The Role of Enthalpy of Reaction in the Process of Global Warming: What Can We Learn from Basic Thermodynamics*

An increase of carbon dioxide content accompanied by an increase of the temperature is observed in the atmosphere during the last 200 years. This behaviour can be explained by examination of correlations between tree generally accepted data sets of the recent past, world population, carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere, and rise of global temperature as function of time. No return to climate situations from hundred thousand of years before present is necessary. The world climate is a dynamic equilibrium between all energy generating processes on earth, especially sun energy, and the radiation of energy into space. Since approx. 200 years the dynamic equilibrium is changed additionally by means of fossil energy carriers, whose depots were put on in passed geological epochs, a climatic disturbance was produced. It is shown that the consumption of energy per year by the mankind can warm up the atmosphere by about one degree. This quantity cannot be neglected in climatic calculations;therefore it is the cause of mankind made warming of the atmosphere. The qualitative analyses presented here have shown that the use of so-called renewable energy sources does not necessarily lead to the avoidance of global warming. It can be expected that some techniques will have no or even small effect. Especially the model calculations to the operation of wind turbines and its influence on the temperature of the atmosphere show that it is difficult to estimate their influence and cannot be foreknown.

Preparation, Crystal Structure and Enthalpy Change of Formation of the Reaction in Liquid Phase of a New Three- Dimensional Mixed-Ligand Holmium（Ⅲ）Coordination Polymer Based on Strong π-π Stacking Interactions

A new three-dimensional coordination polymer, [Ho（5-nip）（phen）（NO3）（DMF）] （5-nip=5-nitroisophthalic acid and phen=1,10-phenanthroline）, was prepared and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectrum and DTG-DSC techniques. The results show that the title complex crystallizes in space group P2/m with a= 1.0906（3） nm, b =1.2804 （3） nm, c= 1.6987（4） nm, β=91.400（5）°, Z=4, Dc= 1.931 Mg/m^3, F（000）= 1352. Each Ho（Ⅲ） ion is nine-coordinated by one chelating bidentate and two monodentate bridging carboxylate groups, one chelating bidentate NO3 anion, one DMF molecule and one 1,10-phenanthroline molecule. The complex is constructed with one-dimensional ribbons featuring dinuclear units and the one-dimensional ribbons are further assembled into two-dimensional networks by strong π-π stacking interactions with the distance of 0.327 nm, then the networks are arranged into three-dimensional structure according to ABAB fashion. The complex exhibits high stability up to 600 ℃. Its enthalpy change of formation of the reaction in liquid-phase in solvent DMF was measured using an RD496-Ⅲ type microcalorimeter with a value of （-11.016±0.184） kJ·mol^-1.

Challenges in engineering the structure of ionic liquids towards direct air capture of CO_(2)

1.Introduction Man-made perturbations over emissions of greenhouse gas(GHG)bring tremendous negative impacts on the survival environment[1].CO_(2)accounts for~75%of global GHG impacts with others mainly composed of N_(2)O,CH_(4),and small fluorinated gas molecules[2].Deployment of“negative emission”technologies via direct air capture(DAC)of CO_(2)by engineered chemical reactions represents one of the most promising and distinct pathways to limit and alleviate the global warming trend[3].