Theoretical investigation on axial cyclic performance of monopile in sands using interface constitutive models

Cyclic loads generated by environmental factors,such as winds,waves,and trains,will likely lead to performance degradation in pile foundations,resulting in issues like permanent displacement accumulation and bearing capacity attenuation.This paper presents a semi-analytical solution for predicting the axial cyclic behavior of piles in sands.The solution relies on two enhanced nonlinear load-transfer models considering stress-strain hysteresis and cyclic degradation in the pile-soil interaction.Model parameters are calibrated through cyclic shear tests of the sand-steel interface and laboratory geotechnical testing of sands.A novel aspect involves the meticulous formulation of the shaft loadtransfer function using an interface constitutive model,which inherently inherits the interface model’s advantages,such as capturing hysteresis,hardening,degradation,and particle breakage.The semi-analytical solution is computed numerically using the matrix displacement method,and the calculated values are validated through model tests performed on non-displacement and displacement piles in sands.The results demonstrate that the predicted values show excellent agreement with the measured values for both the static and cyclic responses of piles in sands.The displacement pile response,including factors such as bearing capacity,mobilized shaft resistance,and convergence rate of permanent settlement,exhibit improvements compared to non-displacement piles attributed to the soil squeezing effect.This methodology presents an innovative analytical framework,allowing for integrating cyclic interface models into the theoretical investigation of pile responses.

A rate-dependent constitutive model for saturated frozen soil considering local breakage mechanism

A rate-dependent constitutive model for saturated frozen soil is vital in frozen soil mechanics,especially when simultaneously describing the nonlinearity,dilatancy and strain-softening characteristics.The distribution of the non-uniform strain rate of saturated frozen soil at the meso-scale due to the local icecementation breakage is described by a newly binary-medium-based homogenization equation.Based on the field-equation-based approach of the meso-mechanics theory,the interaction expression of the strain rate at macro-and meso-scale is derived,which can give the strain rate concentration tensor at different crushed degrees.With the thermodynamics and empirical assumption,a breakage ratio in the rate-dependent form is determined.This overcomes the limitations of the existing binary-medium-based models that are difficult to simulate rate-dependent mechanical response.Based on these assumptions,a newly binary-medium-based rate-dependent model is proposed considering both the ice bond breakage and material composition characteristics of saturated frozen soil.The proposed constitutive model has been validated by the test results on frozen soils with different temperatures and strain rates.

Fatigue properties and damage constitutive model of salt rock based on CT scanning

To investigate the macroscopic fatigue properties and the mesoscopic pore evolution characteristics of salt rock under cyclic loading,fatigue tests under different upper-limit stresses were carried out on salt rock,and the mesoscopic pore structures of salt rock before and after fatigue tests and under different cycle numbers were measured using CT scanning instrument.Based on the test results,the effects of the cycle number and the upper-limit stress on the evolution of cracks,pore morphology,pore number,pore volume,pore size,plane porosity,and volume porosity of salt rock were analyzed.The failure path of salt rock specimens under cyclic loading was analyzed using the distribution law of plane porosity.The damage variable of salt rock under cyclic loading was defined on basis of the variation of volume porosity with cycle number.In order to describe the fatigue deformation behavior of salt rock under cyclic loading,the nonlinear Burgers damage constitutive model was further established.The results show that the model established can better reflect the whole development process of fatigue deformation of salt rock under cyclic loading.

Review on cyclic plasticity of magnesium alloys:Experiments and constitutive models

Fatigue analysis has always been a concern in the design and assessment of Mg alloy structure components subjected to cyclic loading,and research on the cyclic plasticity is fundamental to investigate the corresponding fatigue failure.Thus,this work reviews the progress in the cyclic plasticity of Mg alloys.First,the existing macroscopic and microscopic experimental results of Mg alloys are summarized.Then,corresponding macroscopic phenomenological constitutive models and crystal plasticity-based models are reviewed.Finally,some conclusions and recommended topics on the cyclic plasticity of Mg alloys are provided to boost the further development and application of Mg alloys.

A macroscopic multi-mechanism based constitutive model for the thermo-mechanical cyclic degeneration of shape memory effect of NiTi shape memory alloy

A macroscopic based multi-mechanism constitutive model is constructed in the framework of irreversible thermodynamics to describe the degeneration of shape memory effect occurring in the thermo-mechanical cyclic deformation of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs). Three phases, austenite A, twinned martensite and detwinned martensite , as well as the phase transitions occurring between each pair of phases (, , , , and are considered in the proposed model. Meanwhile, two kinds of inelastic deformation mechanisms, martensite transformation-induced plasticity and reorientation-induced plasticity, are used to explain the degeneration of shape memory effects of NiTi SMAs. The evolution equations of internal variables are proposed by attributing the degeneration of shape memory effect to the interaction between the three phases (A, , and and plastic deformation. Finally, the capability of the proposed model is verified by comparing the predictions with the experimental results of NiTi SMAs. It is shown that the degeneration of shape memory effect and its dependence on the loading level can be reasonably described by the proposed model.

Constitutive model for monotonic and cyclic responses of loosely cemented sand formations

This paper presents a model to simulate the monotonic and cyclic behaviours of weakly cemented sands.An elastoplastic constitutive model within the framework of bounding surface plasticity theory is adopted to predict the mechanical behaviour of soft sandstone under monotonic and cyclic loadings. In this model, the loading surface always passes through the current stress state regardless of the type of loading. Destruction of the cementation bonds by plastic deformation in the model is considered as the primary mechanism responsible for the mechanical degradation of loosely cemented sands/weak rock.To model cyclic response, the unloading plastic and elastic moduli are formulated based on the loading/reloading plastic and elastic moduli. The proposed model was implemented in FLAC2D and evaluated against laboratory triaxial tests under monotonic and cyclic loadings, and the model results agreed well with the experimental observations. For cyclic tests, hysteresis loops are captured with reasonable accuracy.

Constitutive Model of Saturated Soft Clay with Cyclic Loads under Unconsolidated Undrained Condition

An equivalent visco-elastic model of saturated soft clay was studied under unconsolidated undrained (UU) condition, which can be used to evaluate the stability of ocean foundation. Cyclic triaxial compression and extension tests were conducted to study the parameters of the model. Results showed that the relationships of the damping ratio and the octahedral shear modulus with the octahedral cyclic shear strain were nearly unique, when the initial octahedral shear stress ratios of specimens were equal to 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7. The relationships of the damping ratio and the octahedral shear modulus with the octahedral cyclic shear strain determined from the cyclic triaxial compression tests were basically the same as those determined from the cyclic triaxial extension tests. Furthermore, the relationships were not related to the initial stress condition, the test stress state and the octahedral cyclic shear stress ratio. The relationships determined from the cyclic triaxial tests under no deviatoric stress were basically the same as those determined from the cyclic triaxial tests under deviatoric stress. The change of the octahedral cyclic accumulative strain with the number of cycles was unique under different tests stress states. An equivalent visco-elastic constitutive model of saturated soft clay under UU condition was initially established.

CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING OF NONPROPORTIONAL CYCLIC PLASTICITY

A multiplicative hardening function and a unified evolution rule of the hardening factors are proposed.The hardening factor f_1 is introduced to describe cyclic hardening with respect to the plastic strain range,while f_2 and f_3 describe,respectively,instantaneous and hereditary additional hardening with respect to the nonproportionality of the plastic strain path.Two material dependent memory parameters α_1 and α_3 are introduced to keep the memory of the largest cyclic and additional hardening in the previous plastic deformation history.Different hardening mechanisms are then embedded into a thermomechanically consistent constitutive equation through the hardening function.The constitutive response of 304 and 316 stainless steels subjected to biaxial nonproportional cyclic loading is analyzed and the proposed model is critically verified by comparing the results with experimental results obtained by Tanaka et al.,and Ohashi et al.

Constitutive Model for Multiaxial Ratcheting Predictions of Cyclic Softening Weld Metal

A series of fully reversed axial, torsional strain-controlled cyclic tests and two multiaxial ratcheting tests were conducted on weld metal specimens using an Instron8521 tension-torsional servo-controlled testing machine. The weld metal showed clear cyclic softening under axial, torsional and multiaxial loading. A modified kinematic hardening rule was proposed in which a multiaxial-loading-dependent parameter incorporated the radial evanescence term of the Burlet-Cailletaud mode with the Ohno-Wang kinematic hardening rule to predict the multiaxial ratcheting effects. The introduction of yield stress evolved with accumulated plasticity strain enables the model to predict cyclic plasticity behavior of cyclic softening or cyclic hardening materials. Thus modified model considers the isotropic hardening as well as kinematic hardening of yield surface, and it can present description of plasticity behavior and ratcheting of cyclic softening and cyclic hardening materials well under multiaxial loading.

Fractional-order visco-plastic constitutive model for uniaxial ratcheting behaviors

This paper proposes a novel unified visco-plastic constitutive model for uniaxial ratcheting behaviors. The cyclic deformation of the material presents remarkable time-dependence and history memory phenomena. The fractional(fractional-order)derivative is an efficient tool for modeling these phenomena. Therefore, we develop a cyclic fractional-order unified visco-plastic(FVP) constitutive model. Specifically, within the framework of the cyclic elasto-plastic theory, the fractional derivative is used to describe the accumulated plastic strain rate and nonlinear kinematic hardening rule based on the Ohno-Abdel-Karim model. Moreover, a new radial return method for the back stress is developed to describe the unclosed hysteresis loops of the stress-strain properly.The capacity of the FVP model used to predict the cyclic deformation of the SS304 stainless steel is verified through a comparison with the corresponding experimental data found in the literature(KANG, G. Z., KAN, Q. H., ZHANG, J., and SUN, Y. F. Timedependent ratcheting experiments of SS304 stainless steel. International Journal of Plasticity, 22(5), 858–894(2006)). The FVP model is shown to be successful in predicting the rate-dependent ratcheting behaviors of the SS304 stainless steel.

Numerical Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Confined Concrete under Cyclic Compression Using Cohesive Zone Models

This paper examines the mechanical behavior offiber reinforced polymer(FRP)-confined concrete under cyclic compression using the 3D cohesive zone model(CZM).A numerical modeling method was developed,employing zero-thickness cohesive elements to represent the stress-displacement relationship of concrete potential fracture surfaces and FRP-concrete interfaces.Additionally,mixed-mode damage plastic constitutive models were pro-posed for the concrete potential fracture surfaces and FRP-concrete interface,considering interfacial friction.Furthermore,an anisotropic plastic constitutive model was developed for the FRP composite jacket.The CZM model proposed in this study was validated using experimental data from plain concrete and large rupture strain(LRS)FRP-confined concrete subjected to cyclic compression.The simulation results demonstrate that the pro-posed model accurately predicts the mechanical response of both concrete and FRP-confined concrete under cyc-lic compression.Lastly,various parametric studies were conducted to investigate the internal failure mechanism of FRP-confined concrete under cyclic loading to analyze the influence of the inner friction plasticity of different components.

Static compressive properties and damage constitutive model of rubber cement mortar with dry-and wet-curing conditions

To investigate the static compressive properties and mechanical damage evolution of rubber cement-based materials(RCBMs) with dry-and wet-curing conditions, uniaxial compression and cyclic loading-unloading tests were carried out on rubber cement mortar(RCM). The mechanical properties of the uniaxial compression specimens cured at 95%(wet-curing) and 50%(dry-curing) relative humidities and cyclic loading-unloading specimens cured at wet-curing were analyzed. Under uniaxial compression, the peak stress loss ratio is higher for dry-curing than for wet-curing. The peak strain decreases with the increase of rubber content, and the peak strain increases with the decrease of curing humidity. Under cyclic loading-unloading, the variation trends of residual strain differences of the normal cement mortar and RCM at each cyclic level with the number of cycles are basically the same, but the failure modes are different. The analysis of the internal mesostructure by a scanning electron microscope(SEM) shows that initial damage is further enhanced by reducing curing humidity and adding rubber aggregate. The damage constitutive model based on strain equivalence principle and statistical theories was used to describe the uniaxial compression characteristics of RCM, and the law of mechanical damage evolution was predicted.

A NONCLASSICAL CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR CRYSTALPLASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION

A nonclassical constitutive description for a slip system is formulated by using a simple mechanical model consisting of a spring and a plastic dashpot-like block. The corresponding constitutive model for a single crystal and the analysis for polycrystalline response is proposed based on the KBW's self-consistent theory. The constitutive model contains no yield criterion, so the corresponding numerical analysis is greatly simplified because it involves no additional process to search for the activation of slip systems and slip direction. A mixed averaging approach is proposed to obtain the response of polycrystalline material, which consists of the Gaussian integral mean for the omega which varies continuously within each face of the isosahedron and arithmetic mean for the spatially uniformly distributed twenty sets of 0 and phi determined by the normal of each face of the isosahedron. The main features 316 stainless steel subjected to typical biaxial nonproportional cyclic strain paths are well described. Calculation also shows that the developed model and the corresponding analytical approach are of good accuracy and efficiency.

Experimental study of the damage characteristics of rocks containing non-penetrating cracks under cyclic loading

The damage evolution process of non-penetrating cracks often causes some unexpected engineering disasters.Gypsum specimens containing non-penetrating crack(s)are used to study the damage evolution and characteristics under cyclic loading.The results show that under cyclic loading,the relationship between the number of non-penetrating crack(s)and the characteristic parameters(cyclic number,peak stress,peak strain,failure stress,and failure strain)of the pre-cracked specimens can be represented by a decreasing linear function.The damage evolution equation is fitted by calibrating the accumulative plastic strain for each cycle,and the damage constitutive equation is proposed by the concept of effective stress.Additionally,non-penetrating cracks are more likely to cause uneven stress distribution,damage accumulation,and local failure of specimen.The local failure can change the stress distribution and relieve the inhibition of non-penetrating crack extension and eventually cause a dramatic destruction of the specimen.Therefore,the evolution process caused by non-penetrating cracks can be regarded as one of the important reasons for inducing rockburst.These results are expected to improve the understanding of the process of spalling formation and rockburst and can be used to analyze the stability of rocks or rock structures.

Rate-dependent constitutive model of poly(ethylene terephthalate) for dynamic analysis

Uniaxial tensile testing at strain rates ranging from 10-3 to 10-1 s-1 was carried out to study the rate-dependent me-chanical behavior for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) used in the packaging industry. The experimental results show that a rate-dependent plastic behavior exists for PET material. The value of the yield strength was found to increase with the increasing strain rate. A new constitutive model based on the improved Cowper-Symonds rate-dependent constitutive model is proposed to describe the mechanical behavior of PET material in the strain rate ranging from 10-3 to 10-1 s-1, providing more accurate material data for the subsequent simulation analysis of drop test and dynamic buckling. The predictions obtained using the proposed model are compared with experimental results of the improved Cowper-Symonds model. The simulating results of the proposed model agree well with the experimental data. For a low strain rate, the predictions of this model are more precise than those obtained using the improved Cowper-Symonds model. This confirms that the new constitutive model is suitable for describing the me-chanical behavior of PET material at a low strain rate and modeling impact problem.

THE KINEMATIC HARDENING RULES UNDER NONPROPORTIONAL CYCLIC LOADING

A discussion of several kinematic hardening rules based on nonproportional cyclic experiments of 42CrMo steel is presented. They include Prager, Ziegler, Chaboche, Mroz and Tseng Lee hardening rules. It shows that Mroz and Tseng Lee rule related to a two surface model has the latent potentiality to describe the nonproportional cyclic hardening behaviors, and a simple two surface model is presented.

A constitutive model incorporating particle breakage for gravelly soil-structure interface under cyclic loading

Under cyclic loading,particle breakage occurs at gravelly soil-structure interface,resulting in the decrease of interface strength and the increase of normal displacement.Based on the theory of critical state soil mechanics,the modified Cam-Clay model(MCC)was extended to the plane strain condition of the interface,the state parameter was introduced and the influence of particle breakage on the critical state line was considered,and the cyclic constitutive model for gravelly soil-structure interface considering particle breakage was established by using the non-associated flow rule.Then,the established cyclic constitutive model was used to simulate large-scale cycle direct shear tests of Zipingpu rockfill-steel interface and Zipingpu rockfill-concrete interface under constant normal load(CNL)and constant normal stiffness(CNS),respectively.The simulation results show that under the CNL cyclic loading path,there is little difference between the cyclic shear stress considering particle breakage and that without particle breakage,but the normal displacement considering particle breakage is larger than that without particle breakage,and the difference increases with the increasing number of cycles and normal stress;Under the CNS cyclic loading path,with the increase of the number of cycles,the cyclic shear stress and cyclic normal stress considering particle breakage is significantly smaller than that without particle breakage,and the shear contraction of normal displacement becomes more obvious.In general,the simulation results are closer to the experimental results when particle breakage is considered.

循环载荷作用下煤岩复合结构宏-细观破坏特征及能量-损伤本构模型

煤炭深部开采过程中,周期性开采扰动行为会使邻近煤层的煤岩复合结构承受循环载荷的作用,因此,研究不同循环载荷作用下煤岩复合试样的力学响应行为及宏-细观失效特征具有重要工程意义。选取3种不同的加(卸)载速率,开展了2种循环加卸载路径下的单轴循环压缩试验(同步测定声发射信号),分析了煤岩复合试样的损伤失效特征;基于能量耗散原理,构建了煤岩复合试样在循环载荷作用下的能量-损伤本构模型,最后结合试验实测数据进行验证。结果表明:加(卸)载速率与复合试样的峰值强度呈正相关,当加(卸)载速率从0.05 mm/min增大到0.15 mm/min时,恒定下限逐步循环加卸载路径(路径I)、变上下限等幅循环加卸载路径(路径II)下,试样的峰值应力分别增加了22.44%和28.89%;高加(卸)载速率下,试样的内部裂纹扩展越快,煤岩复合试样中煤组分的破碎程度加剧,分形维数随之增大,试样的内部裂纹扩展越快;随着加(卸)载速率的增大,煤组分中沿基质破坏增多。循环分级跨度大的路径(路径I)有助于试样内部的应力传递,为试样内部裂纹的发育提供了有利条件,导致对应试样的破坏程度更高。试验曲线和能量-损伤本构理论曲线具有较强的一致性,表明所建的能量-损伤本构模型能够很好地描述煤岩复合试样在循环加卸载过程中的变形行为。

长期循环荷载下土的动力学特性与本构模型研究进展

随着交通基础设施的快速发展,长期循环荷载下土体的动力性能与相应的本构模型体系愈发受到关注,其能为该类荷载下地基或者岩土构筑物的动力稳定性和服役性能评估提供理论基础与技术支撑.最近20年来,国内外相关学者已开展了大量的室内试验探索长期循环荷载下土的动力特性与影响因素,建立相应的理论模型描述土体的长期循环变形特征,并努力将其应用于工程实践.目前,对长期循环荷载下土体动力学性能与主要影响因素的研究基本明确,但在如何减少本构模型参数,增强本构模型在变幅值、变频率等复杂实际工况时的适用性等研究尚需进一步加强.本文通过对该方向研究发展的总结,明确了未来的发展方向,并提出了当前研究局限的可能解决思路,有利于进一步推进相关研究成果应用于工程实践的进程.

超高性能混凝土单轴拉、压循环作用下力学性能及其本构模型研究

超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concretre,UHPC)是一种新型材料,具有抗拉、抗压强度高、开裂后应变硬化等特点,在装配式结构领域具有较为广阔的应用前景。为了明确UHPC在单轴循环荷载下的受力性能并提出适合的本构关系,通过大量的试验建立循环荷载下UHPC的本构模型,设计具有不同钢纤维掺量的棱柱体和狗骨直拉试件,开展不同加载制度的单轴压缩试验,分析试验结果以明确钢纤维掺量、养护方式和加载制度对UHPC单轴拉压力学性能的影响情况。试验结果表明,在受压方面,钢纤维体积含量为2%的UHPC峰值压应变明显高于钢纤维体积含量为1%和3%的UHPC峰值压应变。各UHPC试件的弹性模量明显大于普通混凝土的弹性模量。在受拉方面,UHPC呈现出一定的应变硬化现象,且达到峰值后拉应力下降较为缓慢,展现出一定的受拉延性。钢纤维体积含量和蒸养处理对UHPC试件的抗拉强度有明显的提高作用。最后,在试验数据的基础上,提出了UHPC受压和受拉的骨架曲线和滞回准则,并拟合了卸载(再加载)的计算公式,可用于有限元计算中UHPC的基本本构方程。