Study on reaction characteristics of phenolic hydroxyl in coal by using the model compound during direct coal liquefaction

The reaction characteristics of phenolic hydroxyl group were studied under the conditions of direct coal liquefaction. 2-naphthol was used as a coal model compound in this study. Under the conditions of with and without catalysts, a series of experiments were conducted at different temperatures, pressures and reaction time. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography were used to identify and quantify the reactants and products respectively. The conversion of 2-naphthol rises with the increase of reaction temperature, initial pressure and catalyst amount. The results indicated that tem- perature had a significant effect on 2-naphthol conversion, which promoted the dehydroxylation reaction. However, initial pressure had an important influence on the hydrogenation of 2-naphthol and naphthalene. The iron catalyst plays a significant role of cracking instead of hydrogenation. It is concluded that the harsh reaction conditions of high temperature, high pressure, and more catalyst are conducive to promoting dehydroxylation of 2-naphthol. The reaction mechanism was put forward based the experimental results, in which 2-tetralone was an intermediate.

Study on the mechanism and reaction characteristics of metal-supported phosphogypsum as oxygen carrier in a chemical looping gasification application

This study aimed to explore the chemical looping gasification(CLG)reaction characteristics of the metal-supported composite phosphogypsum(PG)oxygen carriers(OCs)and the thermodynamic mechanism.The FactSage 7.1 thermodynamic simulation was used to explore the oxygen release and H_(2)S removal mechanisms.The experimental results showed that the syngas yield of CLG with PG-CuFe_(2)O_(4)was more than that with PG-Fe_(2)O_(3)20/CuO40 or PG-Fe_(2)O_(3)30/CuO30 OC at 1023 K when the water vapor content was 0.3.Furthermore,the maximum syngas yield of the CO selectivity was 70.3% and of the CO_(2)selectivity was 23.8%.The H_(2)/CO value was 0.78,and the highest carbon conversion efficiency was 91.9% in PG-CuFe_(2)O_(4)at the gasification temperature of 1073 K.The metal-supported PG composite oxygen carrier was proved not only as an oxygen carrier to participate in the preparation of syngas but also as a catalyst to catalyze coal gasification reactions.Furthermore,both the experimental results and FactSage 7.1 thermodynamic analysis revealed that the trapping mechanism of H_(2)S by composite OCs was as follows:CuO first lost lattice oxygen as an oxygen carrier to generate Cu_(2)O,which,in turn,reacted with H_(2)S to generate Cu_(2)S.This study provided efficient guidance and reference for OC design in CLG.

Reaction thrust characteristics of high-pressure submerged water jet of cylinder nozzles

The shapes and geometrical parameters of nozzles are key factors for fluidics. The relationship among the reaction thrust, flow rate pressure, diameter do and length L of a cylinder nozzle is analyzed theoretically. The simulation of the flow field characteristics was conducted via the FLUENT computational fluid dynamics package. Effects of the inlet conditions and the nozzle dimensions on the reaction thrust of a water jet were addressed particularly. The reaction thrust experiments were performed on a custom-designed test apparatus. The experimental results reveal that a） the nozzle diameter and the inlet conditions exert great influence on the water jet reaction thrust; and b） for L≤4d0, where the nozzle is treated as a thin plate-orifice, the reaction thrust is independent of nozzle length; for L〉4d0, where the nozzle is treated as a long orifice, the reaction thrust can reach maximum under the condition of a certain flow rate. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for the design of nozzles and have significant value, especially for the future development of high-oressure water-let orooulsion technology.

Reactions of Chromium during the Calcination of Cement Clinker Produced Using Steel Slag

We investigated the effects of calcination temperature(950-1450℃),steel slag content,and the total chromium content of steel slag on the Cr^(6+)contents of clinker samples produced using steel slags with different chromium contents.Additionally,the reactions of chromium in clinker(produced using steel slag)during calcination were studied.It is found that Cr^(6+)conversion increases with increasing calcination temperature to 1250℃,reaching a maximum of 43%-79%,before decreasing to 18%-42%at 1450℃.Cr^(6+)is mainly formed by the oxidation of trivalent chromium(Cr^(3+))during the solid-phase reaction stage of clinker calcination.Furthermore,the Cr^(6+)content of a clinker sample is proportional to the chromium content of its raw meal precursor and is mainly in the form of water-insoluble calcium chromate(CaCrO_(4)).The chromium in clinker is mainly distributed in tricalcium aluminate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite,however,some is present in silicate minerals.We expect to inform the monitoring and control of the Cr^(6+)content of clinker(produced using steel slag)and resulting cement.

The effect of al particle size on thermal decomposition,mechanical strength and sensitivity of Al/ZrH_(2)/PTFE composite

To study the thermal decomposition of Al/Zr H_(2)/PTFE with different Al particle size as well as mechanical strength and impact sensitivity under medium and low strain rates,molding-vacuum sintering was adopted to prepare four groups of power materials and cylindrical specimens with different Al particle size.The active decomposition temperature of Zr H_(2) was obtained by TG-DSC,and the quasi-static mechanics/reaction characteristics as well as the impact sensitivity of the specimen were studied respectively by quasi-static compression and drop-hammer test.The results show that the yield strength of the material decreased with the increase of the Al particle size,while the compressive strength,failure strain and toughness increased first and then decreased,which reached the maximum values of 116.61 MPa,191%,and 119.9 MJ/m respectively when the Al particle size is 12-14 mm because of particle size grading.The specimens with the highest strength and toughness formed circumferential open cracks and reacted partly when pressed.Those with developmental cracks formed inside did not react.It is considered that fracture of specimens first triggered initial reaction between Al and PTFE to release an amount of heat.Then ZrH_(2) was activated and decomposed,and participated in subsequent reaction to generate Zr C.The impact sensitivity of the specimens decreased with the increase of Al particle size.

Oil oxidation in the whole temperature regions during oil reservoir air injection and development methods

The oil oxidation characteristics of the whole temperature regions from 30 ℃ to 600 ℃ during oil reservoir air injection were revealed by experiments. The whole oil oxidation temperature regions were divided into four different parts: dissolving and inflation region, low temperature oxidation region, medium temperature oxidation region and high temperature oxidation region. The reaction mechanisms of different regions were explained. Based on the oil oxidation characteristics and filed tests results, light oil reservoirs air injection development methods were divided into two types: oxygen-reducing air flooding and air flooding;heavy oil reservoirs air injection in-situ combustion development methods were divided into two types: medium temperature in-situ combustion and high temperature in-situ combustion. When the reservoir temperature is lower than 120 ℃, oxygen-reducing air flooding should be used for light oil reservoir development. When the reservoir temperature is higher than 120 ℃, air flooding method should be used for light oil reservoir development. For a normal heavy oil reservoir, when the combustion front temperature is lower than 400 ℃, the development method is medium temperature in-situ combustion. For a heavy oil reservoir with high oil resin and asphalting contents, when the combustion front temperature is higher than 450 ℃, the development method at this condition is high temperature in-situ combustion. Ten years field tests of air injection carried out by PetroChina proved that air has advantages in technical, economical and gas source aspects compared with other gas agents for oilfield gas injection development. Air injection development can be used in low/super-low permeability light oil reservoirs, medium and high permeability light oil reservoirs and heavy oil reservoirs. Air is a very promising gas flooding agent.

Simultaneous Fe(Ⅲ) reduction and ammonia oxidation process in Anammox sludge

In recent years, there have been a number of reports on the phenomenon in which ferric iron（Fe（Ⅲ）） is reduced to ferrous iron [Fe（Ⅱ）] in anaerobic environments, accompanied by simultaneous oxidation of ammonia to NO2-, NO3-, or N2.However, studies on the relevant reaction characteristics and mechanisms are rare. Recently, in research on the effect of Fe（Ⅲ） on the activity of Anammox sludge, excess ammonia oxidization has also been found.Hence, in the present study, Fe（Ⅲ） was used to serve as the electron acceptor instead of NO2-,and the feasibility and characteristics of Anammox coupled to Fe（Ⅲ） reduction（termed Feammox） were investigated. After 160 days of cultivation, the conversion rate of ammonia in the reactor was above 80%, accompanied by the production of a large amount of NO3-and a small amount of NO2-. The total nitrogen removal rate was up to 71.8%. Furthermore,quantities of Fe（Ⅱ） were detected in the sludge fluorescence in situ hybridization（FISH） and denaturated gradient gel electrophoresis（DGGE） analyses further revealed that in the sludge, some Anammox bacteria were retained, and some microbes were enriched during the acclimatization process. We thus deduced that in Anammox sludge, Fe（Ⅲ） reduction takes place together with ammonia oxidation to NO2-and NO3-along with the Anammox process.

Decomplexation of Cu-1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid by a three-dimensional electrolysis system with activated biochar as particle electrodes

The feasibility of decomplexation removal of typical contaminants in electroplating wastewater,complexed Cu(Ⅱ)with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid(Cu-HEDP),was first performed by a three-dimensional electrode reactor with activated biochar as particle electrodes.For the case of 50 mg/L Cu-HEDP,Cu(Ⅱ)removal(90.7%)and PO_(4)^(3−)conversion(34.9%)were achieved under the conditions of electric current 40 mA,initial pH 7,acid-treated almond shell biochar(AASB)addition 20 g/L,and reaction time 180 min,with second-order rate constants of 1.10×10^(−3) and 1.94×10^(−5) min^(−1) respectively.The growing chelating effect between Cu(II)and HEDP and the comprehensive actions of adsorptive accumulation,direct and indirect oxidation given by particle electrodes accounted for the enhanced removal of Cu-HEDP,even though the mineralization of HEDP was mainly dependent on anode oxidation.The performance attenuation of AASB particle electrodes was ascribed to the excessive consumption of oxygen-containing functionalities during the reaction,especially acidic carboxylic groups and quinones on particle electrodes,which decreased from 446.74 to 291.48μmol/g,and 377.55 to 247.71μmol/g,respectively.Based on the determination of adsorption behavior and indirect electrochemical oxidation mediated by in situ electrogenerated H_(2)O_(2) and reactive oxygen species(e.g.,•OH),a possible removal mechanism of Cu-HEDP by three-dimensional electrolysis was further proposed.