Preliminary Study on Crime Prevention of Left-behind Children in Rural China

In the process of social and economic development in China,there appears the inevitable problem of crime of left-behind children.Extensive researches and disputes prove that it is,to a greater extent,a social phenomenon resulted from social factors. It is recommended to improve the treatment of migrant workers and solve the problem of school admission for their children,provide effective legal education for those left-behind children whose problem can not be solved in a short term,and supplement the guardianship role to control the crime rate of leftbehind children. Another more effective method is to resume effective control of people's social life through the rural cultural tradition,to fundamentally prevent crime of left-behind children.

Appraisal of Existing HIV/AIDs Prevention and Control Measures and Presentation of Innovative Strategies to End HIV/AIDS Epidemic by 2030

Background: Globally, UNAIDS report 2022 shows, there are 84.2 million people affected by HIV/AIDS and 40.1 million deaths from AIDS since the start of epidemic. In sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls accounted for 63% of all new HIV infections in 2021 with, six in seven new HIV infections among adolescents aged 15 - 19 years being girls. Key populations accounted for 70% of HIV infections globally in 2021, with 51% of these new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Reflecting on the 4 decades’ journey of HIV epidemic amidst local, national and international efforts, the UN target of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030 remains questionable unless new innovative ways are used. This study aimed at analyzing existing HIV/AIDS interventions, discuss UN interventions in line with ending HIV/AIDS by 2030 then, suggest and discuss new innovative ways of ending HIV scourge by 2030. Methods: Systematic literature review methodology was used to extract existing published information on HIV prevention strategies from 1981 to 2023. The articles were previewed by 2 experts for quality and grouped by intervention. Of the 637 articles accessed, on HIV prevention/control only 45 met the inclusion criteria. Data were synthesized using a narrative synthesis approach following standard guidelines on synthesis without meta-analysis. Descriptive analysis was done, strength and limitations were identified. UNAIDS recommendations for ending HIV/AIDS by 2030 identified and analyzed. New Innovations in HIV/AIDS were presented and discussed. The scope of the reviewed literature was limited to HIV preventive strategies practiced between 1981 and 2023. Results: Findings show that, Uganda’s HIV prevalence was at a peak in 1991 of 15% (30% among pregnant women in urban areas). ABC strategy is claimed to have turned sharply downward the prevalence through the mid-1990s and reached 5% (14% for pregnant urban women) by 2001. Analysis of the strategy showed that the achievements of the strategy could not be sustained, subsequently HIV prevalence rose again. This is because none of the ABC components can independently reduce HIV problem. In the real world, 100% abstinence has failed, condom use only reduces infection by 90% (WHO), and lifelong monogamy is impractical. Such limitations weaken ABC strategy. The study established that Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) i.e. taking HIV medicines within 72 hours (3 days) after a possible exposure to HIV infection is a safe, effective and a globally practiced HIV preventive intervention in emergency situations of HIV exposure. However, PEP is limited to care sought within 72 hours after exposure and yet timely access especially in rural areas and for key populations remains a big challenge. Oral PrEP was also identified as effective HIV preventive measure that can reduce HIV risk from sex by about 99% and from injection drug users by 74%. However, like PEP, timely access especially in rural areas and for key populations remains a big challenge. The UNAIDS 95-95-95 strategy (i.e. 95% of people know their HIV status, 95% with +HIV status be on sustained ART and 95% on ART get viral load suppression) formed the basis for setting the target of ending HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030. However, our analysis shows that this target is unrealistic given the above highlighted limitations/ barriers in preventive measures and the unlikely perfect adherence (100%) to ART by all enrolled HIV positive persons. Conclusion: Ending HIV/AIDS by 2030 cannot be achieved by implementing the current preventing strategies and control measures. This study established that most of the existing HIV preventive strategies and control measures have a number of limitations. However, with sustained UN 95-95-95 strategy supplemented with additional innovative ways, there is hope that the UN dream of ending HIV/AIDS though not necessarily by 2030, can in the long run be achieved.

Practice and Thinking of Grid Management to Promote Crime Prevention and Control in Urban Community

Practice and Thinking of Grid Management to Promote Crime Prevention and Control in Urban

Crime Prevention in Ethnic Areas Focusing on Crime Prevention through Environmental Design

The purpose of this study is to consider crime prevention measures in ethnic areas focusing on Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) by an analysis of crime data and field survey. In this study, it was found that the main type of foreign crime that occurred in the research area was violence, and crimes committed by Koreans, which were mainly violence and crimes such as burglary, theft, robbery, and sexual offences, occurred steadily. Because it was found that crimes were related to the urban planning elements comprised of land use such as traditional market, inn, pub, and complicated space structure and the architectural design for natural surveillance and security facilities such as CCTV, lighting, alarm, and target hardening device, a new strategy for crime prevention design should include street environmental management, improvement of commercial facilities, and reinforcement security device of each buildings has to be spread through support of policy. In conclusion it was thought that CPTED would be a valuable measure to prevention crime and support community activities in ethnic area as expecting an improvement of physical environment and resident participatory for safer community.

Perceptions of People on Police Efficiency and Crime Prevention in Urban Areas in Malaysia

Crime cases from snatch thefts to murders, are becoming increasingly common in Malaysia according to the database of the Royal Malaysian Police （RMP）, the current overall Crime Index in Malaysia was 147,062 for 2013 compared with 65,237 in 1977. The database also revealed that the number of property crimes reported in this country has always exceeded the number of violent crimes. Although in 2013, crimes related to property are higher （117,687） than violent crime （29,375）, the gradual increase in the latter does worry Malaysians. Likewise, Malaysian Government had implemented a ＂safe community＂ concept, inspired by the Malaysian Crime Prevention Foundation （MCPF）, a non-government organization, as they were concerned that the threat of violent crime and non-violent crime would eventually reduce the quality of life for many individuals. The concept is very important to the public as it is perceived as improved safety for the public with less crime. This study analyzes the public safety through their perceptions on the effectiveness of the policeman and suggesting few prevention actions against crime. The data were collected using a self-administered survey questionnaire. Specifically, this study focuses on the more developed states in this country. From the cross tabulation analysis, the majority of respondents agreed that the police are effective in controlling crime. Approximately, 72.1% of respondents felt that the police are efficient in controlling crime.

Community Crime Prevention Initiatives, Collective Efficacy, and Criminal Investigations

While criminal investigations are usually conducted after the crime has been committed, these investigations can benefit from community crime prevention initiatives. The use of citizen volunteers, citizen awareness campaigns, community-driven research, and programs that facilitate effective police-community relations can aid the investigator in collecting testimony that might otherwise go unreported. Specific examples of how cases have been cleared due to the beneficial inclusion of citizen satisfaction research, crime prevention resources, and volunteer personnel demonstrate how community, crime prevention, and investigation of criminal behavior can be interlinked. The theme of this paper rests on the notion that the community＇s sense of collective efficacy, crime prevention efforts, and criminal investigation processes are not mutually exclusive, but instead should be considered as related aspects of the crime-fighting spectrum.

突发公共卫生事件中轻罪治理存在的问题及其解决思路--从妨害传染病防治罪切入

轻罪治理是法治现代化在刑法领域的具体体现,也是全面依法治国的重要一环;妨害传染病防治罪在新冠疫情暴发期间作为必要的刑事手段,体现出轻罪化特点。分析疫情期间有关判决,该罪在《刑法修正案(十一)》出台后仍面临入罪标准不具体、主观罪过不明确、与同类型重罪界限不清晰以及因果关系证明难等问题;对此应以刑事政策为指引,把握轻罪化的立法与司法两条线,明确入罪标准和畅通出罪渠道,使轻罪治理能在突发公共卫生事件中发挥应有作用。

Factors Influencing Preventive Behaviors of Mothers for Diarrhea in Children Aged 1-5 Years in Buol District, Indonesia

This study aims to determine the factors related with mothers＇ behaviors in preventing diarrhea in children aged 1-5 years inBuol District. This was a cross-sectional survey design with health belief model as the conceptual framework. A total of 300mothers were selected by using purposive sampling method based on criteria. Mothers were interviewed by using astructured questionnaire during October to November 2015. A chi-square （X^2） test was used to determine a significantassociation between independent variables and dependent variable. The finding showed that 68.3% of mothers hadgood behaviors in preventing diarrhea. The factors significantly related to mothers＇ behaviors included perceivedsusceptibility to diarrhea, perceived severity of diarrhea, perceived benefits of diarrhea prevention behaviors, and perceivedbarriers of diarrhea prevention behaviors CP 〈 .01, p 〈 .01, p 〈 .01, and p 〈 .01 respectively）. Further, mothers had highperception to comply with diarrhea prevention behaviors. Those who perceived that diarrhea prevention behaviors werehighly beneficial to their children had good behaviors in preventing diarrhea. However, taking certain actions must considernegative aspects.

童年不良经历与犯罪关联性研究

童年不良经历是个体未来犯罪的潜在风险因素,已有研究表明其与犯罪行为具有正向关联性。但针对童年不良经历与重新犯罪间关系的研究较少,且不良经历的内部因素对重新犯罪的影响模式尚未明确。在生态系统理论、生命历程理论和逐级年龄非正式社会控制理论的指导下,通过对在押服刑人员和刑满释放人员的个别访谈和量表评估,深入认识和了解研究对象童年不良经历与其犯罪的潜在关联性,用“数”说话,循“数”治理,以实证方法发现家庭父母关系、教养方式、学校表现、越轨行为、同伴交往等影响因素都是重新犯罪的重要预测因子。通过聚焦个人成长经历劣势累积,提出家庭学校与犯罪的“共线性”关系、越轨行为与犯罪的“凝聚加持”关系,验证了发展犯罪预防理论中关于“生命早期的经历对于形成个体经验有关键性影响”的论述。最后,提出从家庭、学校和专门矫治教育入手的循证预防策略,从而实现犯罪预防的源头预防、法治预防、有效预防。

《刑法修正案(十二)》下行贿犯罪的均衡适用

《刑法修正案(十二)》对行贿犯罪的修改,旨在实现与受贿犯罪惩处的实质均衡,并增强行贿犯罪处罚条款的积极预防功能。这体现的是对行贿犯罪的预防性严惩,而非单纯对其进行严厉惩治。司法应遵循该修法精神指引,确保罪名适用的稳健性。为实现修正案关于贿赂犯罪的处罚均衡性目标,需要将预防性严惩的修法精神与宽严相济、从严治吏等一贯的刑事政策相结合,将“入罪认定总体稳健,量刑评价适度从严”作为新法适用方向。贿赂犯罪的保护法益为职务行为的自主决策权,对行贿犯罪的惩处力度取决于侵害该法益的具体形式,而非“受贿行贿同等罚”。新增的行贿罪从重处罚情节仅为量刑情节,应根据从重处罚的实质依据对各个情节进行目的性限缩解释,以确保司法适用的精确性与均衡性。

跨境电信网络诈骗犯罪的发展与对策

跨境电信网络诈骗作为高发犯罪之一,具有犯罪组织稳定化、诈骗手段多样化、主犯的隐蔽性与从犯的胁迫性等特征。近年来,我国持续加强跨境电信网络诈骗犯罪的打击力度,然而,目前对于打击跨境电信网络诈骗犯罪还存在着许多问题,例如国家之间的法律不一致、调查取证难度大,追缴资金困难,等等。为了有效遏制跨境电信网络犯罪,应当加强与各国的执法合作,加强边境管理,引导出境人员回流,完善赃款追缴机制,进行全链条打击,实施打击与预防犯罪并重等综合策略。

刍议逃税罪“不予追究刑事责任”条款的修正

近年来,公众人物逃税的数额之多、影响之大,屡屡将《刑法》关于逃税罪“不予追究刑事责任”条款置于风口浪尖。逃税罪“不予追究刑事责任”条款是否合理,至今存在争议,主要体现为肯定论与否定论。从刑法法理角度来看,该条款的设立有违刑法体系化,偏离了对宽严相济刑事政策的正确理解,消解了刑法的一般预防功能;从司法实务和行政实践观察,该条款采取的行刑反转模式已经显现弊端,导致逃税罪实际处理模式不一、公安机关与税务机关查税权力混淆。当前,应基于风险社会背景下的积极预防性立法理念,对该条款进行完善和修正,将“不予追究刑事责任”改为“从轻、减轻刑事责任”,同时设置条款适用的数额上限。

帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的司法误区与理论校正

帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪案件数量急速增长的背后,存在司法适用的若干误区。本罪立法已包含刑法干预早期化的思想,其司法适用不宜再过度强调预防性特征,应在绝对的共犯独立性和严格的共犯从属性之间寻找第三条道路,即正犯行为相对宽松的事实性制约。本罪被帮助行为和帮助行为的罪量要求,都在司法适用中被过度放低。被帮助行为的罪量要求只有在一对多共犯参与模式中才能例外性地放宽,帮助行为的罪量认定则应牢牢把握不法关联性,审慎对待银行卡流水金额这样的泛化标准。应当对本罪主观明知进行限制解释,适当收缩推定规则的适用,防止责任主义原则的弱化。本罪的司法认定应在积极治理网络犯罪和宽严相济刑事政策之间取得平衡。

大数据背景下网络经济犯罪发展趋势及侦防对策

大数据背景下,网络经济犯罪具有虚拟化、组织化、涉众性等新特点,呈现出虚实结合、产业链化、跨境、资金流转快、影响危害大等发展趋势。公安机关应推动网络经济犯罪侦防理念由“侦查优先”向“预防优先”、由“以人为主”向“信息数据导侦”、由“就案办案”向“源头治理”转变,更新公安机关信息数据系统,加强数据模型建设应用,强化复合型人才培养,深入推进相关法制建设,持续提高网络经济犯罪侦防水平。

人工智能时代操纵证券、期货市场罪风险防范路径

人工智能依托发达的神经网络可进行深度学习,有望推动金融领域变革。人工智能时代操纵证券、期货市场罪的本质为滥用优势,非法控制市场。人工智能时代操纵证券、期货市场犯罪风险加剧,须明确“滥用”的判断余地、适时引入市场准入机制,重建操纵证券、期货市场罪的行为类型体系,考虑增加“滥用技术优势型”操纵市场行为,以期防范犯罪风险,充分发挥人工智能的技术优势,维护证券、期货市场正常的运行机制。

论未成年人犯罪成因及预防对策———以呼伦贝尔市某区为例

最高人民检察院发布的《未成年人检察工作白皮书(2023)》显示,未成年犯罪案件数量逐年增多,犯罪类型呈现多元化。2024年3月发生的“河北邯郸校园霸凌案”更是成为当前社会的焦点事件,将未成年人犯罪预防再次提升到重要位置。本文侧重以呼伦贝尔市某区未成年人犯罪的现状为切入点,分析了未成年人犯罪的原因,提出运用大数据技术,优化数据库,提升未成年人犯罪预防的效能;通过“六大保护”措施,形成预防未成年人犯罪的合力;将“适度惩罚”作为未成年犯罪预防的辅助手段,以推动预防青少年违法犯罪工作的高质量发展,构建和谐社会,维护国家长治久安。

青少年人口犯罪中刑罚预防作用的调查分析-以天津市为例

刑罚无疑具有预防犯罪的价值,这种价值体现在犯罪人作案前对刑罚风险的主观估计,而犯罪人自身对刑罚认知上的偏差,会影响刑罚预防价值的发挥。传统上,青少年犯罪常被认为是一种"不计后果"的犯罪,其实犯罪青少年对刑罚风险的感知、判断并不弱于其他犯罪人,刑罚对青少年犯罪仍有重要的预防作用,只不过其作用的大小因犯罪青少年的年龄、性别、文化程度等有所差异。另外,一些相关因素也造成了刑罚对部分犯罪青少年预防作用的"缺失"。

醉驾行为非犯罪化的治理风险及其防范

醉驾行为的非犯罪化固然有节约司法资源的成效,但也存在刑法震慑功能削弱、道路交通危险系数升高、司法认同感降低的治理风险,因此亟需构建相应的风险防范制度,避免醉驾行为非犯罪化引起的负面效应。研究认为:首先,对于被非犯罪化的醉驾行为人,交管部门应构建驾驶记录报告制度,以实现对其驾驶行为的切实监管。另外,考虑到现实中仍会有部分醉驾者最终被定罪处罚,为了有效助力其回归社会,提倡构建前科消灭制度。其次,基于立体刑法学启示,寻求刑法与行政法联动,构建行刑衔接制度,优化醉驾日常的行政执法模式。最后,基于犯罪学视野下醉驾行为预防立场,探索构建醉驾情境、心理学与医学上的预防制度,以达到醉驾行为事前治理和源头治理的目的。

元宇宙金融犯罪风险防控对策研究

元宇宙在推动金融业发展的同时,也造成了非法集资犯罪、组织领导传销活动犯罪、洗钱、外汇等金融犯罪风险。为有效防控风险,公安机关需要建立健全“平台-数据-代码”的一体化犯罪风险防控模式。在平台方面,公安机关要监督规范平台合规化建设,不断完善“公安机关-金融机构-社会公众”的协同治理机制,共同打造“静态”和“动态”的风险防控机制。在数据方面,公安机关要加强国际合作,打破元宇宙金融犯罪防控数据壁垒,通过“链上天眼”追踪溯源,及时固定电子证据;并运用区块链地址标签识别技术精准定位嫌疑人,形成涉案人员关系图谱。在代码方面,公安机关要做好智能合约代码安全审计工作,不断提高数据化实战能力,实现法律的代码化预嵌。

后疫情时代基于犯罪科学的未成年人犯罪防控路径研究

后疫情时代下,我国未成年人犯罪呈现犯罪总量激增、低龄化趋势明显、暴力犯罪占主流、涉电信网络犯罪人数增多等新特点。提出引入犯罪科学理论并结合未成年人犯罪的新特点构建基于天眼系统的未成年人犯罪行为预警机制、基于RCA和ANN的高危未成年人犯罪预测防控平台以及基于数据分层法和犯罪场理论的未成年人网络犯罪风险监控系统,以期实现对未成年人从犯罪行为萌芽到犯罪行为实施全过程的犯罪防控。