The Effects of the Longitudinal Axis of Loading upon Bending, Shear and Torsion of a Thin-Walled Cantilever Channel Beam

Three aluminium channel sections of US standard extruded dimension are mounted as cantilevers with x-axis symmetry. The flexural bending and shear that arise with applied axial torsion are each considered theoretically and numerically in terms of two longitudinal axes of loading not coincident with the shear centre. In particular, the warping displacements, stiffness and stress distributions are calculated for torsion applied to longitudinal axes passing through the section’s centroid and its web centre. The stress conversions derived from each action are superimposed to reveal a net sectional stress distribution. Therein, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is established compared to previous results for each beam when loading is referred to a flexural axis through the shear centre. Within the net stress analysis is, it is shown how the constraint to free warping presented by the end fixing modifies the axial stress. The latter can be identified with the action of a ‘bimoment’ upon each thin-walled section.

An Inelastic Material Model for Lateral Torsional Buckling and Biaxial Bending of Steel W-Shapes

A new material model for beam elements was developed for use as normalized tangent modulus expressions when performing 3-dimensional second-order inelastic analyses of steel I-section beams.The stiffness matrix of a 14 degree-of-freedom beam element was updated to include the effects of yielding on St.Venant’s torsion and bimoment stiffness at the initial and terminal nodes.A validation study compared the new model’s results with those from published detailed finite element analyses and was found to be in very close agreement.A biaxial end-moment study with two different depth-to-flange-width ratios provided expected and consistent results over a range of moment conditions.

Experimental study on centrifugal concrete-filled steel tubes under bending and torsion

A real-size experiment on 11 tubes was done to study the performance o f centrifugal concrete-filled steel tubes under bending and torsion. This pape r first introduces the relevant operating method,equipment,subjects and process es. The factors that affect deformation and stiffness and the break mechanism un der different loading were studied. Experimental stress analysis showed that the values of practical critical stress of steel tubes accorded well with the MISES Yielding Rule. The correlative equation (on the bearing capacity of a structura l member under bending and torsion) deduced in this study may provide valuable reference for the design of this structural member.

扭弯作用下内嵌H型钢-钢管混凝土柱拟静力试验研究

为研究扭弯作用下内嵌H型钢-钢管混凝土柱的力学性能,以截面形式和扭弯比为参数对6个内嵌H型钢-钢管混凝土柱进行拟静力往复加载试验,得到扭弯作用下内嵌H型钢-钢管混凝土柱的破坏形态、滞回曲线、弯矩-位移骨架曲线及关键力学特征和刚度退化曲线。研究表明:1)随扭弯比增加,内嵌H型钢-圆钢管混凝土柱和内嵌H型钢-方钢管混凝土柱的破坏特征由“弯”型向“扭”型转变;2)扭矩增加到弯矩的34%和67%时,内嵌H型钢-圆钢管混凝土柱的峰值弯矩分别减少5.0%和17.7%,而内嵌H型钢-方钢管混凝土柱的峰值弯矩分别减少5.5%和22.7%,反映内嵌H型钢-圆钢管混凝土柱和内嵌H型钢-方钢管混凝土柱均有较好的扭弯复合承载力;3)扭矩对内嵌H型钢-圆钢管混凝土柱和内嵌H型钢-方钢管混凝土柱的早期受弯刚度影响较小,但会降低内嵌H型钢-圆钢管混凝土柱和内嵌H型钢-方钢管混凝土柱的峰值割线受弯刚度;4)提出了内嵌H型钢-圆钢管混凝土柱和内嵌H型钢-方钢管混凝土柱的扭弯承载力计算方法,该方法得到的扭弯承载力理论值与试验值吻合良好,有较好的精度。研究结果可完善内嵌H型钢-钢管混凝土组合结构构件的基本理论,为内嵌H型钢-圆钢管混凝土柱和内嵌H型钢-方钢管混凝土柱的扭弯承载力设计计算提供参考。

大展弦比板弯扭耦合受迫振动分析

对于工程广泛存在的大展弦比结构,首次研究了大展弦比板弯扭耦合受迫振动响应.考虑弦向相对弯曲刚度远大于展向弯曲刚度,将弦向截面等效为刚体,考虑其绕展向轴线的扭转,应用Hamilton原理分别计算大展弦比板的势能与动能,建立两端简支的大展弦比板弯扭耦合受迫振动的动力学控制方程.将动力学控制方程进行Galerkin截断后,通过谐波平衡法和微分求积法/微分求积单元法,计算得到了大展弦比模型弯扭耦合受迫振动稳态响应的解析解及数值解,同时验证了解的截断收敛性及谐波收敛性.最后研究了外激励幅值对结构受迫振动响应的影响.结果将为工程中广泛存在的大展弦比结构设计提供指导.

钢筋PVA-ECC柱复合受扭性能试验研究及损伤分析

为研究复合受力状态下钢筋PVA-ECC构件的受扭性能,进行了9根PVA-ECC柱和1根普通混凝土(RC)柱的单调加载试验,考虑不同轴压比、扭弯比、剪跨比、纵筋配筋率和箍筋间距等参数,研究其破坏特征、扭矩-扭率曲线特征,并进行了损伤演变分析。结果表明,PVA-ECC试件受力过程均经历了弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段和破坏阶段;PVA-ECC试件在受扭承载能力和扭转变形方面与RC试件相比有很大提升;降低轴压比、增大扭弯比和剪跨比可有效提高试件的扭转延性,减小箍筋间距和剪跨比、增大轴压比可有效延缓试件开裂;采用PVA-ECC材料能有效抑制试件的损伤发展;剪跨比、纵筋配筋率和箍筋间距对复合受扭作用下试件的损伤有较大影响;纵筋配筋率越大和剪跨比、箍筋间距越小,试件复合受扭的损伤程度越小。

哑铃形钢管混凝土柱压弯扭复合作用下力学性能试验研究和有限元分析

以轴压比(n)、弯扭比(γ)为变化参数,开展了四根圆形和四根哑铃形钢管混凝土构件压弯扭复合作用下的试验,对不同轴压比和弯扭比参数下各构件的扭矩-转角曲线、扭矩-剪应变曲线、破坏模态的变化规律进行分析。结果表明:在轴压比一定的情况下,弯扭比较大时,构件以受弯为主,破坏模式接近“弯型破坏”;弯扭比较小时,构件以绕构件中心扭转为主,破坏模式接近“扭型破坏”。抗扭承载力随着轴压比增加而提高;在γ=2.80时,当n=0.00增大至n=0.11时,圆形和哑铃形钢管混凝土构件抗扭承载力分别提高23%和53%,增大到n=0.22时,圆形和哑铃形钢管混凝土构件抗扭承载力分别提高了23%和99%;抗扭承载力随着弯扭比增加而降低,其中γ=0.90增大至γ=2.80时,圆形和哑铃形钢管混凝土构件抗扭承载力分别下降了46%和51%。通过有限元软件ABAQUS,对压弯扭构件的扭矩-转角全过程关系曲线及破坏模态进行分析,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。

Analytical and numerical analysis on the torsional performance of elliptically deformed tunnels in the longitudinal direction

Segmental lining structures constructed by shields/tunnel boring machines are often subjected to uneven longitudinal cross-section torsion as a result of eccentric external loads,which is extremely adverse to tunnel safety but has not received sufficient attention for a long time.To figure out the torsional performance of segmental tunnels,it is essential to assess the longitudinal torsional stiffness and active-torsion-rejection capability of a segmented tunnel.The aim of the paper is to derive an analytical solution to the longitudinal torsional stiffness of a segmental tunnel with existing elliptical deformation.The longitudinal torsional stiffness under different internal force combinations is deduced considering the longitudinal axial force and bending moment based on the equivalent continuous model and force balance equation.The validity of the analytical solution is verified by comparing it with finite element method results.Then,a parametric analysis,using the new analytical solution,is included to investigate the effect of the key parameters on torsional behaviors,including the segment size,the bolt size and the transverse bending stiffness,etc.It is found that:(1)the longitudinal torsional stiffness efficiency(LTSE)of the segmental tunnel decreases with the rise of segment thickness to diameter ratio but increases with the ring width to diameter ratio;(2)the LTSE reduces with the increase of the effective shear length but rises with the diameter of bolts;(3)the LTSE increases rapidly with the ratio of compression-torsion or bending-torsion.Furthermore,the envelope curve of the critical load(N0,M0)for a tunnel to actively resist a certain internal torque is given.The proposed solution can be easily utilized to determine the longitudinal torsional stiffness of segmental tunnels and is an effective tool for tunnel design and maintenance.

A Finite Element Cable Model and Its Applications Based on the Cubic Spline Curve

For accurate prediction of the deformation of cable in the towed system, a new finite element model is presented that provides a representation of both the bending and torsional effects. In this paper, the cubic spline interpolation function is applied as the trial solution. By using a weighted residual approach, the discretized motion equations for the new finite element model are developed. The model is calculated with the computation program complier by Matlab. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the numerical schemes. The results of numerical simulation are stable and valid, and consistent with the mechanical properties of the cable. The model can be applied to kinematics analysis and the design of ocean cable, such as mooring lines, towing, and ROV umbilical cables.

Optimal design of automotive body B-pillar using simplified finite element model of body-in-prime combined with an optimization procedure

Optimization of an automotive body structure faces the difficulty of having too many design variables and a too large design search space. A simplified model of body-in-prime(BIP) can solve this difficulty by reducing the number of design variables. In this study, to achieve lighter weight and higher stiffness, the simplified model of BIP was developed and combined with an optimization procedure;consequently, optimal designs of automotive body B-pillar were produced. B-pillar was divided into four quarters and each quarter was modelled by one simplified beam. In the optimization procedure, depth, width, and thickness of the simplified beams were considered as the design variables.Weight, bending and torsional stiffness were also considered as objective functions. The optimization procedure is composed of six stages: designing the experiments, calculating grey relational grade, calculating signal-to noise ratio,finding an optimum design using Taguchi grey relational analysis, performing sensitivity analysis using analysis of variance(ANOVA) and performing non-dominated sorting and multi-criteria decision making. The results show that the width of lower B-pillar has the highest effect(about 55%) and the obtained optimum design point could reduce the weight of B-pillar by about 40% without reducing the BIP stiffness by more than 1.47%.

空间索面地锚式悬索桥结构行为研究

为研究空间索面地锚式悬索桥结构行为,以主跨610 m的空间索面地锚式悬索桥——重庆市郊铁路跳磴至江津线跨江轨道专用桥为背景,采用SNAS软件建立大桥有限元模型,分析主缆横向矢跨比、主缆弯扭刚度对结构受力特性的影响以及施工期间空间索面线形变化规律。结果表明:随主缆横向矢跨比增大,结构竖向刚度基本不变,横向刚度提高;主缆弯扭刚度仅对成桥状态近塔处主缆局部线形及少数吊索索力有所影响,对结构整体受力基本无影响;施工期间以空缆状态为基准进行索夹定位和横向预偏角放样时需考虑主缆转动角的影响,而以主缆横向对拉后状态为基准则可不考虑;采用5对拉杆张拉主缆进行横向定位可有效控制主缆横向位置及吊索横向倾角接近成桥状态。

弯扭组合变形实验的改进与探讨

为了提高弯扭组合变形实验装置的应力测量精度,采用3个单片层叠的应变花改进了原有实验装置,实现了同一测点沿不同方向上的应变测量。应用上述改进装置开展了实验测试。结果表明,该改进装置能有效减小主应力、泊松比、扭转切应力和弯曲切应力的测量误差(前三者误差都在3%以内),提高了基于电测技术的力学参数测量精度。

Dynamics of a Dual Power-split Transmission Based on Loaded Tooth Contact Analysis

In order to implement the dynamic characteristic of a dual power-split transmission, a dynamic me- chanics model is built. Firstly, according to the method of theoretical analysis of the tooth contact analysis （TCA） and loaded tooth contact analysis （LTCA）, the actual meshing process of each gear pairs is simulated, and the time-varying mesh stiffness excitations are obtained, which can improve the numerical precision. Second- ly, by using the lumped mass method, the bending-torsional coupling three dimensional dynamic model of the dual power-split transmission is established, and the identical dimensionless equations are deduced by elimina- ting the effect of rigid displacement and the method of dimensional normalization. Finally, by the method of the fourth order Runge-Kutta algorithm with variable step lengths, the responses of this system in a frequency domain and time domain are obtained, and the dynamic load change characteristics of each gear pairs are analyzed. The results show that the establishment, solution and analysis of the system dynamics model could provide a basis for the dynamic design, and have an important significance for the dynamic efficiency analysis and dynamic perform- ance optimization design of the dual power-split transmission.

有限元中弹性连接单元的刚度矩阵

针对常用有限元软件中弹性连接单元的刚度矩阵开展研究。类似普通梁单元刚度矩阵的分析方法,将弹性连接单元的空间受力状态分解为伸缩、弯曲和扭转三种独立的模式进行分析,并提出两种方式推导弯曲受力模式下的刚度矩阵。对于弯曲受力状态下的刚度矩阵,明确了MIDAS中弹性连接单元输入参数包括弯曲和剪切刚度系数、弹性连接长度和剪切距离比R在刚度矩阵中的表现形式,给出了其刚度矩阵的理论表达式;阐明了剪切距离比R的力学意义,即用以考虑弹性支承两端因剪力传递的弯矩,其对结构的影响只体现在杆端位移结果中,杆端力始终满足静力平衡条件而不受R的影响,并且在R取0.5时,MIDAS中弹性连接的单元刚度矩阵与普通欧拉梁单元的刚度矩阵最为接近。同时通过分析对比,明确了ANSYS和ABAQUS中弹性连接单元的弯剪效应是独立的,这与MIDAS中弹性连接单元在不考虑剪切距离比R时的特性一致。研究成果既有助于理解弹性连接单元刚度矩阵,又为其工程应用提供了参考。

分段摇摆墙内力改进效果研究及影响参数分析

在保证对结构变形、抗震性能改进效果的情况下,采用分段摇摆墙的形式可有效降低摇摆墙自身的内力需求,并且该形式具有制作更简单、运输更便利、安装更简易的优势。为了分析摇摆墙采用分段形式后对摇摆墙内力的改进效果,文中结合分段摇摆墙的特征及与整段摇摆墙不同的边界条件,推导了铰接分段摇摆墙-框架结构的位移和摇摆墙内力的简化计算公式,并进一步开展了摇摆墙刚度比和摇摆墙分段数目对摇摆墙内力的影响效果分析,且与整段摇摆墙的相应情况进行了对比。研究结果表明:将摇摆墙分段可以大幅降低摇摆墙的内力峰值、缩小内力值的变化区间,在均匀荷载作用时各分段摇摆墙的弯矩和剪力分布规律类似,且整段摇摆墙的弯矩峰值是分段摇摆墙的m2倍、整段摇摆墙的剪力峰值是分段摇摆墙的m倍,而在倒三角形荷载作用下时,上段分段摇摆墙的弯矩和剪力比下段分段摇摆墙的大;刚度比在1.0~5.0这一适当的区间内变化时,刚度比对摇摆墙内力的影响效果明显,且影响程度随摇摆墙刚度比增大呈先增大后减小的规律,但当摇摆墙刚度比在此适当区间之外(无论取值过大还是过小),摇摆墙内力改变情况则对刚度比变化变得不敏感,此时刚度比对摇摆墙内力的改善效果不佳;分段摇摆墙内力幅值的降低幅度会随着分段数目的增加而减小,在采用分段摇摆墙时分段数目不宜过多。除此之外,通过分析还可得,刚度比与分段数目这两个参数对摇摆墙内力的影响效果相对独立,影响效应不耦合。

含间隙渐开线花键副动力学建模与实验研究

渐开线花键在特种车辆传动系统中应用广泛,现阶段研究通常忽略间隙影响将花键副视为刚性连接,对于传动系统等动态特性要求较高的环境,花键副界面接触状态直接影响传动系统的特性。考虑花键副的配合间隙采用悬臂梁模型计算花键单齿啮合刚度,建立了渐开线花键副弯-扭耦合模型,通过龙格库塔法求解并搭建花键副动力学实验台,验证了解析模型的正确性,分析了加速度频谱特性。研究结果发现:在不同的转频下,理论与实验结果一致,证明了模型的有效性;随着配合间隙的增大,花键副各齿受力减小,且同一间隙量下各齿受力不均匀。提出的动力学模型分析方法可为间隙配合渐开线花键副界面接触特性研究提供基础。

基于有限元的全铝车身客车结构强度和刚度分析

应用ANSYS分析全铝车身客车在弯曲工况、制动工况以及转向工况下的结构强度和刚度。结果表明,该全铝车身客车满足结构强度和刚度的设计要求,可为客车车身轻量化提供可靠依据。

A novel structural modification to eliminate the early coupling between bending and torsional mode shapes in a cable stayed bridge

In this paper, a novel structural modification approach has been adopted to eliminate the early coupling between the bending and torsional mode shapes of vibrations for a cable stayed bridge model generated using ABAQUS software. Two lateral steel beams are added to the middle span of the structure. Frequency analysis is dedicated to obtain the natural frequencies of the first eight mode shapes of vibrations before and after the structural modification approach. Numerical simulations of wind excitations are conducted for the 3D model of the cable stayed bridge with duration of 30 s supporting on real data of a strong wind from the literature. Both vertical and torsional displacements are calculated at the mid span of the deck to analyze both the bending and the torsional stiffness of the system before and after the structural modification. The results of the frequency analysis after applying lateral steel beams declared a safer structure against vertical and torsional vibrations and rarely expected flutter wind speed. Furthermore, the coupling between the vertical and torsional mode shapes has been removed to larger natural frequencies magnitudes with a high factor of safety. The novel structural approach manifested great efficiency in increasing vertical and torsional stiffness of the structure.

正交加筋板中板梁耦合动力特性

[目的]旨在探究正交加筋板中板梁构件的动力耦合关系及其对正交加筋板本征动力特性的影响机理和影响规律。[方法]以不同弯曲刚度比的正交加筋板模型为研究对象,采用有限元法计算自由边界和固支边界下正交加筋板模型的固有频率及振型,通过分析正交加筋板模型的固有频率及振型随板梁弯曲刚度比的变化规律,探究正交加筋板中加强筋与平板两种构件间的动力耦合特性。[结果]研究表明,在板梁构件弯曲刚度变化过程中,正交加筋板主要表现为板类动力特性为主导和板梁耦合动力特性两种形式。得到了这两种形式转变过程中的临界板梁弯曲刚度比及其判据。[结论]板梁动力耦合现象对固有频率的影响主要表现为改变固有频率随弯曲刚度比的变化速率,对固有振型的影响主要表现为使板类振型产生错位分布和形态畸变。

斜交钢混组合梁反力影响分析及设计

基于工程实例,从斜度、弯扭刚度比、端横梁刚度及施工工序等多个方面对单跨多梁式斜支撑钢混组合梁桥的支承反力影响因素进行分析。结果表明,对于大跨度斜交钢混组合梁窄桥而言,斜度对支承反力分布影响较为显著,增加中横隔板数量并不能显著改变端横梁处附加扭矩及反力,调整端横梁刚度只在一定范围内对支反力分布有影响。建立了实体模型对结果进行对比分析,相关结论可为该类型斜梁桥设计提供一定参考。