The Influences of Energy Price Variation on the Prices of Other Industries: A Study Based on Input-Output Price Model

Energy has laid material foundation for human society during its development. Meanwhile, any change of price in the energy industry may influence social production and people’s life at all levels via an input-output mechanism under which the change related to energy is surely transmitted to other industries. The price change thus incurred in all industries may adversely affect the realization of macroeconomic objective-maintaining prices at a stable level. It is, therefore, needed to conduct an empirical research related to the impact of price change in energy industry on that in other industries. According to the data coming from “China’s 2015 Input-Output Extension Table (42 Departments)” and four hypothetical basis, this article focuses on four energy sectors and analyzes how deeply the price change of them, by use of input-output model, affects that of other industrial products under five conditions where each of their price rises by 10% individually or simultaneously, and why such an influence occurs. The results show that the price rising of the energies in question leads to an upward growth in the prices of other industrial products, especially when their prices go up simultaneously. Besides, the price increase in the four energy sectors doesn’t influence other industries in an accumulation form but actually leads to a rollback in some of other industries. It is recommended to adopt diversified pricing strategies for different energy products, thus maximizing the value of each specific energy, and meanwhile achieving the goals of energy consumption reduction and price equilibrium.

Embodied Energy and CO2 Associated with Buildings by Using Input and Output Table in Japan

In July 2009, the 2005 basic Japanese input/output table was publicized together with its physical transaction table. This research paper analyzed the 2005 IO （input/output） table to create building industry-related intensities and, at the same time, compared the building industry with industries at large for distribution margins and transportation. The analysis of distribution margins separately for middle and purchaser margins found that middle margins in the building industry are minor at 35% of the averages for all industries, while purchaser margins are sizable at 1.8 times, proving that it is an industry for which local production for local consumption is quite effective. CO2 emissions resulting from transportation in the building industry were calculated and concisely characterized. Although the ratio of transportation CO2 emissions to total CO2 emissions in each industry finds almost no difference between general industries and the building industry, transportation CO2 emissions per production value are two to three times heavier than those from general industries to be justified as a transportation-intensive industry.

Robust Input-Output Energy Decoupling for Uncertain Singular Systems

This paper addresses the robust input-output energy decoupling problem for uncertain singular systems in which all parameter matrices except E exist as time-varying uncertainties. By means of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of linear state feedback and input transformation control laws, such that the resulting closed-loop uncertain singular system is generalized quadratically stable and the energy of every input controls mainly the energy of a corresponding output, and influences the energy of other outputs as weakly as possible. Keywords Uncertain singular systems - generalized quadratical stability - input-output energy decoupling - linear matrix inequality (LMI) Xin-Zhuang Dong graduated from the Institute of Information Engineering of People’s Liberation Army, China, in 1994. She received the M. S. degree from the Institute of Electronic Technology of People’s Liberation Army, in 1998 and the Ph.D. degree from Northeastern University, China, in 2004. She is currently a post-doctoral fellow at the Key Laboratory of Systems and Control, CAS.Her research interests include singular and nonlinear systems, especially the control of singular systems such as H ∞ control, passive control and dissipative control. Qing-Ling Zhang received the Ph.D. degree from Northeastern University, China, in 1995. He is currently a professor with the Institute of Systems Science, Northeastern University. His research interests include singular systems, fuzzy systems, decentralized control, and H 2/H ∞ control.

Selection Method for New Energy Output Guaranteed Rates Considering Optimal Energy Storage Configuration

The output of new energy represented by wind power and photovoltaic power features volatility and randomness. It is a practical approach to use the guaranteed rate with statistical characteristics to analyze the output coefficient of new energy. However, there is a lack of analysis and demonstration on the value of the new energy output guaranteed rate. To solve this problem, a selection method for the new energy output guaranteed rate considering optimal energy storage configuration is proposed. First, the influence of the new energy output guaranteed rate on the new energy output coefficient is analyzed. Secondly, with the goal of minimizing the comprehensive costs, an optimal configuration model of energy storage based on the output guaranteed rate of new energy is constructed, and particle swarm optimization is used for the optimization solution. Then, according to the optimal energy storage configuration results under different guaranteed rates, a reasonable new energy output guaranteed rate is determined by maximizing the comprehensive benefits obtained from energy storage. Finally, an example applied to the power grid in an area of Guangdong in Southern China is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A process-level hierarchical structural decomposition analysis (SDA) of energy consumption in an integrated steel plant

A hierarchical structural decomposition analysis(SDA) model has been developed based on process-level input-output(I-O) tables to analyze the drivers of energy consumption changes in an integrated steel plant during 2011-2013. By combining the principle of hierarchical decomposition into D&L method, a hierarchical decomposition model for multilevel SDA is obtained. The developed hierarchical IO-SDA model would provide consistent results and need less computation effort compared with the traditional SDA model. The decomposition results of the steel plant suggest that the technology improvement and reduced steel final demand are two major reasons for declined total energy consumption. The technical improvements of blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, the power plant and the by-products utilization level have contributed mostly in reducing energy consumption. A major retrofit of ancillary process units and solving fuel substitution problem in the sinter plant and blast furnace are important for further energy saving. Besides the empirical results, this work also discussed that why and how hierarchical SDA can be applied in a process-level decomposition analysis of aggregated indicators.

Performance of terahertz channel with multiple input multiple output techniques

Terahertz(THz) communication is being considered as a potential solution to mitigate the demand for high bandwidth. The characteristic of THz band is relatively different from present wireless channel and imposes technical challenges in the design and development of communication systems. Due to the high path loss in THz band,wireless THz communication can be used for relatively short distances. Even,for a distance of few meters( > 5 m),the absorption coefficient is very high and hence the performance of the system is poor. The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last two decades.Multiple Input Multiple Output( MIMO) Spatial diversity technique has been exploited in this paper to improve the performance in terahertz band. The results show that the Bit Error Rate( BER) is considerably improved for short distance( < 5 m) with MIMO. However,as the distance increases,the improvement in the error performance is not significant even with increase in the order of diversity. This is because,as distance increases,in some frequency bands the signal gets absorbed by water vapor and results in poor transmission. Adaptive modulation scheme is implemented to avoid these error prone frequencies. Adaptive modulation with receiver diversity is proposed in this work and has improved the BER performance of the channel for distance greater than 5 m.

Contribution of Agricultural Input to Output in Hohhot City

Based on the research data from the economics and management platform of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,we analyze the changes in the input of agricultural production factors,such as farmland,labor and capital in Hohhot City. Based on the principle of econometrics,we select the agricultural production input-output data in Hohhot City during the period 1992-2010,and establish the econometric model using Cobb-Douglas production factor,to estimate the rate of contribution of agricultural input to the growth of agricultural output value,and study the quantitative relations between agricultural input and agricultural output value. The results show that in Hohhot City,the contribution of chemical fertilizer input to the growth of agricultural output value is the greatest; the contribution of mechanical power to agricultural output value is still not brought into full play; the contribution of remaining production inputs ( including technical progress) accounts for 35. 69% . In the future,Hohhot City should pay more attention to the technical input to develop agriculture.

基于模糊DEMATEL-超效率DEA的可再生能源发电技术综合效益评估方法

“双碳”目标下,各类可再生能源发电技术发展迅速,综合权衡不同可再生能源发电方案的综合效益对可再生能源的优化设计具有重要意义。综合考虑经济效益、环境效益、能源效益和社会效益4个层面,提出了一种基于模糊决策试验和评价实验(decision making trial and evaluation laboratory,DEMATEL)与超效率数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis,DEA)模型的可再生能源发电技术综合效益评估方法。该方法分为投入-产出指标体系构建和综合评估2个阶段。首先,利用三角直觉模糊数处理模糊评价信息,将其与DEMATEL相结合量化各指标之间相互影响关系,基于指标间逻辑分析结果建立投入-产出评估指标体系。然后,基于超效率DEA模型对各可再生能源发电方案进行评估排序,结合投入冗余和产出不足分析结果给出各方案的针对性改善建议,以期为进一步选择和确定可再生能源产业发展战略提供参考。最后以某省10类可再生能源发电单元为研究对象,基于所提研究方法进行综合评估和分析,并与多准则妥协解排序法和熵权法进行对比分析,验证了所提方法的有效性。

异质无蜂窝MIMO绿色通信网络

异质无蜂窝多天线(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)系统是未来移动网络发展的方向之一,也是极具节能潜力的高效通信系统。本文首先对异质无蜂窝MIMO系统的整体构架进行了介绍,从整体的角度分析该网络的具体构架和节能潜力,随后从绿色网络部署与协作、网络运行与调度以及用户接入、高能效MIMO收发机技术和传输与多址等方面介绍了基本原理和潜在节能增益。随着信息超材料的发展,一些全新的异质MIMO收发机逐渐展现了其在能效方面的优势,合理利用这些新型的收发机技术将有效提高系统能效。除了硬件带来的增益之外,异质无蜂窝组网的增益主要来源于各个接入点的协作传输所形成的超大规模MIMO,而这也带来了更加复杂的信号传输模式,同时受限于有限的算力资源,系统不可能无限协作,因此需要对该系统的接入点部署策略和协作方式进行全新的研究。在完成部署之后,由于用户在空间和时间上的通信需求变化较大,还可以利用深度学习等技术对用户的行为进行一定程度的预测,并在空间和时间上对通信设备的运行状态进行调整,在满足通信指标的同时提高系统的能效。最后,用户的多址接入与传输方式则是整个异质无蜂窝MIMO系统的基础,新型的速率分割多址接入(Rate-Splitting Multiple Access,RSMA)技术可以有效对抗干扰,而针对异质无蜂窝MIMO系统的传输波束赋形也需要进行全新的设计以适应RSMA技术和异质的MIMO设备。本文还同时讨论了以上各个方面的可能设计以及未来研究方向。

酿酒葡萄全生育期管理机械选配及投入产出研究

介绍了贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄全程机械化作业适配机械的技术性能,对酿酒葡萄全生育期中清土展藤、除草、植保打药、施有机肥、枝条粉碎及埋藤等环节所用机械进行了作业效率、作业投入分析,并与人工作业进行酿酒成本、投入产出比较,结果表明,在酿酒葡萄全生育期作业机械优化配置下,劳动效率显著提高,每公顷投入成本可降低11265元,投入产出率提高1.36倍,土地产出率增幅达10.6倍。

基于SWIPT的无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA系统能量效率研究

无小区大规模多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)与非正交多址接入(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)都是未来6G的使能技术。无线携能通信(Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer,SWIPT)技术在进行信息解码的同时收集能量,与无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA优势互补。文中基于SWIPT研究无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA系统中的能量效率问题,通过联合优化功率分配系数和SWIPT的时隙切换(Time Switching,TS)系数,提高系统的能量效率。为了最大化能量效率,采用布谷鸟算法设计功率分配系数。考虑一种特殊情况,将所有终端的TS系数设置相同,进而推导了最佳TS系数的封闭表达式。仿真结果表明,相较于几种已有方案,文中提出的优化方案可以显著提升系统的能量效率。

完全隐含能源与碳强度研究进展综述

节能减排是应对全球气候变暖的重要举措。由于不同国家和地区的经济发展水平存在明显差异,近年来能源与碳强度成为度量节能减排绩效的重要指标,受到了社会各界的广泛关注。在生产端强度控制的基础上,如何从根源上在消费端降低完全隐含能源与碳强度的研究越来越受到重视。针对消费端完全隐含能源与碳强度的研究特征与发展趋势展开综述,结果发现:(1)主要呈现出国家层面研究为主、全球层面研究显著增加、省市层面研究开始出现的特征,且国家或省市层面主要聚焦于中国;(2)相比完全隐含能源强度,现有文献更为关注完全隐含碳强度;(3)研究由不区分终端消费向细分各终端消费发展,隐含在出口中的完全隐含碳强度受到了重点讨论;(4)部分研究侧重于局部,比如深度参与到全球生产网络的部分经济部门或能源消费与碳排放在生产网络中传输的关键层级;(5)进行完全隐含碳强度变动的驱动因素的研究主要基于乘性结构分解分析模型,从时间轴和空间轴展开剖析。现有研究框架未来可以扩展到能源环境相关领域的其他指标。

超大规模MIMO阵列可视区域空间分布数据集

可视区域(VR)信息可用于降低超大规模多输入多输出(XL-MIMO)系统传输设计复杂度,但现有理论分析与传输设计多基于简化的VR统计分布模型。为评估分析XL-MIMO在实际物理传播场景中的性能,该文公开了XL-MIMO阵列VR空间分布数据集,其由环境参数设置、射线追踪仿真、天线场强数据预处理和VR判定准则等步骤构建。该数据集针对典型城区无线传播场景,建立了用户位置采样与场强数据、VR数据之间的关联,总数据条目数量达上亿级。进一步对其中VR形态、VR分布进行了可视化展示与分析,并以基于VR的XL-MIMO用户接入协议为例,利用该数据集对其在真实传播场景中的性能进行了仿真,为该数据集的应用提供了典型样例。

水体震荡对鲢鱼卵孵化的影响

大坝建设使江河水文条件发生显著变化,明确震荡波动的水环境对漂流性鱼卵孵化过程的影响,对鱼类繁殖及资源保护具有重要意义。通过室内试验,采用外界能量输入法分析震荡能量与孵化率之间的关系,探究6个不同发育阶段鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)鱼卵经过水体震荡后的孵化率、仔鱼畸形率及孵化历时变化。结果表明,随水体震荡强度或震荡时长增加,胚胎孵化率逐渐降低,仔鱼畸形率也逐渐升高;处于原肠期的鱼卵对震荡最为敏感,其孵化率由80%以上降至40%以下,且孵出的仔鱼全部畸形;大部分发育阶段的受精卵经过震荡后孵化历时缩短,其中器官分化期和出膜期的鱼卵孵化历时减少30%以上;当卵裂期单个鱼卵输入的机械能由0增加至3.733×10^(-5)J,其孵化率下降约20%,畸形率增加50%以上。震荡后的胚胎孵化历时缩短现象是环境诱导的结果,间接证明了漂流性卵鱼类孵化机制的可塑性与多样性。研究结果为衡量外界环境刺激胚胎程度强弱提供了新的量化思路和方法。

基于混合生命周期评价的我国绿色航空器碳排放比较研究

为准确核算绿色航空器生命周期二氧化碳排放,并评估其减排效果,构建了将过程分析与投入产出分析相结合的混合生命周期评价模型,用于核算生物质能航空器、电动航空器以及氢能航空器的生命周期碳排放,并与传统航空器进行比较。结果发现,采用风电制氢驱动的航空器在全部绿色航空器中碳排放最低,仅为674.21 g/(t·km)。灰氢驱动的航空器碳排放最高,达到1 724.12 g/(t·km)。这说明燃料来源对航空器的“绿度”至关重要,若以化石能源制氢或发电驱动航空器,尽管运行过程不产生直接排放,但其排放却转移至上游产业链。总体上,绿色航空器减碳效果较好。与传统航空器相比,氢能航空器、生物燃料航空器和电动航空器可分别减少25%,20%和10%的二氧化碳排放。

中国新能源产业关联测度及其效应分析

新发展阶段背景下能源消费转型的迫切性日益增强,以新能源为契机的能源结构转型是中国式现代化的重要内容。为了深入了解中国新能源产业现状及其对国民经济影响,设计并编制2015年、2017年、2018年和2020年新能源产业投入产出表。为了进一步分析新能源产业的关联效应,探究产业间的内部关联机制,运用结构分解法测算了新能源产业部门的内生乘数效应、回馈效应和外向溢出效应。研究发现:1)新能源产业规模发展整体呈上升趋势。新能源产业的增加值率处于较高水平,但整体上新能源产业部门对国民经济的影响未达到社会平均影响力,对国民经济发展的后项推动作用尚不明显。2)新能源产业的自身关联性不强,所有产业部门与新能源产业有后向直接关联关系,且在考虑间接消耗下,制造业、建筑业仍然是新能源产业的密切后向完全关联产业。3)通过静态分解效应发现,新能源产业部门的内生乘数效应、回馈效应和外向溢出效应均低于全社会平均水平,就产业部门自身来看,外向溢出效应是其部门产出增长的主要来源,但2020年有所下降并与内生乘数效应贡献持平;进一步动态分解效应发现,在观察期内的新能源产业部门产出增长的主要来源,经历了由其他部门最终需求刺激过渡到自身部门最终需求刺激,再到新一轮其他部门最终需求刺激的动态发展过程。总体上看,新能源产业与其他产业的关联程度动态增强趋势。新能源产业发展状态较为良好,处于上升蓬勃发展阶段。基于研究结果,提出以下建议:1)加大技术研发投入和推广普及新能源应用,增强新能源产业在国民经济部门中的以影响力为表征的前向牵引作用;2)合理规划和布局新能源产业集群发展,并连通其与制造业、建筑业等密切关联产业部门的生产交流通道,实现产业协同发展;3)加强新能源产业建设和政策引导扶持,以增强新能源产业感应能力优势,为实现中国式现代化助力。

基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的含汞天然气脱水脱烃单元工艺参数优化

在含汞天然气的脱水脱烃处理过程中,部分汞会进入外输干气。为降低外输干气中汞的质量流量并考虑系统能耗,利用HYSYS软件模拟了高含汞天然气脱水脱烃单元,探究低温分离器进料温度、乙二醇质量分数、乙二醇质量流量对外输干气中汞质量流量以及系统能耗的影响。在此基础上,依据响应面法建立各关键参数与外输干气中汞质量流量以及系统能耗的多目标优化模型,并使用NSGA-Ⅱ(非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ)进行多目标寻优。结果表明:经过NSGA-Ⅱ算法计算出的Pareto解值与HYSYS模拟值误差小于1%,其结果精确度较高。且经优化后的外输干气中汞的质量流量以及系统能耗均有所下降,故可利用NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解得到的Pareto解集可为天然气脱水脱烃流程的参数优化提供指导。

双重能源约束视角下的能源转型风险

本文构建了一个投入—产出模型,以探究在化石能源存在储量上限和可再生能源生产对于化石能源存在间接依赖的双重能源约束下,能源转型是否会对全球宏观经济的发展构成显著风险。基准结果发现,化石能源生产成本的大幅提高会对可再生能源部门的投资增速产生干扰,导致可再生能源的扩张无法有效弥补化石能源生产的衰落,从而造成人均总能源消费的下降;过低的人均能源消费又会引发人口死亡率的攀升,致使劳动力成为经济发展的限制因素,出现以实际GDP的持续大幅下降为标志的显著转型风险。进一步研究发现,对可再生能源部门的投资需求施以更强的刺激,能够有效改善人口和经济产出的长期增长路径。

一种用于可再生能源的新型升降压变换器

针对可再生能源发电装置输出电压波动大、输出电能难以存储的情况,此处提出了一种输入、输出连续的新型升降压变换器,采用开关电感结构,实现了低电感电流纹波、宽电压转换比和低开关管电压应力。此处在连续导通模式(CCM)下对变换器进行了详细的工作原理分析和稳态特性推导。为验证所提变换器的可行性,搭建了一台输入12~80V,输出48V,功率100W的实验样机,在升压模式和降压模式下测得最大效率分别为92.62%,95.78%。

中国省域数字经济的碳排放效应测算

基于中国2017年投入产出表数据,通过界定、分离与合并30个省份42个部门投入产出表的数字化和非数字化部分,编制中国数字产业投入产出表,量化分析各省份数字产业化部门和产业数字化部门对不同能源的消耗量及碳排放效应。研究表明,产业数字化部门能源消耗量在数字经济能源消耗总量中占较大比重;化石能源燃烧产生的碳排放是中国数字经济产业碳排放的主要构成部分;数字产业化部门能源消耗多为清洁能源,产业数字化部门能源消耗多为化石能源。基于以上结论,从加强数字技术创新与应用深化数字经济发展、结合各省资源禀赋因地制宜实施数字减排战略两个方面提出政策建议。