Experimental study of cross-section ratios in the collisions of C^(q+) and O^(q+) (q=1-4) on atomic helium in strong-interaction region

We have measured the cross-section ratios of helium induced by Cq＋ and Oq＋ （q = 1-4） in an energy range from 20 keV/amu to 500 keV/amu, and obtained the two-dimensional spectra by employing the coincidence method combined with the MPA-3 data acquisition system. Hence, we obtain the ratios of total single-ionization cross-sections （SI, SC, SLSI, and DLSI）, total double-ionization cross-sections （DI, DC, TI, SLDI, and DLDI） and cross-sections of every process （SI, SC, SLSI, DLSI, DI, DC, TI, SLDI, and DLDI）, which induce the single-ionization and double-ionization, to the total cross sections respectively. The competitive relations between the reaction-channels and the experimental data law of each reaction-channel are revealed explicitly, and the qualitative explanations involved in those results are also presented accordingly.

Use of Finite Element Analysis for the Prediction of Driver Fatality Ratio Based on Vehicle Intrusion Ratio in Head-On Collisions

To estimate the aggressivity of vehicles in frontal crashes, national highway traffic safety administration (NHTSA) has introduced the driver fatality ratio, DFR, for different vehicle-to-vehicle categories. The DFR proposed by NHTSA is based on the actual crash statistical data, which makes it difficult to evaluate for other vehicle categories newly introduced to the market, as they do not have sufficient crash statistics. A finite element (FE) methodology is proposed in this study based on computational reconstruction of crashes and some objective measures to predict the relative risk of DFR associated with any vehicle-to-vehicle crash. The suggested objective measures include the ratios of maximum intrusion in the passenger compartments of the vehicles in crash, and the transmitted peak deceleration of the vehicles’ center of gravity, which are identified as the main influencing parameters on occupant injury. The suitability of the proposed method is established for a range of bullet light truck and van (LTV) categories against a small target passenger car with published data by NHTSA. A mathematical relation between the objective measures and DFR is then developed. The methodology is then extended to predict the relative risk of DFR for a crossover category vehicle, a light pick-up truck, and a mid-size car in crash against a small size passenger car. It is observed that the ratio of intrusions produces a reasonable estimate for the DFR, and that it can be utilized in predicting the relative risk of fatality ratios in head-on collisions. The FE methodology proposed in this study can be utilized in design process of a vehicle to reduce the aggressivity of the vehicle and to increase the on-road fleet compatibility in order to reduce the occupant injury out- come.

Investigation of transfer ionization in collisions of partially stripped carbon ions with helium at low to intermediate velocities

The ratios of transfer ionization （TI） to single-electron capture （SC） cross sections have been measured for the collisions of partially stripped C^q＋ ions （q = 1-4） with He. The collision velocity ranges from 0.7 to 4.4 vo （vo is the Bohr velocity）. The projectile-ion and recoil-ion coincidence technique is used to separate the processes of TI and SC. The ratios reach the maximum when the velocity is about 3.7 vo. This can be explained qualitatively based on the two-step mechanism. The experimental results are also compared with the results calculated using the classical trajectory Monte Carlo （CTMC） method. The CTMC results are in agreement with the experimental data basically. The discrepancies in higher velocity region are interpreted by the effective charge effect.

Investigation of Optimal Split Ratio of 6-Slot/2-pole High Speed Permanent Magnet Motor with Toroidal Winding

Split ratio,i.e.the ratio of stator inner diameter to outer diameter,has a closed relationship with electromagnetic performance of permanent magnet(PM)motors.In this paper,the toroidal windings with short end-winding axial length are employed in the 6-slot/2-pole(6s/2p)PM motor for high speed applications.The split ratio is optimized together with the ratio of inner slot to outer slot area,i.e.slot ratio,considering stator total loss(stator iron loss and copper loss).In addition,the influence of maximum stator iron flux density and tooth-tip on the optimal split ratio,slot ratio,and average torque is investigated.The analytical predictions show that when the slot ratio is 0.5,the maximum torque can be achieved,and the optimal split ratio increases with the decrease of slot ratio,as confirmed by the finite element(FE)analyses.Finally,some of predicted results are verified by the measured results of 6s/2p prototype motor with 0.5 slot ratio.

Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Crash Box with Negative Poisson’s Ratio Structure

To improve the crashworthiness and energy absorption performance,a novel crash box negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)structure is proposed according to the characteristics of low speed collision of bumper system.Taking the peak collision force and the average collision force as two subsystems,a multidisciplinary collaborative optimization design is carried out,and its optimization results are compared with the ones optimized by NSGA-II algorithm.Simulation results show that the crashworthiness and energy absorption performance of the novel crash box is improved effectively based on the multidisciplinary optimization method.

Temperature of intermediate mass fragments in simulated ^(40)Ca + ^(40)Ca reactions around the Fermi energies by AMD model

The primary fragments in ^(40)Ca +^(40)Ca reactions at 35,50,80,100,140,and 300 MeV/u were simulated using the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics model,in the phase space at t=300 fm/c with a coalescence radius R_c=5 fm.The standard Gogny interactions g0,g0 as,and gOass were adopted in simulating the collisions at an impact parameter of b=0 fm.It was found,using an isobaric yield ratio method,that temperature of the primary fragment depends on the incident energy and hardness of the interaction potential.The temperature obtained in this work agrees with the results by the self-consistent fitting method.

Evaluation of gases'molecular abundance ratio by fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with a metal-assisted method

A metal-assisted method is proposed for the evaluation of gases’molecular abundance ratio in fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(FO-LIBS).This method can reduce the laser ablation energy and make gas composition identification possible.The principle comes from the collision between the detected gases and the plasma produced by the laser ablation of the metal substrate.The interparticle collision in the plasma plume leads to gas molecules dissociating and sparking,which can be used to determine the gas composition.The quantitative relationship between spectral line intensity and molecular abundance ratio was developed over a large molecular abundance ratio range.The influence of laser ablation energy and substrate material on gas quantitative calibration measurement is also analyzed.The proposed metal-assisted method makes the measurement of gases’molecular abundance ratios possible with an FO-LIBS system.

飞行时间型质量分析器（TOFMS）的研制及应用

自行研制了电子碰撞离子化的飞行时间型质量分析器（ＴＯＦＭＳ），用于物质的化学分析。用研制的ＴＯＦＭＳ测量了Ａｒ离子化的飞行时间谱和离子的部分电离截面积比与碰撞电子能量的依赖关系，将它与Ｓｔｅｐｓｈａｎ等人的实验结果进行了比较。

基于空闲时隙探测机制的分组帧时隙标签防碰撞算法

多标签碰撞是射频识别系统中无法避免的问题,大量的标签碰撞会增加系统的能量消耗和时间开销,严重影响系统的识别效率。为此提出一种新型的标签防碰撞算法,该算法结合了传统帧时隙算法简单易实施的优点,同时引入了分组和空闲时隙探测机制,以极小的探测时隙开销,消除了识别过程中的空闲时隙,同时减低了标签冲突概率。仿真结果显示,相对于FuzzyQ算法和帧时隙ALOHA算法,本算法平均吞吐率提高了22.64%和61.74%,系统通信传输量平均节省了16.73%和30.41%。

不同槽配比下绕线式无刷双馈电机性能对比研究

无刷双馈电机由于结构简单、可靠性高、变频器容量小等优点在恒频变速发电领域受到广泛关注,其定转子的槽数配比对电机性能与振动具有一定程度的影响。为探究这一问题,该文以绕线式无刷双馈电机定转子磁势分析为基础,推导不同槽配合的电磁力波对比以及槽配合对电机性能的影响,给出3种符合要求的槽配比方案,计算出各方案转子绕组谐波,并进行对比分析;利用有限元法对48/36槽、42/36槽与36/30槽3种方案在相同要求下的负载性能进行研究,导出定子齿部电磁力,对电机进行振动响应分析对比;最后,通过样机试验,验证有限元仿真的正确性,同时试验结果也证明所选槽配合下电机具有振动形变量小、转子电流小、系统输出电压和效率高、饱和程度低等优点。

基于相对船速比的避让行动效果分析

基于相对船速比(来船的相对速度与本船速度之比),当来船保向保速且存在碰撞危险时,本船采取转向结合变速避让行动和两船相互采取转向避让行动而产生的避让效果进行定量分析,并提出了基于相对船速比的来船真运动要素计算方法。

油液多层过滤去固分离及特性分析

针对油-固体系中单层滤网无法同时满足过滤精度高与使用寿命长的问题,采用多层过滤器并对其去固分离特性展开分析。通过耦合流场控制方程、颗粒运动方程、颗粒-壁面碰撞模型方程,建立了适用油-固体系的多层过滤数值分析模型,探究了油-固体系中多层过滤器的去固分离特性,分析了入口流速和滤网层数对流场特性及过滤比(β)的影响。结果表明:多层过滤器可有效过滤孔径与粒径比(k_(d))大于15的固体颗粒;增加滤网层数,d_(5)和d_(20)(β分别为5和20时对应的颗粒粒径)显著降低;增大入口流速,d_(5)和d_(20)变化较小;当β<5时,颗粒粒径的变化对过滤比的影响较小;当β>5时,颗粒粒径的小幅增大可能导致过滤比显著提高。

基于随机数的分组动态帧时隙ALOHA算法研究

当读写器识别范围内同时存在大量标签时容易引起碰撞问题,导致系统吞吐率恶化。针对此问题,提出基于随机数的分组动态帧时隙ALOHA算法。在原有算法基础上,使标签携带多级随机数,将多数空闲时隙转化为成功时隙,减少时隙消耗数,提高系统吞吐率;提出改进的帧长与标签数对应关系,提高系统稳定性。仿真实验结果表明,该算法表现出较好的吞吐率与稳定性,系统吞吐率由36.8%提高至55.3%。

基于两端起爆的近地冲击波超压增益机制研究

两端起爆能够改变装药爆炸能量输出结构,增强装药爆炸近地冲击波超压威力。探明两端起爆对近地冲击波超压的增益机制,对提升装药能量利用效率具有指导作用。研究建立了大场域冲击波威力仿真模型,计算分析装药内部爆轰波叠加前后压力变化,研究两端起爆的近地冲击波威力场特征。在多种长径比工况下,观测冲击波威力场特征演化,解析装药两端起爆对近地超压威力场的增益机制。开展20 kg级不同长径比静爆试验,验证两端起爆对近地超压的增益机制。研究发现:两端起爆装药内两爆轰波相撞,形成了两道轴向反射波和一道径向强冲击波,冲击波威力场在二者影响下形成了双反射波系结构,相较一端起爆,双反射波系对近地冲击波超压有显著增益。仿真计算与试验结果表明,装药长径比3.5时,两端起爆对近地冲击波超压增益达到最优。

基于槽极比选择的切向永磁同步电机永磁体涡流损耗抑制措施

为抑制切向永磁同步电机的永磁体涡流损耗,基于麦克斯韦方程和本构方程,对永磁体形状进行近似假设,构建了永磁体涡流损耗的估算模型。使用一种基于卡特系数概念的磁导函数来估算由于定子开槽引起的槽下磁感应强度变化。基于五台槽极比分别为1.05、1.20、1.30、2.40和3.60的电机设计方案对理论分析结论进行了验证。在负载电流和两倍负载电流下,分析永磁体损耗,得到了每台电机的径向气隙磁密曲线及其谐波含量。考虑到增加槽极比对定子铁耗和永磁体涡流损耗的削弱效果,给出了电机槽极比选择策略。研究结果表明,增加槽极比能减弱定子槽下磁感应强度变化,从而抑制气隙磁场中低次谐波含量,减小永磁体涡流损耗,使电机运行更加可靠,但也会引入更多高次谐波,从而增加定子铁耗。

考虑液体晃动冲击特性的油罐车追尾碰撞响应分析

为了研究油罐车在追尾碰撞过程中的动态响应和油罐内部液体晃动问题,以卡车和油罐车追尾碰撞为研究对象,采用光滑粒子流体动力学方法探究相对碰撞速度和充液比对罐体损伤特性的影响,同时研究充液比为60%、70%、80%、90%四种工况在三种常见相对碰撞速度下,罐体碰撞加速度峰值和罐内液体晃动冲击力变化。结果表明:罐体损伤程度随相对碰撞速度增大而加剧,反比于充液比;当相对碰撞速度为最大值60 km/h且油罐车空载时,罐体碰撞变形最大位移和最大应力均为最大,分别是64.19 mm和545.4 MPa;罐体碰撞加速度峰值和罐内液体晃动冲击力随充液比增加而减小,其中最易发生失效的部位为封头T2和隔舱板G,所受最大应力值分别是357.8、248.4 MPa。

单孔双窄缝消能工收缩比对水力特性影响研究

单孔双窄缝消能工在高水头、大流量、窄河谷的水利工程中具有一定的推广价值,但在应用过程中发现中墩迎水面容易受水流冲击而破损,而收缩比对此现象和消能效果影响较大。采用TruVOF方法及RNG k-ε紊流模型进行三维数值模拟,研究在不同来流Fr数下收缩比对水舌流态、消能率、河床底板及挑坎收缩段压力分布变化规律的影响。结果表明:数值模拟与物理模型试验结果基本吻合,可通过调整收缩比β获得合适的高坎中墩水深来减弱高速水流对中墩迎水面的冲击;当β=0.3时,下游河床底板峰值压力P_(max)最小,且峰值压力核心区与传统窄缝相比前移60 m;β<0.3时,P max随着β的减小反而开始增大,而消能率随之减小,同时在挑坎收缩段中部附近位置出现冲击波交汇点,且流道内各断面中线压力沿水深分布在压力最大值前后其规律不同,与宽尾墩类似。虽然来流Fr数对分流比影响较小,但当2.43<Fr<2.82时,各体型方案的分流比k q增大幅度较大,导致双窄缝体型河床底板压力变化幅度较明显。

阿根廷基什内尔总统水电站发电机性能参数及结构特点

阿根廷基什内尔总统水电站装设5台额定功率为190 MW的混流式水轮发电机组,在电力系统中承担发电、调峰和调相功能,是“一带一路”在南美地区的标志性工程。国外咨询工程师对水轮发电机的频率变化范围、额定电压和槽电流、短路比和纵轴同步电抗、冷却方式、消防方案等技术参数和结构要求与国内标准和习惯不同,通过比较分析相关国内外标准规范和类似水电站发电机参数水平,对水轮发电机性能参数和结构特点进行总结和概括,供类似水电站发电机选型和设计参考。

动量比对单排槽针栓喷注器雾化特性的影响

为了获得单排槽气液针栓喷注器的破碎过程和雾化特性,通过试验和数值仿真方法研究了不同动量比下的破碎变形过程、雾场浓度和粒径分布。结果表明,径向液束在轴向气膜的剪切作用下发生变形和破碎,穿透深度和破碎长度均随着动量比的提高而增大;雾场中心的浓度随动量比提高而降低,使得雾场中心接近空心;随着局部动量比的提高,液滴粒径的最大值逐渐增大,液滴粒径的最小值逐渐减小,液滴的粒径范围逐渐拓宽;雾场液体浓度和粒径沿周向分布有相邻喷注单元之间明显的分区特征。

基于资源预选的车联网分布式调度方案

第三代合作伙伴(the 3rd generation partnership project,3GPP)为长期演进车对外界信息交互技术(long term evolution-vehicle to everything,LTE-V2X)定义了集中式(模式3)和分布式(模式4)两种通信模式。模式4支持直连通信,采用基于感知的半持续调度(semi-persistent scheduling,SPS)资源分配方案,车辆通过感知选择最佳的子信道。为了解决模式4中SPS算法存在的资源选择不确定性以及资源利用率低等问题,提出了资源预选方案,提前确定预选资源位置,并在感知过程中根据信道拥塞程度调整感知窗口大小和参考信号接收功率强度的加权方式,从而降低资源碰撞概率,提高传输的可靠性。仿真结果表明,与标准中SPS机制相比,所提出的资源分配方案在较高车流密度场景下可以有效提升数据包接收率,降低了通信时延,满足车联网(Internet of Vehicle,IoV)高可靠低时延的目标。