Estimation on Global Reaction Heat for the Aromatization Process of Liquefied Petroleum Gas

The reaction heat effect analysis for the aromatization process of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was completed in this paper. In order to characterize this complex reaction system, one set of independent reactions was determined by means of atomic coefficient matrix method. Based on reaction thermodynamic and stoichiometric knowledge, the heat effect, Gibbs free energy change and equilibrium constant for each independent reaction was calculated for the specified conditions. Under these conditions, based on the initial and final composition data from LPG aromatization experiments, the actual extent of reaction for each independent reaction was determined. Furthermore, the global reaction heat and adiabatic temperature rise of LPG aromatization reaction system could be estimated. This work would provide a theoretical guidance for the design and scale-up of reactor for LPG aromatization process, as well as for the selection of proper operating conditions.

Heat Propagation of Eyring-Prandtl Double Reaction and Pressure Driven Hydromagnetic Viscous Heating Fluid in a Device

The effect toxic industrial discharge on the environment and ecosystem cannot be overlooked. This is owing to a partial combustion of hydrocarbon arising from industrial activities and human endeavours. As such, this investigation focuses on the pressure driven flow and heat propagation of combustible Prandtl-Eyring viscous heating fluid in a horizontal device. The combustion-reaction of the viscoplastic material is considered to be inspired by two-step exothermic reaction. With negligible reactant consumption, the flowing fluid is influenced by a chemical kinetic, activation energy and electromagnetic force. An invariant transformation of the partial derivative model to an ordinary derivative model is obtained through an applied dimensionless variable. The solutions to the unsteady thermal fluid flow model are obtained via a semi-implicit difference scheme, and the outputs of the solution are displayed in plots and tables. As revealed, an enhanced heat propagation is obtained that in turn encourages the combustion process of the system. Also, increasing material dilatant simulated fluid molecular bond and viscosity. Therefore, the outcomes of this study are treasured to the thermal and chemical engineering, and the environmental management.

Fischer-Tropsch wax catalytic cracking for the production of low olefin and high octane number gasoline: Process optimization and heat effect calculation

To produce low olefin gasoline with high octane number by Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) wax fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process, operating conditions optimization were carried out in the pilot-scale riser and turbulent fluidized bed (TFB) FCC unit. The experimental results in the riser indicated that under the condition of low reaction temperature and regenerated catalyst temperature, large catalyst-to-oil weight ratio (C/O) and long reaction time, the gasoline olefin content could be reduced to 20.28 wt%, but there is large octane number loss owing to a great loss in high octane number olefin. Therefore, a novel FCC process using the TFB reactor was proposed to strengthen the aromatization reaction. The reaction performance of TFB reactor were investigated. The result demonstrated that the TFB reactor has more significant effect in reducing olefins and improving aromatics. At the expense of certain gasoline yield, the gasoline olefin content reduced to 23.70 wt%, aromatics content could increase to 26.79 wt% and the RON was up to 91.0. The comparison of reactor structure and fluidization demonstrated that the TFB reactor has higher catalyst bed density. The reaction heat and coke combustion heat was calculated indicating the feasibility of its industrial application of the TFB process.

Temperature waves in chemical reaction-diffusion-heat conduction systems with two ends respectively subject to Dirichlet and no-flux conditions

Taking the Lindemann model as a sample system in which there exist chemical reactions,diffusion and heat conduction,we found the theoretical framework of linear stability analysis for a unidimensional nonhomogeneous two-variable system with one end subject to Dirichlet conditions,while the other end no-flux conditions.Furthermore,the conditions for the emergence of temperature waves are found out by the linear stabilily analysis and verified by a diagram for successive steps of evolution of spatial profile of temperature during a period that is plotted by numerical simulations on a computer.Without doubt,these results are in favor of the heat balance in chemical reactor designs.

A study of fire propagation in coal seam with numerical simulation of heat transfer and chemical reaction rate in mining field

Spontaneous combustion of coal is a problem that affects the mining operation and generates environ-mental,economic,social and geotechnical impacts.This phenomenon has been divided into two pro-cesses:ignition and propagation.Fire propagation develops in coal seams because of a set of factors such as direction and wind speed,fracturing and temperature.In this work,heat transfer and chemical kinetics are studied from conservation equations of energy and species,respectively,using the software COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the propagation of fires in coal seams.Two possible scenarios were analyzed that usually occur in the walls of the coal seams,such as fire focus and fire complete screens.It was found that the propagation kinetics of the fire changes depending on the temperature,the fractur-ing of rock mass and the area of fire influence.For temperature values lower than 300℃,there is con-sumption around 250 cm^3/h,values around 700℃,the consumption is 1500 cm^3/h,and for fires of 1200℃ have values of 3000 cm^3/h.Depending on the speed of propagation can vary from 4 to 17cm/day,considering on the level and fracturing of the final wall of the open pit.

Influence of FeO and sulfur on solid state reaction between MnO-SiO_2-FeO oxides and an Fe-Mn-Si solid alloy during heat treatment at 1473 K

To clarify the influence of Fe O and sulfur on solid state reaction between an Fe-Mn-Si alloy and Mn O-Si O2-Fe O oxides under the restricted oxygen diffusion flux, two diffusion couples with different sulfur contents in the oxides were produced and investigated after heat treatment at 1473 K. The experimental results were also compared with previous work in which the oxides contained higher Fe O. It was found that although the Fe O content in the oxides decreased from 3wt% to 1wt% which was lower than the content corresponding to the equilibrium with molten steel at 1873 K, excess oxygen still diffused from the oxides to solid steel during heat treatment at 1473 K and formed oxide particles. In addition, increasing the sulfur content in the oxides was observed to suppress the diffusion of oxygen between the alloy and the oxides.

Determination of reaction heat on the hydrolytic polymerization of chromium(Ⅲ) ion by microcalorimetric method

Thermochemistry is the study of the energy changes which occur during a chemi-cal reaction. For example, in the hydrolytic polymerization of Cr3+, Cr[Cr（OH）2]4+,Cr[Cr（OH）2]25+ and Cr[Cr（OH）2]36+ were formed at concentration range of 0.005-0.

Unsteady mixed convection flow over stretching sheet in presence of chemical reaction and heat generation or absorption with non-uniform slot suction or injection

The article examines the unsteady mixed convection flow over a vertical stretching sheet in the presence of chemical reaction and heat generation or absorption with non-uniform mass transfer. The unsteadiness is caused by the time dependent free stream velocity varying arbitrarily with time. Non-similar solutions are obtained numerically by solving the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations using the quasilinearization technique in combination with an implicit finite difference scheme. To reveal the tendency of the solutions, typical results for the local skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented for different values of parameters. The effects of various parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are discussed here. The present numerical results are compared with the previously published work, and the results are found to be in excellent agreement.

Heat treatment bimetallic PdAu nanocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction

Pd-based nanocatalyst is a potential oxygen reduction oxidation(ORR)catalyst because of its high activity in alkaline medium and low cost.In this work,bimetallic Pd Au nanocatalysts are prepared by one-pot hydrothermal method using triblock pluronic copolymers,poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO19-PPO69-PEO19)(P123)as reducer and stabilizer,and heat-treatment method is applied to regulate catalyst structure and improve catalyst activity.The results show that the heat treatment can agglomerate the catalyst to a certain extent,but effectively improve the crystallinity and alloying degree of the catalyst.The ORR performance of the Pd Au nanocatalysts obtained under different heat treatment conditions is systematically investigated.Compared with commercial Pd black and Pd Au catalyst before heat treatment,the ORR performance of Au Pd nanocatalyst obtained after heat treatment for one hour at 500℃ has been enhanced.The Pd Au nanocatalysts after heat treatment also display enhanced anti-methanol toxicity ability in acidic medium.

Analysis of coupled flow-reaction with heat transfer in heap bioleaching processes

A mathematical model for heap bioleaching is developed to analyze heat transfer,oxygen flow,target ion distribution and oxidation leaching rate in the heap.The model equations are solved with Comsol Multiphysics software.Numerical simulation results show the following facts:Concentration of oxygen is relatively high along the boundary of the slope,and low in the center part where leaching rate is slow.Temperature is relatively low along the slope and reaches the highest along the bottom region near the slope,with difference being more than 6 C.Concentration of target mental ions is the highest in the bottom region near the slope.Oxidation leaching rate is relatively large in the bottom and slope part with a fast reaction rate,and small in the other part with low oxygen concentration.

EFFECT OF THE HEAT OF REACTION DURING THE ALUMINOTHERMIC PROCESS OF ILMENITE

The influence of the heat of reaction during the aluminothermic process for the production of ferrotitanium was investigated. The effect of the variation of the heat of reaction on FeTi and Ti recovery and the topographical analysis of slag produced showed that FeTi and Ti recovery increased and Al content in the alloy decreased with the increase of the absolute value of ΔH when │ΔH│<2584.24K·J/kg; however, when │ΔH│>2584.24K·J/kg, FeTi and Ti recovery decreased with an increase of the absolute value of ΔH. Therefore, the heat of reaction in the aluminothermic process of ilmenite should be strictly controlled to -2584.24K·J/kg.

Simultaneous effects of chemical reaction and Ohmic heating with heat and mass transfer over a stretching surface: A numerical study

In this article, we have considered the simultaneous influence of ohmic heating and chemical reaction on heat and mass transfer over a stretching sheet. The effects of applied magnetic field are also taken into consideration while the induced magnetic field is not considered due to very small magnetics Reynolds number. The governing flow problem comprises of momentum, continuity, thermal energy and concentration equation which are transformed into highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transforms, which are then, solved numerically with the help of Successive Linearization method(SLM) and Chebyshev Spectral collocation method. Numerical values of skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are also taken into account with the help of tables. The physical influence of the involved parameters of flow velocity, temperature and concentration distribution is discussed and demonstrated graphically. The numerical comparison is also presented with the existing published results and found that the present results are in excellent agreement which also confirms the validity of the present methodology.

Melting heat transfer in Cu-water and Ag-water nanofluids flow with homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions

This article addresses melting heat transfer in magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)nanofluid flows by a rotating disk. The analysis is performed in Cu-water and Ag-water nanofluids. Thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and chemical reactions impacts are added in the nanofluid model. Appropriate transformations lead to the nondimensionalized boundary layer equations. Series solutions for the resulting equations are computed.The role of pertinent parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration is analyzed in the outputs. It is revealed that the larger melting parameter enhances the velocity profile while the temperature profile decreases. The surface drag force and heat transfer rate are computed under the influence of pertinent parameters. Furthermore, the homogeneous reaction parameter serves to decrease the surface concentration.

MHD Heat and Mass Transfer of an Oscillatory Flow over a Vertical Permeable Plate in a Porous Medium with Chemical Reaction

The problem of magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) mass and heat transfer of an oscillatory fluid in two-dimensional viscous, electrically conducting over an infinite vertical permeable moving plate in a saturated porous medium with the presence of a transverse magnetic field and chemical reaction is analytically presented. The governing equations, momentum, energy, and concentration are solved. Various flow parameters effects on velocity, temperature and concentration fields are discussed. It is found that, the fluid velocity increases with increasing both the permeability and chemical reaction parameters. While, it increases with decreasing the magnetic field parameter. Furthermore, the concentration increases with increasing chemical reaction parameters.

Mixed convection effects on heat and mass transfer in a non Newtonian fluid with chemical reaction over a vertical plate

This paper studies mixed convection,double dispersion and chemical reaction effects on heat and mass transfer in a non-Darcy non-Newtonian fluid over a vertical surface in a porous medium under the constant temperature and concentration.The governing boundary layer equations,namely,momentum,energy and concentration,are converted to ordinary differential equations by introducing similarity variables and then are solved numerically by means of fourth-order Runge-Kutta method coupled with double-shooting technique.The velocity,temperature concentration,heat and mass transfer profiles are presented graphically for various values of the parameters,and the influence of viscosity index n,thermal and solute dispersion,chemical reaction parameter χ are observed.

Influence of Chemical Reaction and Thermal Radiation on MHD Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer of a Nanofluid over an Exponentially Stretching Sheet

In the present article a numerical analysis has been carried out to study the boundary layer flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics of a nanofluid over an exponential stretching sheet. By assuming the stretching sheet to be impermeable, the effect of chemical reaction, thermal radiation, thermopherosis, Brownian motion and suction parameters in the presence of uniform magnetic field on heat and mass transfer are addressed. The governing system of equations is transformed into coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. The transformed equations are then solved numerically using the well known Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method of fourth-fifth order. A detailed parametric study is performed to access the influence of the physical parameters on longitudinal velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles as well as the local skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number and the results are presented in both graphical and tabular forms.

Thermal Diffusion Effect on MHD Heat and Mass Transfer Flow past a Semi Infinite Moving Vertical Porous Plate with Heat Generation and Chemical Reaction

The objective of present work is to study the thermo diffusion effect on an unsteady simultaneous convective heat and mass transfer flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting, heat generating/absorbing fluid along a semi-infinite moving porous plate embedded in a porous medium with the presence of pressure gradient, thermal radiation field and chemical reaction. It is assumed that the permeable plate is embedded in a uniform porous medium and moves with a constant velocity in the flow direction in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. It is also assumed that the free stream consists of a mean velocity, temperature and concentration over which are super imposed an exponentially varying with time. The equations of continuity, momentum, energy and diffusion, which govern the flow field, are solved by using a regular perturbation method. The behavior of the velocity, temperature, concentration, Skin-friction, rate of heat transfer and rate of mass transfer has been discussed for variations in the physical parameters. An increase in both Pr and R results a decrease in thermal boundary layer thickness. However, concentration decreases as Kr, Sc increase but it increases with an increase in both So and δ.

Effects of Thermal Radiation and Radiation Absorption on Flow Past an Impulsively Started Infinite Vertical Plate with Newtonian Heating and Chemical Reaction

A perfect solution to the present natural convective flow problem of a vertical transfinite plate owing to the impulsive motion in the ubiety of first ordered chemical reaction, radiation absorption, radiation, Newtonian heating and species concentration in its plane is evolved by applying the method of Laplace transforms in closed form at the plate. Exact results for velocity, temperature, concentration fields are prevailed and expressions for heat and mass transfer rates are also found. The effects are analyzed for the respective invariables for both ammonia and water vapor.

Magnetohydrodynamic Casson Fluid Flow over an Infinite Vertical Plate with Chemical Reaction and Heat Generation

In this paper, the fluid examined was electrically conducting. The presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field at the plate was also taken into cognizance. The flow was governed by a modeled coupled nonlinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs) in dimensional form which was transformed into non-dimensional form using some non-dimensional variables. Explicit finite difference method (EFDM) was employed to approximate the fluid velocity, temperature and concentration. The effects of embedded thermo physical parameters of engineering interests on the flow quantities viz. velocity, temperature, concentration field presented through graphs were also examined through a series of numerical experiments and discussed. During the course of the numerical computations, it was found that heat generation has a tendency to enhance the fluid velocity as an opposite result is seen with chemical reaction parameter. A comparison was conducted of present results with the previous literature to show the accuracy of the results.

Long-Term Durability and Reactivation of Thermochemical Heat Storage Driven by the CaO/Ca(OH)₂Reversible Reaction

Thermochemical heat storage is a promising technology for improving thermal energy efficiency. To investigate the durability of the CaO/Ca(OH)2 reaction and develop a reactivation method, repetitive charging/discharging operation of a packed bed reactor with a thick packed bed was conducted, and variations in the discharging behavior, final conversion, and reactant activity were investigated. Owing to the formation of a deactivated sintered reactant block, the discharging time halved and the final conversion ratio decreased by the 53rd discharging operation. To enhance durability, a reactivation method using high-pressure vapor was implemented during the 54th discharging operation. Following reactivation, the final conversion increased 15%, and the discharging time tripled when compared with the discharging operation before reactivation, confirming the success of this simple reactivation method.