The Effect of Reaction Temperature, Catalyst Concentration and Alcohol Ratio in the Production of Biodiesel from Raw and Purified Castor Oil

In this study, a homogeneous alkaline catalyst was used in the production of biodiesel from raw and refined castor oil feedstock. The effect of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst between the two feedstocks, raw and refined castor oil was compared. The transesterification technique was utilized in this study, aiming to investigate the effect of different parameters, which include the reaction temperature, methanol-to-oil mole ratio, and catalyst concentration at a constant period of 90 minutes. The result revealed the performance of the KOH catalyst on raw castor oil yielded 98.49% FAME, which was higher than the refined castor oil which yielded 97.9% FAME. The optimal conditions obtained from refined castor oil were applied to raw castor oil because of the same properties. The fuel quality of castor oil and produced biodiesel were tested for physicochemical properties.

Investigation on the biodegradation levels of super heavy oils by parameter-striping method and refined Manco scale: a case study from the Chepaizi Uplift of Junggar Basin

The Carboniferous volcanic reservoir in the Chepaizi Uplift became an exploration hot target in recent years for its substantial amount of oils discovered. However, most of the Carboniferous heavy oils were biodegraded to PM7 or higher with orders of magnitude variation in oil viscosities. Two oil groups (I and II) exactly corresponding to the western and eastern Chepaizi Uplift were distinguished according to their source diagnose. Furthermore, three oil families (II1, II2 and II3), with the biodegradation level of PM7, PM8–8+, PM9+, respectively, were classified based on molecular compositions and parameter-stripping method of strongly bioresistant parameters. Allowing for this extremely high biodegradation case, more biodegradation refractory compound class were added to establish a refined Manco scale to quantitatively evaluate the biodegradation extent. Refined Manco number (RMN2) positively correlated with the oil density, NSO contents, and absolute concentrations of diasteranes and gammacerane, negatively correlated with the absolute concentrations of diahopane, summed tricyclic terpanes and pentacyclic terpanes. This refined scale showed higher resolution than the PM one to differentiate the biodegradation extent of Carboniferous heavy oils from the Chepaizi Uplift, especially those with same PM values but different oil viscosities.

Spillover of international crude oil prices on China's refined oil wholesale prices and price forecasting:Daily-frequency data of private enterprises and local refineries

Compared with retail prices of state-owned companies used in almost all existing studies,China’s refined oil wholesale prices of private enterprises and local refineries are more affected by the market and better reflect the real supply-demand situation.For the first time,this paper applies own-monitored dailyfrequency wholesale prices of China’s private enterprises and local refineries during 2013-2020 to derive spillover effects of international crude oil prices on China’s refined oil prices through the VAR-BEKKGARCH(vector autoregression-Baba,Engle,Kraft,and Kroner-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity)model,and then tries to forecast wholesale prices through the PCA-BP(principal component analysis-back propagation)neural network model.Results show that international crude oil prices have significant mean spillover and volatility spillover effects on China’s refined oil wholesale prices.Changes in crude oil prices are the Granger cause of changes in refined oil wholesale prices.With the improvement of China’s oil-pricing mechanism in 2016,the volatility spillover from the international crude oil market to China’s refined oil market gradually increases,and the BRENT price variation has an increasing impact on the refined oil wholesale price variation.The PCA-BP model could serve as a candidate tool for forecasting China’s refined oil wholesale prices.

Research on Refined Oil Distribution Plan Based on Dynamic Time Window

Based on the analysis of the refined oil distribution plan which includes the various vehicles models-single oil-multiple gas stations. This paper puts forward the dynamic time window of oil supplementation based on every moment, and establishes the mathematical model of the refined oil distribution plan, using C language, taking various circumstances of the model into account to find the optimal solution through several operations. This process can make the refined oil distribution plan and the distribution route is more reasonable. At the same time, the distribution cost is lowest. Through the analysis of the experimental results, the validity and algorithm of the model are proved.

Status of China's Refined Oil Products Consumption and Forecast on Demand During the“11th Five-Year Plan”Period

The author used two common methods in this industry, i. e. the ＂Consumption Coefficient Method＂ and the ＂Elasticity Coefficient Trend Method＂, to forecast the refined oil product demand in 2010. Through analyzing and comparing the two forecast results, it is projected that the demand for finished product oils in 2010 will be in the range of 220 to 240 million tons a year. In addition, out of concern about the total oil products consumption to exceed 600 million tons/year in 2020, the author puts forward suggestions and measures aimed at conservation of oil products and application of alternative fuels.

Study to Solve the Problem of Color Reversion in Refined Soybean Oil

This study carried out on the soybean oil samples taken from the processing lines during refining process (degumming, neutralization, bleaching and deodorization process) for crude soybean oil as well as on color reversed oil after deodorization step during storage for several hours to study the physical and chemical properties (color, refractive index (RI), free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (p-AV), total oxidative (TOTOX) value, oxidative stability (OS), saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), unsaponifiable matter (unsap. %), soap content, minerals, waxes, total phenols content, K232 and k270 nm), the fatty acids composition, sterol compound, total tocopherols and their components (α, β, γ and δ tocopherol) and tocored compound for these oils and to find out the reason for the color reversion after a short period from storage for the deodorized soybean oil. Citric acid has been added (0.2%) to each color reversed and neutralized soybean oils, then procedure of bleaching and deodorization process on them, and studied its effect on the physical and chemical properties for them specially the color units (red and yellow), tocopherols contents and tocored compound. The results showed that refining process for soybean oil caused to a gradual decrease in values of AV, oxidative stability, IV, wax, % Unsapo., K232 and K270 nm, total polyphenols, minerals (P, Ca and Mg), total tocopherols and their compounds (α, β, γ and δ tocopherol) and also caused decrease in all sterol components, but they showed a few differences in percentages of fatty acids as result refining process. Color values (red and yellow unites) recorded gradually decreased during refining process, but these values were increased in deodorized soybean oil after storage (color reversed soybean oil). Reduction of α, β, γ and δ tocopherol contents was found to be linearly with the increase of red and yellow color units (color darking). The tocored is responsible for the color reversion phenomenon, where as maximum amount of tocored was in crude soybean oil 169.2 ppm, which gradually decreased during refining process 120.35, 99.82, 20.25, and 8.46 ppm, respectively, but it was found to be 46.5 ppm in color reversed soybean oil. Addition of citric acid (0.2%) related to the removal of tocored from soybean oil during the bleaching and deodorization process of soybean oil before and after color reversion in parallel with the significant decrease in the color values.

Aflatoxin B1 contamination in sunflower oil collected from sunflower oil refinery situated in Karnataka

In the present study, the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. This was subsequently compared with commercial vegetable oil samples. Among the 23 different sunflower oil samples were tested, 10 of them showed posi-tive results to AFB1 and the remaining 13 showed negative results to AFB1. All the refined oil samples were free from AFB1 contamination.

Intelligent Transformation and Upgrading of Oil Refining & Petrochemical Industries in China:Investigation & Application

The oil refining and petrochemical industry in China has made great achievements after decades of development, and its capacity has already ranked second in the world. However, the refining industry is suffering some challenges, such as severe overcapacity at present, and has entered a new economic normal, in which the technological progress develops rapidly, the demand for green and low-carbon development is stricter, the market competition is increasingly fiercer and the profit margins are gradually narrowing. In such a situation, informatization and its new technologies are driving the significant reforming of manufacturing patterns, marketing patterns, management and decision-making patterns. Intelligent development is the inevitable choice for the transformation and upgrading of oil refining and petrochemical industry. It is suggested that the intelligent evaluating model and method should be adopted to enterprise’s intelligentializing transformation and upgrading by laying a solid foundation of digital refinery and implemenation of digital upgrading.

Preparation and Application of Polymer Silicate Phosphate Ferric Sulfate Used in High-Viscosity Oil Refining Wastewater Treatment

A new kind of flocculants, named Polymer Silicate Phosphate Ferric Sulfate(PSPFS), was synthesized by ferrous sulfate used as the main material and activated silicic acid as additive. In this paper, High-Viscosity Oil Refining wastewater from Liaohe Petrochemical Corporation was the treatment object. Overall, the in-fluencing factors and synthesis technology conditions of PSPFS were determined by experiments. First of all, the conditions of influencing factors were showed as follows: the mass percent concentration of ferrous sulfate 55%,concentration of sodium silicate 15% , the molar ratio of ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide 1.2:1, oxidation temperature 40 degree Celsius, oxidation time 4 hours, polymerization temperature 60 de-gree Celsius and polymerization time 2 hours. Secondly, the optimal ratios of components were determined by uniform design method. The molar ratio of Fe/Si is 5.0:1, Fe/H2SO4 is 3.2:1, and Fe/P is 18.0:1. At last, the optimal experimental condition was determined as follows: the dosing quantity 200mg/L, pH value 5.5~9, temperature 25~45℃, stirring time 2 min, and standing time 3 min, according to the result of floc-culation experiments with PSPFS. Besides, the result of the comparative experiments showed that the effi-ciency of PSPFS was much better than the reference flocculants.

Analysis of Environment for Development of Oil Refining Business in China

This articles focuses on analysis of the changing trend relating to crude supply and petroleum products demand inside China, while introducing the preliminary progress resulted from restructuring of China’s refining industry and dynamics of competition among Chinese refining enterprises. This article has made a preliminary judgment and analysis on the situation facing China’s refining industry and may serve as a reference to refiners intending to develop refining business inside China.

Application of experimental design in optimization of crude oil adsorption from saline waste water using raw bagasse

Experimental design was applied in the optimization of crude oil adsorption from saline waste water using raw bagasse.The application of response surface methodology(RSM) was presented with temperature,salinity of water,pH,adsorbent dose,and initial oil content as factors.A quadratic model could be used to approximate the mathematical relationship of crude oil removal on the five significant independent variables.Predicted values and experimental values are found to be in good agreement with R2 of 97.44%.The result of optimization shows that the maximum crude oil removal is equal to 67.38% under the optimal condition of temperature of 46.53 °C,salinity of 37.2 g/L,pH of 3,adsorbent dose of 9 g/L and initial oil content of 300×10-6.

Rapid Laboratory Comparison Method for Identification of Hazardous Wastes from Illegal Oil Refining

[Objective] This paper aimed to study the rapid identification method of hazardous wastes from illegal oil refining,and provide a new theoretical basis and practical basis for shortening the appraisal cycle and reducing the cost of identification.[Method] The identified substance and the qualified oil products were diluted by carbon disulfide with a ratio of 1∶100 for the gas chromatographic analysis.According to the corresponding national standard,the oil change indexes,such as the moisture content,viscosity,acid value and mechanical impurities of the identified substance,were measured.[Result] By the comparison between the gas chromatogram spectrograms of the identified substance and the qualified oil,it is found that the main component of the identified substance was the mineral oils.And the test results of oil change index showed that the mineral oil was unqualified.[Conclusion] This method was of great significance to save the cost of appraisal and improve the efficiency of case handling.

Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Vegetable Oil Refinery

Energy and exergy analysis was conducted for a vegetable oil refinery in the Southwest of Nigeria. The plant, powered by two boilers and a 500 kVA generator, refines 100 tonnes of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) into edible vegetable oil per day. The production system consists of four main group operations: neutralizer, bleacher, filter, and deodourizer. The performance of the plant was evaluated by considering energy and exergy losses of each unit operation of the production process. The energy intensity for processing 100 tonnes of palm kennel oil into edible oil was estimated as 487.04 MJ/tonne with electrical energy accounting for 4.65%, thermal energy, 95.23% and manual energy, 0.12%. The most energy intensive group operation was the deodourizer accounting for 56.26% of the net energy input. The calculated exergy efficiency of the plant is 38.6% with a total exergy loss of 29919 MJ. Consequently, the exergy analysis revealed that the deodourizer is the most inefficient group operation accounting for 52.41% of the losses in the production processes. Furthermore, a critical look at the different component of the plant revealed that the boilers are the most inefficient units accounting for 69.7% of the overall losses. Other critical points of exergy losses of the plant were also identified. The increase in the total capacity of the plant was suggested in order to reduce the heating load of the boilers. Furthermore, the implementation of appropriate process heat integration can also help to improve the energy efficiency of the system. The suggestion may help the company to reduce its high expenditure on energy and thus improve the profit margin.

Problems Confronting China’s Petroleum Refining Industry During the High Oil Price Period and Suggestions

This article has suggested that high oil price could loom many years in the future and has analyzed the impact of this trend on the oil product mix and petroleum refining industry in China. This article has also put forward measures for sharpening the international competitive edge of China’s petroleum refining indus- try to cope with the challenges of high oil price.

Current Status of the Oil Refining Industry in China and Prospects for Cooperative Development

The oil refining industry in China supports the needs of national economic development and has gone through industrial upgrading at all stages, as represented by the upgrades in the quality of refined oil products.Currently, it has acquired strong technical and engineering strength and delivered good results in scale, information technology and environmental friendliness. However, compared with the world's leading oil refining powers, the oil refining industry in China still lags behind in terms of overall competitiveness. There is an urgent need to enhance its competitiveness and adjust its product structure, plant structure and capacity structure to both launch a new round of industrial upgrading and coordinate with the associated industries. Great potential exists for China to cooperate with the countries along the Belt and Road initiative in various fields such as petroleum resources, product markets and technical equipment. Together, multi-dimensional cooperation bonded by resources, markets, technologies and capital/funds can be carried out, and cooperation between the upstream and downstream industries throughout the industry chain can be facilitated. There is much to expect from the prospects for cooperative development.

Effect of Refining Parameters on Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) Properties from Oil Palm Trunk

The properties of medium density fibreboard (MDF) made from oil palm trunk (OPT) as affected by refining pressure and preheating time were investigated. The OPT chips were refined in the MDF pilot plant by using four refining pressures (2, 4, 6 and 8 bar) and four different preheating time (100, 200, 300 and 400 seconds). The refined fibres were blended with 10% of urea formaldehyde with a board target density of 720 kg/m3. MDF boards were evaluated based on European Standard EN 622-5:2006 for thickness swelling (TS), internal bonding (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the significance of the factors. The results from this study indicated that refining pressure and preheating time are significant factors for all MDF properties. Low refining pressure and preheating time produced higher TS, lower MOR and MOE with poor bonding than those boards prepared from fibres refined at higher refining pressure and longer preheating time. OPT fibre treated with 8 bar produced good swelling resistance but detrimental on mechanical properties of the finish board. 6 bar steam pressure offered the highest value of mechanical properties (MOE, MOR and IB). Boards from intermediate refining condition (6 bar and 300 seconds) were found the better board properties having 14.58%, 0.73 N/mm2, 38 N/mm2 and 3597 N/mm2 for TS, IB, MOR and MOE respectively.

Status and Development of Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry

CNPC's development of downstream industry opens up magnificient cooperation prospects for foreign companies.In order to meet the needs of national economy development and improve economic performance,CNPC will further develop its downstream industry with the refining as main body.CNPC will revamp some refineries along the eastern coast,such as refineries in Dagang and Liaohe Oilfields,to reach the annual refining capacity of 2.5 million tons each for the first step.

China's Excess Oil Refining Production Capacity in the Background of the Supply Side Structural Reform

Through analysis of the current situation and newly-increased production capacity-of the oil refining industry of China, this Paper discusses both the continuous expansion trend and the serious excess of production capacity of the oil refining industry of China. Due to the entry of the Chinese economy into the new normal,the accelerated substitution of old energy by new energy and rigid restrictions composed of low carbon and environmental protection requirements, the oil demand of China will continue to increase overall, but the growth will obviously slow down. At the same time, the newly-increased production capacity in Shandong and coastal region will continuously expand, the supply and demand contradiction will intensify, and the structural excess production capacity of the oil refining industry of China will be prominent. It is suggested that the government should attach great importance to the production capacity of the oil refining industry at the macro level, and deeply carry forward the supply side structural reform, and that enterprises should speed up technical innovation,enhance regional and layout optimization, adapt to market changes and adjust product structure, control oil refining but increase chemical engineering, improve product quality and production efficiency, and constantly promote the international competitiveness of the Chinese petrochemical industry.

Study on Co-refining of Poplar Powder with Soybean Oil in Supercritical Methanol

Poplar powder co-refined with soybean oil or fatty acid methyl esters in supercritical methanol in a high-pressure autoclave was studied to verify the promotion of poplar powder liquefaction and decomposition by oils & fats and methyl esters in the present work. It was shown that the decomposition rate of poplar powder was improved by the fatty acid methyl esters as well as the soy bean oil, and the efficiency of the latter was higher than the former. Further study showed that the decomposition rate of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin was all improved by co-refining, while the relative decomposition rate of lignin increased most remarkably. After vacuum distillation under mild condition, the light components of the liquid products from biomass co-refining were removed, and then petroleum ether was used to separate the remains into two parts, viz.: the bio-light oil mainly composed of the derivatives of oils and fats and the bio-heavy oil mainly composed of poplar powder liquefaction products. When more unsaturated oils and fats were used in the biomass co-refining, more products in the boiling range of diglycerides were produced, which were mainly contained in the bio-light oil obtained from the condensation of oils and fats derivatives with the poplar powder liquefaction products. The yield of the bio-heavy oil originating from the biomass co-refining is far more than that from the direct liquefaction of poplar powder in supercritical methanol, with the possible reasons analyzed in the article.