A Unified Definition of Electrostatic and Magnetic Fields

This article originates from the observation that field lines are drawn using distinctive rules in magnetic field and electrostatic fields. It aims at reconciliating the definitions of these fields and thus reaching a consensus on the interpretation of field lines. Our unified field definition combines three orthogonal vectors and a unique scalar value. Field lines are then defined as isovalue lines of the scalar value, rendering it simpler to interpret in both field types. Specific to our field definition is the use of square root of vector’s cross product so that all vectors have the same physical unit. This enhanced field definition also enables a more efficient calculation of Biot-Savart law. This article is the first of a series allowing the drawing of isovalue contour lines.

Effects of Different Parameters of Electrostatic Field on Removal of Ethylene in Fruit and Vegetable Storage Environment

[Objectives]The effects of different parameters of electrostatic field on the removal of ethylene from fruit and vegetable storage environment were studied. [Methods]The high voltage electrostatic field technology was used to simulate the removal of ethylene from fruit and vegetable storages, and its influencing factors were tested and analyzed. [Results] The removal effect of needle-plate electrodes was better than that of needle electrodes. The removal effect of ethylene at high voltage was better than that at low voltage. The length of gas chamber was positively correlated with the time required for ethylene removal. Increasing the voltage could produce more ozone, thus improving the removal effect of ethylene. [Conclusions] This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the use of high-voltage electrostatic field to remove ethylene in controlled atmosphere storages.

Effect of High Voltage Electrostatic Fields on Post-Harvest Quality of Strawberry Fruit

The paper studied the effect of high-voltage electrostatic fields on the postharvest quality of strawberries. The results showed that the respiration rate decreased significantly, the content of soluble solids kept at high level, and the activities of polygalacturonase and cx-cellulase decreased, while the fruit firmness declined slowly. On the seventh day of storage, the rotten rate of strawberries treated by HVEF was 5%, the control group was 15%.

Process simulation and optimization of flow field in wet electrostatic precipitator

To improve the dust removal performance of the wet electrostatic precipitator(WESP), a flow field optimization scheme was proposed via CFD simulation in different scales. The simplified models of perforated and collection plates were determined firstly. Then the model parameters for the resistance of perforated and collection plates, obtained by small-scale flow simulation, were validated by medium-scale experiments. Through the comparison of the resistance and velocity distribution between simulation results and experimental data, the simplified model is proved to present the resistance characteristics of perforated and collection plates accurately. Numerical results show that after optimization, both the flow rate and the pressure drop in the upper room of electric field regions are basically equivalent to those of the lower room, and the velocity distribution in flue inlet of WESP becomes more uniform. Through the application in practice, the effectiveness and reliability of the optimization scheme are proved, which can provide valuable reference for further optimization of WESP.

Effect of an electrostatic field on gas adsorption and diffusion in tectonic coal

The characteristics of adsorption, desorption, and diffusion of gas in tectonic coal are important for the prediction of coal and gas outbursts. Three types of coal samples, of which both metamorphic grade and degree of damage is different, were selected from Tongchun, Qilin, and Pingdingshan mines. Using a series of experiments in an electrostatic field, we analyzed the characteristics of gas adsorption and diffusion in tectonic coal. We found that gas adsorption in coal conforms to the Langmuir equation in an electrostatic field. Both the depth of the adsorption potential well and the coal molecular electroneg- ativity increases under the action of an electrostatic field. A Joule heating effect was caused by changing the coal-gas system conductivity in an electrostatic field. The quantity of gas adsorbed and AP result from competition between the depth of the adsorption potential well, the coal molecular electronegativ- ity, and the Joule heating effect. △P peaks when the three factors control behavior equally. Compared with anthracite, the impact of the electrostatic field on the gas diffusion capacity of middle and high rank coals is greater. Compared with the original coal, the gas adsorption quantity,△P, and the gas diffusion capacity of tectonic coal are greater in an electrostatic field. In addition, the smaller the particle size of tectonic coal, the larger the△P.

Electrostatic Field Enhanced Photocatalytic CO_(2) Conversion on BiVO_(4) Nanowires

The recombination loss of photo-carriers in photocatalytic systems fatally determines the energy conversion efficiency of photocatalysts.In this work,an electrostatic field was used to inhibit the recombination of photo-carriers in photocatalysts by separating photo-holes and photo-electrons in space.As a model structure,(010)facet-exposed BiVO_(4)nanowires were grown on PDMS-insulated piezo-substrate of piezoelectric transducer(PZT).The PZT substrate will generate an electrostatic field under a certain stress,and the photocatalytic behavior of BiVO_(4) nanowires is influenced by the electrostatic field.Our results showed that the photocatalytic performance of the BiVO_(4) nanowires in CO_(2)reduction in the negative electrostatic field is enhanced to 5.5-fold of that without electrostatic field.Moreover,the concentration of methane in the products was raised from 29% to 64%.The enhanced CO_(2) reduction efficiency is mainly attributed to the inhibited recombination loss of photo-carriers in the BiVO_(4) nanowires.The increased energy of photo-carriers and the enhanced surface absorption to polar molecules,which are CO in this case,were also play important roles in improving the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst and product selectivity.This work proposed an effective strategy to improve photo-carriers separation/transfer dynamics in the photocatalytic systems,which will also be a favorable reference for photovoltaic and photodetecting devices.

A new electric field mill array with each of the mill’s rotor controlled precisely by a GPS module:Equipment and initial results

We have newly designed an electrostatic sensor,called an electric field mill(EFM),to simplify the estimation of the charge position and charge amount transferred by lightning discharges.It is necessary for this remote estimation of the transferred charge to measure electric field changes caused by charge loss at the time of a lightning strike at multiple locations.For multiple-station measurement of electric field changes,not only speed but also phase for exposure and shielding of the sensing plates inside each EFM of the array should be synchronized to maintain the sensitivities of the deployed instruments.Currently,there is no such EFM with specified speed and phase control performance of the rotary part.Thus,we developed a new EFM in which the rotary mechanism was controlled consistently to within 3%error by a GPS module.Five EFMs had been distributed in the Hokuriku area of Japan during the winter season of 2022-2023 for a test observation.Here we describe the design and a simple calibration method for our new EFM array.Data analysis method based on the assumption of a simple monopole charge structure is also summarized.For validation,locations of assumed point charges were compared with three-dimensional lightning mapping data estimated by radio observations in the MF-HF bands.Initial results indicated the validity to estimate transferred charge amounts and positions of winter cloud-to-ground lightning discharges with our new EFM array.

High-stability electrostatic field micro sensor for sounding thunderstorm applications

In this paper,the design and experimental results for a novel high-stability sounding electrostatic field micro sensor are presented.By means of hermetic chip sealing,digital weak signal demodulation unit,and probe sensor structure design,harsh environmental adaptation problems such as low temperature,high humidity,low air pressure,waterfall are solved.The sensor has a high resolution of 14 V/m,a wide measurement range of±100 kV/m,and is proved to have superior stability and performance in sounding electric field experiments than traditional sensors under different kinds of weather.

Orientation of KRb molecules in a switched electrostatic field

We theoretically investigate the orientation of the cold KRb molecules induced in a switched electrostatic field by numerically solving the full time-dependent Schr6dinger equation. The results show that the periodic field-free molecular orientation can be realized for the KRb molecules by rapidly switching off the electrostatic field. Meanwhile, by varying the switching times of the electrostatic field, the adiabatic and nonadiabatic interactions of the molecules with the applied field can be realized. Moreover, the influences of the electrostatic field strength and the rotational temperature to the degree of the molecular orientation are studied. The investigations show that increasing the electrostatic field will increase the degree of the molecular orientation, both in the constant-field regime and in the field-free regime, while the increasing of the rotational temperature of the cold molecules will greatly decrease the degree of the molecular orientation.

The Phase Transition of Syndiotactic Polystyrene Induced by Electrostatic Field

The crystal structure and morphology of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) melt crystallized in various electrostatic fields have been investigated by using wide angle X ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). WAXD and DSC analyses show that sPS is gradually transformed from α phase to β phase with increase of electrostatic intensity. The SEM observations indicate that the morphology of sPS micro crystals is strongly dependent on electrostatic intensity applied to the sample during solidification. The variation of the micro crystals orientation from disordered lamellae to ordered lamellare have been observed with increase of electrostatic intensity.

Body area communication based on quasi-electrostatic field and spread spectrum

Based on the electrical model of body area communication, the change tendency of chan nel gain in 100 kHz 10 MHz band was experimentally analyzed and verified. Results show that chan nel gain was flat and signal attenuation was approximately 43 dB in 1 MHz 10 MHz band. The char acteristics of the channel were taken into account in the design of body area spread spectrum com munication and its multiuser receiver issue. BER Eb/No curves of single user and multiuser were de rived by simulation. The characteristics of body area commutation channel were studied and the fea sibility of introducing spread spectrum theory to body area communication was verified.

Electrostatic Modes of Dusty Plasmas in a Uniform Magnetic Field

Electrostatic dusty plasma waves in a uniform magnetic field are studied. Unless the magnetic field is extremely strong, the dust particles can hardly be magnetized, while however, electrons and ions are easily done so. Electrostatic modes in such dusty plasmas can then be investigated by making use of the 'moderately magnetized' assumption of magnetized electrons and ions, and unmagnetized dust particles. In a high frequency range, due to the existence of dust component, both frequencies of Lang- muir waves (parallel to the magnetic field) and upper hybrid waves (perpendicular to the field) are reduced. In the frequency range of ion waves, besides the effect on dust-ion-acoustic waves propagating parallel to the magnetic field, the frequency of ion cyclotron waves perpendicular to the magnetic field is also enhanced. In a very low dust frequency range, we find an 'ion-cyclotron- dust-acoustic' mode propagating across the field line with a frequency even slower than dust acoustic waves.

On the Possibility of an Isochoric Phase Transition in an Electrostatic Field

In the present paper that considers the possibility for modification of equation of state for a non-polar gas in a closed thermally-insulated capacitor and, consequently, the possibility for changing the temperature and pressure under electrostatic field. This can be classified as a new type of phase transitions.

Calculation of the Duration of the Atomic Tunneling Ionization in a Strong Electrostatic Field by Using Bohmian Trajectories Approach

The duration of a bound electron tunneling through the barrier formed by atomic potential and electrostatic field is calculated by the Bohmian trajectories scheme. The time of the tunneling ionization decreases with the increase of the amplitude of the electrostatic field. By using the information about the position, velocity and force of the Bohmian trajectories, the dynamical process of tunneling through the barrier is investigated.

CALCULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELDS INDUCED BY ELECTRODES IN ELECTROSTATIC CHARGED POWDER SPRAYING TECHNIQUE

Electric fields induced by ring and pin electrodes in electrostatic charged powder sprayingtechnique are analysed. The fundamental formulae to deseribe these fields have been built up. Theseformulae could be used to design electrostatic charged podwer spraying system. The chargingeffectiveness of ring and pin electrode is experimentally investigated and compared each other. Theperformance of ring electrode is better than that of pin electrode.

Analysis of the operating parameters of a vortex electrostatic precipitator

A vortex electrostatic precipitator （VEP） forms a vortex flow field within a precipitator by means of the vertical staggered layout of the double-vortex collecting plate facing the direction of the gas flow. The ion concentrations within the precipitator can be significantly increased. Correspondingly, the charging and coagulation rates of fine particles and particle migration velocity are significantly improved within the VEP. Since it can effectively collect fine particles and reduce precipitator size, VEPs represent a new type of electrostatic precipitator with great application potential. In this work the change curve of the external voltage, gas velocity, row spacing and effective collecting area influencing the precipitation efficiency were acquired through a single-factor experiment. Using an orthogonal regression design, attempts were made to analyze the major operating parameters influencing the collecting efficiency of fine particles, establish a multiple linear regression model and analyze the weights of factors and then acquire quantitative rules relating experimental indicators and factors. The regression model was optimized by MATLAB programming, and we then obtained the optimal factor combination which can enhance the efficiency of fine particle collection. The final optimized result is that： when gas velocity is 3.4 m s-1, the external voltage is 18 kV, row spacing is 100 mm and the effective collecting area is 1.13 m2, the rate of fine particle collection is 89.8867%. After determining and analyzing the state of the internal flow field within the VEP by particle image velocimetry （PIV）, the results show that, for a particular gas velocity, a vortex zone and laminar zone are distinctly formed within the VEP, which increases the ion transport ratio as well as the charging, coagulation and collection rates of fine particles within the precipitator, thus making further improvements in the efficiency of fine particle collection.

Effect of thermal diffusion and electrostatic force on evolution of wind-blown sand flow

A theoretical model is suggested to mathematically describe the effect of thermal diffusion from a sand-bed on evolution of a wind-blown sand flow. An upward wind field is engendered by the thermal diffusion and the coupling interaction among the horizontal and upward wind flow, saltating grains, and a kind of electrostatic force exerted on the grains are considered in this theoretical model. The numerical results show that the effect of the thermal diffusion on the evolution process of wind-blown groan flow is quite obvious and very similar to the effect of the electrostatic force on the evolution. Not only the time for the entire system to reach a steady state （called the duration time）, the transport rate of grains, the mass-flux profiles and the trajectory of saltating grains are affected by the thermal diffusion and the electrostatic force exerted on saltating grains, but also the wind profiles and the temperature profiles at the steady state are affected by the wind-blown sand flow.

Electrostatic surface guiding of cold polar molecules with a single charged wire

This paper proposes a scheme to guide cold polar molecules by using a single charged wire half embanked in an insulating substrate and a homogeneous bias electric field, which is generated by a plate capacitor composed of two infinite parallel metal plates. The spatial distributions of the electrostatic field produced by the combination of the charged wire and the plate capacitor and the corresponding Stark potentials （including dipole forces） for metastable CO molecules are calculated, the relationships between the electric field and the parameters of our charged-wire layout are analysed. It also studies the influences of the insulator on the electric field distribution and the discharge effect. This study shows that the proposed scheme can be used to guide cold polar molecules in the weak-field - seeking states, and to form various molecule-optical elements, such as molecular funnel, molecular beam-splitters and molecule interferometer, even to construct a variety of integrated molecule-optical elements and their molecule chips.

Electrostatic Theory of Elementary Particles

Theoretical physics makes a wide use of differential equations for which only a potential solution is applied. The possibility that these equations may have a non-potential solution is ruled out and not considered. In this paper an exact non-potential solution of the continuity equation is described. The electric field of an elementary charged particle consists of two components: the known Potential Component (PC) produced by the charge and the earlier unknown Non-potential Component (NC) with a zero charge. Charged particles have both components, while a neutron has only the NC. The proton and neutron NC ensures similarity of their properties. The PC is spherically symmetric and NC is axisymmetric. Therefore, to describe an elementary particle, one should take into account both its spatial coordinates and the NC orientation. The particle interaction is determined by their NC mutual orientation. Neglecting the latter leads to indefiniteness of the interaction result. In a homogeneous electric field, the force acting on the NC is zero. Therefore, a charged particle possessing the NC will behave like a potential one. In an inhomogeneous field, the situation is principally different. Due to the NC there occurs an interaction between a neutron and a proton. The non-potential field results in the existence of two types of neutrons: a neutron and an antineutron. A neutron repels from a proton ensuring scattering of neutrons on protons. An antineutron is attracted to a proton leading to its annihilation. The NC produces the magnetic dipole moment of an elementary particle.

绿色水处理药剂的合成及其与静电场协同性能研究

采用不含磷氮的药剂衣康酸(IA)和甲基丙烯磺酸钠(SMAS)合成了环保型的两元共聚物药剂,并系统研究了合成工艺条件对共聚物性能的影响。最终得到最佳合成条件如下:原料质量比(IA∶SMAS)为2∶1,聚合温度为95℃,聚合时间为6 h;此外,引发剂和链转移剂的添加量均为原料总质量的5%。经静态阻垢实验研究表明,合成的共聚物具有优异的阻垢性能和分散性能。将该共聚物与静电场结合用于阻垢性能研究,结果表明静电场的存在使IA/SMAS的阻垢性能提高了17%,静电与IA/SMAS共聚物具有协同增效作用。