Convergent relationships between flower economics and hydraulic traits across aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants

Maintaining open flowers is critical for successful pollination and depends on long-term water and carbon balance.Yet the relationship between how flower hydraulic traits are coordinated in different habitats is poorly understood.Here,we hypothesize that the coordination and trade-offs between floral hydraulics and economics traits are independent of environmental conditions.To test this hypothesis,we investigated a total of 27 flower economics and hydraulic traits in six aquatic and six terrestrial herbaceous species grown in a tropical botanical garden.We found that although there were a few significant differences,most flower hydraulics and economics traits did not differ significantly between aquatic and terrestrial herbaceous plants.Both flower mass per area and floral longevity were significantly positively correlated with the time required for drying full-hydrated flowers to 70%relative water content.Flower dry matter content was strongly and positively related to drought tolerance of the flowers as indicated by flower water potential at the turgor loss point.In addition,there was a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and the construction cost of a flower across species.Our results show that flowers of aquatic and terrestrial plants follow the same economics spectrum pattern.These results suggest a convergent flower economics design across terrestrial and aquatic plants,providing new insights into the mechanisms by which floral organs adapt to aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

The Ability of Some Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants to Purify Domestic Wastewater

The study aimed to evaluate the ability of some terrestrial and aquatic plants for wastewater purification.Aquatic plants can remove pollutants from wastewater by consuming and accumulating various contaminants in different parts of plants.Different aquatic and terrestrial plants(Rosa sinensis,Typha latifolia,Ocimm bacilicum,Azolla pinnata,and Salvinia molesta)which have the ability to decrease water pollution were utilized in this study.The capability offive different species of plants was investigated by measuring chemical oxygen demand(COD),biological oxygen demand(BOD),electrical conductivity(EC),total dissolved solids(TDS),and pH of the medium.In this research,some aquatic and terrestrial plants were transplanted in wastewater plastic pots containing domestic wastewater with different ratios of 50%and 100%.Then,after 30 days,the physiological and biochemical parameters of plants were calculated to observe the effect of wastewater on plants.Results revealed higher chlorophyll and carotenoids in typha plants treated with 100%wastewater.The highest percentage of elimination in BOD(65%),COD(27%),TDS(72%),EC(83%),and pH(6.8%)was noted with the use of typha and azolla.Intriguingly,total soluble sugars,total free amino acids,and total proteins were found maximum in the hibiscus plant as compared to the other plants under 100%and 50%domestic wastewater treatment,while typha and ocimum showed lower values of these parameters irrespective of wastewater treatments.Moreover,the COD,BOD,TDS,EC,and pH trend was higher in 100%wastewater as compared to 50%wastewater.Taking into account the accumulation capacity of the tested plants especially typha can be efficiently used for the treatment of domestic wastewater.

Periphyton Biomass Response to Phosphorus Additions in an Aquatic Ecosystem Dominated by Submersed Plants

An experiment was conducted to investigate the response of periphyton biomass to addition of phosphorus (P) in an aquatic ecosystem dominated by submersed plants. Aquatic ecosystems dominated by Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara were constructed in mesocosm aquaria. Mesocosms were dosed weekly with different P loads (0 μg/L/Week and 100 μg/L/Week) for 17 weeks. Total P (TP), total soluble P (TSP), and soluble reactive P (SRP) concentrations in the waters of mesocosms added with P were significantly higher as opposed to the unenriched control mesocosms. The biomass of the attached periphyton and the cover of floating periphyton remained abundant in P-unenriched control mesocosms throughout the test period with a TP, TSP, and SRP concentration ranging of 0.021 - 0.049 mg/L, 0.004 - 0.024 mg/L, and 0.003 - 0.018 mg/L, respectively. P addition caused the decline of attached periphyton biomass to a low level and loss of floating periphyton. Results indicate that P enrichment in an aquatic ecosystem dominated by submersed plants could reduce attached periphyton biomass and eliminate floating periphyton. The research would be useful to maintain periphyton by reducing excessive P in aquatic ecosystem dominated by submersed plants.

Impact of Land Use and Aquatic Plants on the Water Quality of the Sub-Tropical Alpine Wetlands in India: A Case Study Using Neuro-Genetic Models

The suspended and dissolved waste in the incoming storm water of wetlands largely depends on the adjacent land use which can influence the quality of the water body. The micro- and macro-floral population of a wetland can absorb, convert, transform and release different organic or inorganic elements, which can also change or impact the overall quality of the wetland water. The present study investigates the influence of the land use and the plant species in the waterbed on the water quality of a high-altitude, sub-tropical wetland in India. The estimation capabilities of neuro-genetic models were utilized to identify the inherent relationships between the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), chlorine (Cl) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) with the land use and wetland zoology. A thematic map of the quality parameters was also generated based on the identified relationship to observe the influence that the morphological and biological diversity in and around the study area has on the quality parameters of the wetland. According to the results, the BOD, COD and Cl were found to vary with differences in land use and the presence of different plant species, whereas the DO was found to be largely invariant with changes in these parameters. The reasons may be contributed to the impact of uncontrolled eco-tourism activities around the wetland.

Effects of Eichhornia crassipes Growth on Aquatic Plants in Dianchi Lake

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of Eichhornia crassipes as an invasive plant on aquatic plants in Dianchi Lake. [Method] Based on the determination of chlorophyll content of phytoplankton and submerged plant (Potamogeton pectinatus) in Dianchi Lake in different months, the effects of E. crassipes on aquatic plants in Dianchi Lake were studied, and the allelopathy effect of root culture solution of E. crassipes on Microcystis aquaticum was discussed. [Result] The growth of E. crassipes in Dianchi Lake reduced the chlorophyll content of phytoplankton and submerged plant (P. pectinatus), and it showed that E. crassipes had certain inhibitory effect on their growth; the culture solution of E. crassipes root inhibited M. aeruginosa growth obviously. [Conclusion] The study could provide scientific references for the prevention and control of ecological safety of E. crassipes.

Water Purification Capacity of Four Kinds of Aquatic Plants in the Upper Reaches of Luanhe River

Under artificially simulated conditions, the water purification effects of Lythrum salicaria, Typha minima, Scirpus validus, Iris wilsonii and their configurations were studied. The results showed that various aquatic plants and their configurations showed purification effects for total nitrogen(TN), nitrate nitrogen(NO_3^-), total phosphorus(TP), orthophosphate(PO_4^(3-)) and chemical oxygen demand(COD) in water body, and the purification effects of aquatic plant configurations were better than those of single ones. Regression analysis was conducted for dynamics of various water quality indicators. The removal rates of TN and COD within 50 d by the combination of L. salicaria and I. wilsonii were 73.83% and 77.4%, respectively, with the best purification effect; the removal rate of NO_3^- within 20 d by the combination of S. validus and I. wilsonii was 89.41%; and the combination of S. validus and I. wilsonii showed the best removal effect for TP and PO43-, of which the 50-d removal rates were 88.98% and 92.39%, respectively. Reasonable choice of local aquatic plants and their optimal combinations can be applied in the improvement of water quality of rivers.

Investigation and Configuration Analysis of Aquatic Plants in Chengdu Wetland Parks

To find out the current situation and configuration of aquatic plants in landscape water of Chengdu wetland parks,sample-plot survey of aquatic plants in landscape water in the built wetland parks of Chengdu and urban parks was conducted.The results showed that there are 41 kinds of aquatic plants in the research region,belonging to 23 families.They are mainly hygrophyte and emergent plants,while floating and submerged plants are rarely used.Configuration of aquatic plants is mainly composed of emergent plants,supplemented by floating-leaved and submerged plants,and water landscape is rich.Then,configuration of aquatic plants in wetland parks was analyzed from the ecological function,landscape construction and other aspects,to provide the reference for plant configuration of urban wetland parks.

Evaluation of Potential Extracts Antioxydant (Aqueous, Hydro-Ethanolic and Ethanolic) of an Aquatic Plant from the River Djoue (<i>Ledermanniella schlechteri</i>)

The aim for this present study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts (AE), hydro-ethanolic extracts (HE) and ethanolic extracts (EE) obtained from an aquatic plant (L. schlechteri) using a simple and fast method that is the CCM. This method revealed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids at different levels but with higher antioxidant activity in EE compared to AE. Among the two families of antioxidants evaluated, the phenolic compounds were found to be higher on the EE (5.85 mgEAG/MS) followed by the HE (5.06 mgEAG/MS) and less and less important on the AE (3.661 mgEAG/MS). While the less significantly elevated flavonoids showed values of 1.146 mgECa/MS for EE, 0.406 mgECa/MS for HE et 0.181 mgECa/MS for AE. However, the anti-free radical activity was also evaluated. Unlike the antioxidant activity, the ant-free radical activity with a greater IC50 was observed on AE with a rate of 66.66 mg/mL, then less on the hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic extracts, respectively at levels of 26.15 mg/mL et 19.18 mg/mL.

Native Aquatic Plant Establishment Efforts in a High-Herbivore, Central Texas Reservoir

Maintaining beneficial, native plant structure and diversity while reducing invasive, nuisance species dominance is an important management domain for natural resource managers. One such vegetation component in North American lakes and reservoirs is submerged aquatic vegetation—a valuable aquatic resource which serves as productive habitat for fish, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and other wildlife. Reservoirs in the southern parts of the United States have experienced varying aquatic plant dominance dynamics due to historical water resource management actions, including drawdowns and introduction of herbivorous fish for the purpose of controlling invasive aquatic vegetation. Some of these management options have also been detrimental to native submerged aquatic vegetation. This paper explores an adaptive management research effort by installing herbivore-protected, fenced-pen submerged aquatic vegetation sites in a high-herbivore reservoir to determine effectiveness of protecting habitat and serving as founder colony sources for propagule spread. Four experimental sites with three management treatments each were planted with American eelgrass. Each site utilized one un-fenced treatment and two treatments with varying mesh sizes for protective fencing-pens. Site integrity, species survival and spread, and grazing were documented. One additional site was installed and planted with other native submerged aquatic vegetation species for nominal species performance descriptions. No plants survived unprotected in the high-herbivore system and plants, in general, performed consistently better within the smaller mesh size. These test planting results were ultimately used to inform adaptive management decision making for plant installation and expansion designs for managing reservoirs invested with Hydrilla, considered one of the most serious invasive aquatic plants in the United States.

The Experiment Study of the Influence on Plant Seeds and Aquatic Biological Survival in High Altitude Environment

There is A certain foundation in this experiment. It was the second time we did this experiment. The purposes are three parts, first, explore the 30000~40000 meters high sky with two cameras recording the scene. The Second, find out whether the high sky condition(temperature, air pressure, cosmic ray) make influence on plants seeds. The third, text whether normal aquatic animal is able to survive in high sky. The conclusions are also three parts. It is important to set a deadline for my group member to finish the assignment, and also check their process, or they might delay their own part of work or they are not in charge of the work. As the leader, I should be thoughtful. Not only about members’ assignment, but also the details of their work, previously. Discuss about each task with group to ensure the correctness. Last but not least, every part of the experiment needs to be tested carefully. Only if we try our best to prevent accidents that might happen, then the experiment is able to success.

Seagull Lake,Western Eyre Peninsula,South Australia:A Saline Lake to Benefit from Climate Change? Ⅱ. Hydrology and Plants

Seagull Lake is an unusual saline lake,having a marine spring connected to a large continental ecosystem.With climate change the balance between marine,meteoric and groundwater inputs to,and evaporitic and groundwater

添加微藻的水生动植物组合对畜禽养殖场污水净化效应

用正交试验方法研究了添加微藻后的不同水生动植物组合对畜禽养殖场污水的净化效果。结果表明微藻的添加对污水的脱氮除磷效果有促进作用,当小球藻的添加量为1000 mL时,对总氮、硝态氮、总磷的去除效果最好,比未添加小球藻组去除率提高4.8%、32.63%、22.18%;当小球藻的添加量为4.4×10^(6)cell·mL^(-1)时,对氨氮、COD的去除效果较好,比未添加小球藻组去除率提高25.77%、13.30%。其中去除水体总氮、硝态氮效果最佳组合为红鲫鱼270 g·m^(-2),小球藻2.2×10^(6)cell·mL^(-1),田螺400 g·m^(-2),黑藻200 g·m^(-2)。去除氨氮最佳组合为红鲫鱼540 g·m^(-2),小球藻4.4×10^(6)cell·mL^(-1),田螺200 g·m^(-2),添加黑藻和苦草(种植比例1∶1,密度200 g·m^(-2))。去除总磷TP最佳组合为红鲫鱼540 g·m^(-2),小球藻2.2×10^(6)cell·mL^(-1),田螺400 g·m^(-2),黑藻(种植密度200 g·m^(-2))。研究表明,应用正交试验可以优化水生植物组合对畜禽污水净化处理工艺,对于不同的目标污染物,具有不同的最优参数组合,综合考虑各因素对各目标污染物的去除效果的影响,可以选择污水净化工艺的最优参数组合,通过回收沼液养殖的微藻用于水生动植物组合进一步净化养殖场污水,实现废弃物资源化循环利用,对于污水深度处理技术具有良好的应用前景。

芳香中药在动物健康养殖中的研究与应用

多年来,动物生产中滥用抗生素等药物给人类健康带来了严重威胁,着眼于提高动物机体健康水平或将成为未来畜禽水产业可持续发展的方向。芳香中药通常指以挥发性物质为主要有效成分具有芳香气味的中药材及其提取物,具有抗菌、抗炎、增强免疫等作用。近年来,很多研究都在探讨芳香中药作为饲用替抗产品的潜力,文章综述了芳香中药的作用机制及其动物生产中的研究进展,并分析了芳香中药与动物健康养殖的关系及芳香中药当前存在的问题,对其发展前景进行了展望。文章旨在总结芳香中药目前的研究状况,为芳香中药在畜禽、水产健康养殖及饲料工业等方面的研究提供参考意见。

水生植物在水体污染修复中应用研究进展

随着我国经济飞速发展、工业和城市化步伐加快、人口迅速增长,我们所面临的各类环境污染问题日益突出,水污染问题也是重中之重。水生植物在水体污染修复中发挥重要作用,具有成本低、环境友好、处理效果好等优点。通过查阅相关研究文献,本文介绍了植物选择原则、污染物净化机理,总结了水生植物对水体氮磷、重金属、有机物污染修复的研究进展,未来在水生植物资源回收、净化污染物种类和水生植物组合等方面还需要进一步深入的研究,以期为植物在水体污染修复推广应用中提供科学依据。

山东省黄河三角洲水生耐盐药用植物资源调查与分析

对山东省黄河三角洲地区水生耐盐药用植物的种类、生活型及对应药材入药部位、药性、功效进行统计调查分析。共调查到野生水生耐盐药用植物299种。根据恩格勒分类系统,这些植物隶属于76科204属;生活型以草本型为主,共222种。以299种药用植物为基源的药材共338种,其中全草入药药材144种,占药材种类数的42.60%;平性药材最多,共85种;苦味药、甘味药和辛味药数量较其他药味具有明显优势;以功效分类,清热药、利水渗湿类、活血化瘀类、化痰止咳类、止血药和补虚药占优势。针对水生耐盐药用植物特点,结合该区域自然状况,提出了合理开发和综合利用的建议。

镁改性水生植物生物炭吸附水中的微囊藻毒素-LR

利用水生植物苦草和狐尾藻制备镁改性生物炭,并对生物炭的比表面积、孔隙度、元素组成、pH_(pzc)、FTIR、XPS、XRD进行表征,开展吸附水中微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的研究.结果表明,与未改性生物炭相比,镁改性生物炭具有较大的比表面积和中孔孔容,其表面负载有MgO和Mg(OH)_(2),且具有更多的含氧基团和更高的pH_(pzc).以2.0 mol·L^(-1)的MgCl_(2)浸渍制备的镁改性生物炭对MC-LR的去除效果最佳.准一级、准二级动力学、Elovich和颗粒内扩散模型都能在不同程度上较好地描述吸附过程.吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,且较高的温度有利于对MC-LR的吸附,而较高的pH和较大分子量的DOM会抑制吸附.颗粒内扩散、中孔填充是吸附的重要机制,还可能存在氢键、静电吸引和π^(+)-πEDA相互作用力.本研究为水生植物残体资源化利用提供新的思路.

江西省维管植物新记录9种

通过野外调查和标本查阅,确定了江西省维管植物新记录9种,隶属于7科9属,分别为田玄参〔Bacopa repens(Sw.)Wettst.〕、小果草〔Microcarpaea minima(J.Koenig ex Retz.)Merr.〕、毯粟草(Mollugo verticillata Linn.)、瓦氏节节菜〔Rotala wallichii(J.D.Hook.)Koehne〕、小荇菜〔Nymphoides coreana(H.Lévl.)Hara〕、北美母草〔Lindernia dubia(Linn.)Pennell〕、多齿泥花草(Bonnaya sanpabloensis Y.S.Liang et J.C.Wang)、锐棱荸荠〔Eleocharis acutangula(Roxb.)Schult.〕、有腺泽番椒〔Deinostema adenocaula(Maxim.)T.Yamaz.〕,其中7种为水生或湿生植物。此外,假马齿苋属(Bacopa Aubl.)、小果草属(Microcarpaea R.Br.)、毯粟草属(Mollugo Linn.)为江西省新记录属。凭证标本均保存于上海辰山植物标本馆(CSH)。

内陆河流域浮床植物根际微生物群落特征与比较

为研究内陆河流域不同浮床植物的根际微生物群落结构、多样性、潜在生态功能及其差异,采集了位于沱江二级支流赤水河生态浮床上的风车草(Cyperus involucratus)、黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)、再力花(Thalia dealbata)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、美人蕉(Canna indica)、梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)6种植物生长旺盛时期的根系样本,通过细菌16sRNA片段高通量测序和生物信息学手段,分析了微生物群落结构组成、生物多样性以及潜在的生态功能。结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在6种浮床植物根际细菌中占绝对优势,丰度达47.5%~72.2%,在植物生长环境较为相似且空间距离较近的情况下,不同浮床植物根际微生物属水平优势种群丰度差异仍较大。微生物群落多样性由大到小依次为鸢尾、美人蕉、黄菖蒲、风车草、再力花、梭鱼草,同科同属的黄菖蒲和鸢尾根际细菌组成相对较为相似。风车草根际硝化/反硝化功能菌群丰度更高,梭鱼草根际芳香族化合物降解功能菌群丰度显著高于另外5种植物。根长、株高和生物量更大的植物根际微生物中芽殖杆菌属丰度显著更高,植物生长指标与部分根际细菌氮转化存在正相关关系。研究结果可为浮床植物根际微生物群落研究和生态浮床的建设优化提供参考。

水生植物、附生微生物及其对渔业生态环境的调控作用研究进展

渔业生态环境问题一直以来受到广泛关注,目前发现水生植物及其附生微生物在去除水体污染物方面具有显著作用,是一种绿色高效的水质调控措施,在渔业生态环境调控方面应用广泛。文章从水生植物修复手段、水生植物-附生微生物之间的相互作用、水生植物及其附生微生物对渔业水域典型污染物的作用等角度,对近年来的相关研究进展进行综述,以期明确水生植物及其附生微生物在水质调控中的重要作用,指出水生植物-附生微生物生态调控手段目前存在的问题,并提出完善该调控手段的研究方向,可为渔业生态环境的调控提供更优方案。

农业院校试验田和水产养殖基地面源污染的综合治理

为治理某农业院校试验田地表径流和水产养殖等面源污染,结合已有面源污染防治技术和水体污染综合治理思路,分析了污染源并制定了综合治理技术方案,应用微生物技术、水生生物系统、曝气技术等技术手段,辅助科学的纳污引水连通及排水工程进行综合治理实证研究,目标是末端排放口水体水质稳定达到地表水Ⅳ类水水质标准。结果表明:通过实施投加微生物菌种、种植挺水植物、种植沉水植物、设立生态浮岛、种植粉绿狐尾藻、增设曝气系统等措施,末端排放口水体中COD、氨氮和TP浓度从治理前的22.10、2.76、0.124mg/L降至治理后的12.02、1.27、0.098mg/L,达到了地表水Ⅳ类水水质标准。