifetime maximum size(LMS)and lifetime maximum intensity.This demonstrates that ICR is a potential factor in predicting SCR during these evolution stages.Besides,the TC size expansion(shrinkage)is more likely to occur for TCs with smaller(larger)size and weaker(stronger)intensity.The complexity of size change during a TC's lifetime can be attributed to the fact that shrinkage or expansion could occur both before and after LMS.

Impact of interest rate changes on Chinese consumer behavior

In 2015, The Central Bank cut interest rates six times in a row. There are two main purposes: one is to reduce the interest burden on corporate loans, and stimulate corporate investment. Second, to reduce interest income on residential deposits, and stimulate residents to increase current consumption. However, many empirical data prove that although the effect of interest rate decline on stimulating corporate investment is more obvious, the effect of stimulating residents to increase current consumption is not obvious, and household savings continue to grow rapidly. This shows that the main factor affecting the current consumption of residents is no longer the bank's deposit interest rate, but the irreplaceability of future consumer goods for current consumer goods, income restrictions and other economic factors that can affect cross-time consumption. This paper is based on the theory of intertemporal utility maximization. The empirical analysis of the impact of the rate change on China's residents' consumption, looking for the reasons why residents' consumption is not sensitive to changes in the rate, and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

Climate Change and Energy Management Strategies

Current climate challenges and energy concerns have urged scientists, researchers, and governments to take action in order to reduce carbon footprint and energy consumption. Considering the growing need for energy supplies, the reliability and sustainability of power plants are another area of concern for communities. Since building is among the major consumers of electricity (almost 40%), the energy management strategies have been substantially focused on demand side management and building operation system. Energy efficiency, peak-load management, and demand response are among the most outstanding and widespread practices in order to reduce building energy consumption and peak demand. Smart grids and smart meters are considerably gaining the attention of policy makers in most developed and developing countries. This paper will revolve around these outstanding energy management strategies and technologies and their merits and drawbacks in the journey of current communities towards sustainability.

A Study of Relationship between RMB Exchange Rate and Import-Export Trade Relations before and after Exchange Reform

Exchange rate, as a link between international markets, integrates the economies of all countries. In today's economic globalization, exchange rate plays an important role. It is one of the most effective ways to regulate the international economy, and also one of the most direct means. In this paper, based on the definition, classification and role of exchange rate, the impacts of RMB exchange rate on China's export trade after the "exchange rate reform" were studied, and the measures that China should take to deal with the impact of the continuous appreciation of RMB on imports and exports under the current environment were proposed. This paper hopes to further expand China's foreign trade.

Application of Physics Phenomenon Model Towards Economic Symptoms in Indonesia （Spring Oscillation Model and Rupiah Rate Exchange）

A physical phenomenon can be duplicated similarly to different phenomenon. Based on these facts, the application of physics phenomenon model towards the economic cases that occurred in Indonesia will be discussed. Physical phenomenon to be discussed is the loaded oscillation spring, while the economic case is the dynamics of the Rupiah against foreign currencies, namely U.S. Dollars. Symptoms of the analyzed oscillations involve vibration load on the spring, with the mass load changes against time; for free oscillation, damped oscillation, forced oscillation, as well as forced damped oscillation. Oscillation is modeled into a non homogenous second order differential equation, which results in a solution of the deviation function of time in the form of logarithmic harmonic function. Obtained solutions of physical phenomenon model are matched with the dynamics of the exchange rate data for both steady state, as well as to the condition shortly after the surge （crash）. Models are quite satisfactory, especially when being associated with the occurrence of momentary interruption followed by a relaxation mechanism, both for amplitude and period.