Generalized Yule-walker and two-stage identification algorithms for dual-rate systems

In this paper, two approaches are developed for directly identifying single-rate models of dual-rate stochastic systems in which the input updating frequency is an integer multiple of the output sampling frequency. The first is the generalized Yule-Walker algorithm and the second is a two-stage algorithm based on the correlation technique. The basic idea is to directly identify the parameters of underlying single-rate models instead of the lifted models of dual-rate systems from the dual-rate input-output data, assuming that the measurement data are stationary and ergodic. An example is given.

TRANSFORM THE MECHANISM OF RENMINBI’S EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM IN CONFORMITY WITH THE DEMAND OF MARKET ECONOMY——The academic report delivered at the Annual Meeting of NNCIFS on October 1993

Exchange rate functions under systems of centrallyplanned economy and market economy are quite different,and the mechanism to determine such exchange rate is alsodifferent. To adopt a socialist market economic system inChina, the exchange rate mechanism of Renminbi must bethoroughly transformed. To accomplish this goal, I believethere are three problems that must be solved: first,

China＇s Exchange Rate System——A Policy Perspective

Like most developing countries, China has been adopting a multiple exchange rate regime in its attempt to maintain control and order while liberalizing transactions in the sphere of trade, non-trade and crossborder fund flows. From a very rigid, highly centralized regime in 1979, China has by now advanced to a relatively flexible system under which the official rate, the swap rate, and the ＂free＂ market rate coexist. The tight control of international transfer of funds has also been progressively relaxed, as different parties gain increasing freedom to acquire foreign exchange. The Chinese economy has been reasonably stable during the Asian financial crisis. Although China maintains the exchange rate stability, in near future a real appreciation of the RMB must be necessary element in global adjustment. More flexible exchange rate will give more advantages for Chinese economy.

Modeling and Identification of Multirate Systems

Multirate systems are abundant in industry; for example, many soft-sensor design problems are related to modeling, parameter identification, or state estimation involving multirate systems. The study of multirate systems goes back to the early 1950's, and has become an active research area in systems and control. This paper briefly surveys the history of development in the area of multirate systems, and introduces some basic concepts and latest results on multirate systems, including a polynomial transformation technique and the lifting technique as tools for handling multirate systems, lifted state space models, parameter identification of dual-rate systems, how to determine fast single-rate models from dual-rate models and directly from dual-rate data, and a hierarchical identification method for general multirate systems. Finally, some further research topics for multirate systems are given.

Introduction of the Linked Exchange Rate System in Hong Kong

This paper examines the exchange rate regime that the Hong Kong Monetary Authority adopts-the linked exchange rate system or the currency board system. The paper will make a brief introduction of the system, including its history of development and its operation process.

The Reform on RMB Exchange Rate System

The Chinese currency, the yuan, which was pegged to the value of US dollar in the past, will now be a managed currency. Its value will be set in relation to a basket of currencies. China is taking the first big step toward a free-floating currency. This analysis explores the impacts on Chinese banking, Chinese companies and international monetary market.

INTERFACE BEHAVIOR AND DECAY RATES OF COMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES SYSTEM WITH DENSITY-DEPENDENT VISCOSITY AND A VACUUM

In this paper,we study the one-dimensional motion of viscous gas near a vacuum,with the gas connecting to a vacuum state with a jump in density.The interface behavior,the pointwise decay rates of the density function and the expanding rates of the interface are obtained with the viscosity coefficientμ(ρ)=ρ^(α)for any 0<α<1;this includes the timeweighted boundedness from below and above.The smoothness of the solution is discussed.Moreover,we construct a class of self-similar classical solutions which exhibit some interesting properties,such as optimal estimates.The present paper extends the results in[Luo T,Xin Z P,Yang T.SIAM J Math Anal,2000,31(6):1175-1191]to the jump boundary conditions case with density-dependent viscosity.

Systematic analysis and modeling of the FLASH sparing effect as a function of dose and dose rate

Ultrahigh-dose-rate radiotherapy(FLASH-RT)is a revolutionary radiotherapy technology that can spare normal tissues without compromising tumor control.Although qualitative experimental results have been reported,quantitative and systematic analysis of data is necessary.Particularly,the FLASH effect response model to the dose or dose rate is still unclear.This study investigated the relationships between the FLASH effect and experimental parameters,such as dose,dose rate,and other factors by analyzing published in vivo experimental data from animal models.The data were modeled based on logistic regression analysis using the sigmoid function.The model was evaluated using prediction accuracy,receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,and area under the ROC curve.Results showed that the FLASH effect was closely related to the dose,mean dose rate,tissue type,and corresponding biological endpoints.The dose rate corresponding to a 50% probability of triggering cognitive protection in the brain was 45 Gy s^(-1).The dose rate corresponding to a 50% probability of triggering intestinal crypt survival and regeneration was 140 Gy s^(-1).For the skin toxicity effect,the dose corresponding to a 50% probability of triggering the FLASH effect was 24 Gy.This study helps to characterize the conditions underlying the FLASH effect and provides important information for optimizing experiments.

Cooperative Rate Splitting Transmit Design for Full-Duplex-Enabled Multiple Multicast Communication Systems

This paper examines the performance of Full-Duplex Cooperative Rate Splitting(FD-CRS)with Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer(SWIPT)support in Multiple Input Single Output(MISO)networks.In a Rate Splitting Multiple Access(RSMA)multicast system with two local users and one remote user,the common data stream contains the needs of all users,and all users can decode the common data stream.Therefore,each user can receive some information that other users need,and local users with better channel conditions can use this information to further enhance the reception reliability and data rate of users with poor channel quality.Even using Cell-Center-Users(CCUs)as a cooperative relay to assist the transmission of common data can improve the average system speed.To maximize the minimum achievable rate,we optimize the beamforming vector of Base Station(BS),the common streamsplitting vector,the cooperative distributed beamvector and the strong user transmission power under the power budget constraints of BS and relay devices and the service quality requirements constraints of users.Since the whole problem is not convex,we cannot solve it directly.Therefore,we propose a low complexity algorithm based on Successive Convex Approximation(SCA)technology to find the optimal solution to the problemunder consideration.The simulation results show that FD C-RSMA has better gain andmore powerful than FD C-NOMA,HD C-RSMA,RSMA and NOMA.

Power Allocation for SE Maximization in Uplink Massive MIMO System Under Minimum Rate Constraint

In this paper,we optimize the spectrum efficiency(SE)of uplink massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)system with imperfect channel state information(CSI)over Rayleigh fading channel.The SE optimization problem is formulated under the constraints of maximum power and minimum rate of each user.Then,we develop a near-optimal power allocation(PA)scheme by using the successive convex approximation(SCA)method,Lagrange multiplier method,and block coordinate descent(BCD)method,and it can obtain almost the same SE as the benchmark scheme with lower complexity.Since this scheme needs three-layer iteration,a suboptimal PA scheme is developed to further reduce the complexity,where the characteristic of massive MIMO(i.e.,numerous receive antennas)is utilized for convex reformulation,and the rate constraint is converted to linear constraints.This suboptimal scheme only needs single-layer iteration,thus has lower complexity than the near-optimal scheme.Finally,we joint design the pilot power and data power to further improve the performance,and propose an two-stage algorithm to obtain joint PA.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes,and superior SE performance is achieved.

Intelligent reflecting surface for sum rate enhancement in MIMO systems

The research for the Intelligent Reflecting Surface(IRS)which has the advantages of cost and energy efficiency has been studied.Channel capacity can be effectively increased by appropriately setting the phase value of IRS elements according to the channel conditions.However,the problem of obtaining an appropriate phase value of IRs is difficult to solve due to the non-convex problem.This paper proposes an iterative algorithm for the alternating optimal solution in the Single User Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output(SU-MIMO)systems.The proposed iterative algorithm finds an alternating optimal solution that is the phase value of IRS one by one.The results show that the proposed method has better performance than that of the randomized IRS systems.The number of iterations for maximizing the performance of the proposed algorithm depends on the channel state between the IRS and the receiver.

A comprehensive review of heart rate variability as an indicator in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system by acupuncture:a bibliometric analysis

This study sought to conduct a bibliometric analysis of acupuncture studies focusing on heart rate variability(HRV)and to investigate the correlation between various acupoints and their effects on HRV by utilizing association rule mining and network analysis.A total of 536 publications on the topic of acupuncture studies based on HRV.The disease keyword analysis revealed that HRV-related acupuncture studies were mainly related to pain,inflammation,emotional disorders,gastrointestinal function,and hypertension.A separate analysis was conducted on acupuncture prescriptions,and Neiguan(PC6)and Zusanli(ST36)were the most frequently used acupoints.The core acupoints for HRV regulation were identified as PC6,ST36,Shenmen(HT7),Hegu(LI4),Sanyinjiao(SP6),Jianshi(PC5),Taichong(LR3),Quchi(LI11),Guanyuan(CV4),Baihui(GV20),and Taixi(KI3).Additionally,the research encompassed 46 reports on acupuncture animal experiments conducted on HRV,with ST36 being the most frequently utilized acupoint.The research presented in this study offers valuable insights into the global research trend and hotspots in acupuncture-based HRV studies,as well as identifying frequently used combinations of acupoints.The findings may be helpful for further research in this field and provide valuable information about the potential use of acupuncture for improving HRV in both humans and animals.

The Probability Density Function Related to Shallow Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Its Influencing Factors in a Large-Eddy Simulation

The process of entrainment-mixing between cumulus clouds and the ambient air is important for the development of cumulus clouds.Accurately obtaining the entrainment rate(λ)is particularly important for its parameterization within the overall cumulus parameterization scheme.In this study,an improved bulk-plume method is proposed by solving the equations of two conserved variables simultaneously to calculateλof cumulus clouds in a large-eddy simulation.The results demonstrate that the improved bulk-plume method is more reliable than the traditional bulk-plume method,becauseλ,as calculated from the improved method,falls within the range ofλvalues obtained from the traditional method using different conserved variables.The probability density functions ofλfor all data,different times,and different heights can be well-fitted by a log-normal distribution,which supports the assumed stochastic entrainment process in previous studies.Further analysis demonstrate that the relationship betweenλand the vertical velocity is better than other thermodynamic/dynamical properties;thus,the vertical velocity is recommended as the primary influencing factor for the parameterization ofλin the future.The results of this study enhance the theoretical understanding ofλand its influencing factors and shed new light on the development ofλparameterization.

Prediction model for corrosion rate of low-alloy steels under atmospheric conditions using machine learning algorithms

This work constructed a machine learning(ML)model to predict the atmospheric corrosion rate of low-alloy steels(LAS).The material properties of LAS,environmental factors,and exposure time were used as the input,while the corrosion rate as the output.6 dif-ferent ML algorithms were used to construct the proposed model.Through optimization and filtering,the eXtreme gradient boosting(XG-Boost)model exhibited good corrosion rate prediction accuracy.The features of material properties were then transformed into atomic and physical features using the proposed property transformation approach,and the dominant descriptors that affected the corrosion rate were filtered using the recursive feature elimination(RFE)as well as XGBoost methods.The established ML models exhibited better predic-tion performance and generalization ability via property transformation descriptors.In addition,the SHapley additive exPlanations(SHAP)method was applied to analyze the relationship between the descriptors and corrosion rate.The results showed that the property transformation model could effectively help with analyzing the corrosion behavior,thereby significantly improving the generalization ability of corrosion rate prediction models.

Experimental study on the effect of unloading rate on gneiss rockburst

Rockburst are often encountered in tunnel construction due to the complex geological conditions.To study the influence of unloading rate on rockburst,gneiss rockburst experiments were conducted under three groups of unloading rates.A high-speed photography system and acoustic emission(AE)system were used to monitor the entire process of rockburst process in real-time.The results show that the intensity of gneiss rockburst decreases with decrease of unloading rate,which is manifested as the reduction of AE energy and fragments ejection velocity.The mechanisms are proposed to explain this effect:(i)The reduction of unloading rate changes the crack propagation mechanism in the process of rockburst.This makes the rockbursts change from the tensile failure mechanism at high unloading rate to the tension-shear mixed failure mechanism at low unloading rate,and more energy released in the form of shear crack propagation.Then,less strain energy is converted into kinetic energy of fragments ejection.(ii)Less plate cracking degree of gneiss has taken shape due to decrease of unloading rate,resulting in the destruction of rockburst incubation process.The enlightenments of reducing the unloading rate for the project are also described quantitatively.The rockburst magnitude is reduced from the medium magnitude at the unloading rate of 0.1 MPa/s to the slight magnitude at the unloading rate of 0.025 MPa/s,which was judged by the ejection velocity.

A new era of mutation rate analyses: Concepts and methods

The mutation rate is a pivotal biological characteristic,intricately governed by natural selection and historically garnering considerable attention.Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing and analytical methodologies have profoundly transformed our understanding in this domain,ushering in an unprecedented era of mutation rate research.This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and methodologies frequently employed in the study of mutation rates.It examines various types of mutations,explores the evolutionary dynamics and associated theories,and synthesizes both classical and contemporary hypotheses.Furthermore,this review comprehensively explores recent advances in understanding germline and somatic mutations in animals and offers an overview of experimental methodologies,mutational patterns,molecular mechanisms,and driving forces influencing variations in mutation rates across species and tissues.Finally,it proposes several potential research directions and pressing questions for future investigations.

Pulse rate estimation based on facial videos:an evaluation and optimization of the classical methods using both self-constructed and public datasets

Pulse rate is one of the important characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine pulse diagnosis,and it is of great significance for determining the nature of cold and heat in diseases.The prediction of pulse rate based on facial video is an exciting research field for getting palpation information by observation diagnosis.However,most studies focus on optimizing the algorithm based on a small sample of participants without systematically investigating multiple influencing factors.A total of 209 participants and 2,435 facial videos,based on our self-constructed Multi-Scene Sign Dataset and the public datasets,were used to perform a multi-level and multi-factor comprehensive comparison.The effects of different datasets,blood volume pulse signal extraction algorithms,region of interests,time windows,color spaces,pulse rate calculation methods,and video recording scenes were analyzed.Furthermore,we proposed a blood volume pulse signal quality optimization strategy based on the inverse Fourier transform and an improvement strategy for pulse rate estimation based on signal-to-noise ratio threshold sliding.We found that the effects of video estimation of pulse rate in the Multi-Scene Sign Dataset and Pulse Rate Detection Dataset were better than in other datasets.Compared with Fast independent component analysis and Single Channel algorithms,chrominance-based method and plane-orthogonal-to-skin algorithms have a more vital anti-interference ability and higher robustness.The performances of the five-organs fusion area and the full-face area were better than that of single sub-regions,and the fewer motion artifacts and better lighting can improve the precision of pulse rate estimation.

Federated Learning Model for Auto Insurance Rate Setting Based on Tweedie Distribution

In the assessment of car insurance claims,the claim rate for car insurance presents a highly skewed probability distribution,which is typically modeled using Tweedie distribution.The traditional approach to obtaining the Tweedie regression model involves training on a centralized dataset,when the data is provided by multiple parties,training a privacy-preserving Tweedie regression model without exchanging raw data becomes a challenge.To address this issue,this study introduces a novel vertical federated learning-based Tweedie regression algorithm for multi-party auto insurance rate setting in data silos.The algorithm can keep sensitive data locally and uses privacy-preserving techniques to achieve intersection operations between the two parties holding the data.After determining which entities are shared,the participants train the model locally using the shared entity data to obtain the local generalized linear model intermediate parameters.The homomorphic encryption algorithms are introduced to interact with and update the model intermediate parameters to collaboratively complete the joint training of the car insurance rate-setting model.Performance tests on two publicly available datasets show that the proposed federated Tweedie regression algorithm can effectively generate Tweedie regression models that leverage the value of data fromboth partieswithout exchanging data.The assessment results of the scheme approach those of the Tweedie regressionmodel learned fromcentralized data,and outperformthe Tweedie regressionmodel learned independently by a single party.

Construction of a Computational Scheme for the Fuzzy HIV/AIDS Epidemic Model with a Nonlinear Saturated Incidence Rate

This work aimed to construct an epidemic model with fuzzy parameters.Since the classical epidemic model doesnot elaborate on the successful interaction of susceptible and infective people,the constructed fuzzy epidemicmodel discusses the more detailed versions of the interactions between infective and susceptible people.Thenext-generation matrix approach is employed to find the reproduction number of a deterministic model.Thesensitivity analysis and local stability analysis of the systemare also provided.For solving the fuzzy epidemic model,a numerical scheme is constructed which consists of three time levels.The numerical scheme has an advantage overthe existing forward Euler scheme for determining the conditions of getting the positive solution.The establishedscheme also has an advantage over existing non-standard finite difference methods in terms of order of accuracy.The stability of the scheme for the considered fuzzy model is also provided.From the plotted results,it can beobserved that susceptible people decay by rising interaction parameters.

Investigates of substrate mingling ratio and organic loading rate of KOH pretreated corn stover and pig manure in batch and semi-continuous system:Anaerobic digestion performance and microbial characteristics

The effects of substrate mingling ratio(SMR)(1:1,1:2,1:3,3:1,and 2:1)and organic loading rate(OLR)(50-90 g total solids per liter per day)on anaerobic co-digestion performance and microbial characteristics were investigated for pig manure(PM)and pretreated/untreated corn stover in batch and semicontinuous anaerobic digestion(AD)system.The results showed that SMR and pretreatment affected co-digestion performance.The maximum cumulative methane yield of 428.5 ml·g^(-1)(based on volatile solids(VS))was obtained for PCP13,which was 35.7%and 40.0%higher than that of CSU and PM.In the first 5 days,the maximum methane yield improvement rate was 378.1%for PCP13.The daily methane yield per gram VS of PCP13 was 11.4%-18.5%higher than that of PC_(U)13.Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,DMER64,and Bacteroides and Methanosaeta,Methanobacterium,and Methanospirillum had higher relative abundance at the genus level.Therefore,SMR and OLR are important factor affecting the AD process,and OLR can affect methane production through volatile fatty acids.