Fish Gelatin-Based Film Containing Maillard Reaction Products:Properties and Its Use as Bag for Packing Chicken Skin Oil

Maillard reaction is a non-enzymatic browning reaction and its products(MRPs)have been proven to possess antioxidant properties.This research aimed to produce a fish gelatin-based packaging incorporated with MRPs to retard lipid oxidation in chicken skin oil(CSO)during storage at ambient temperature(28℃–30℃).MRPs produced from fish gelatin and fructose(1:1,90℃,pH 11)showed the highest antioxidant properties compared to those prepared under other conditions.Different glycerol/MRPs ratios(30:0,25:5,20:10,15:15,10:20,5:25,0:30)were incorporated into the film and resulting films were characterized.Glycerol/MRPs at 10:20 ratio was chosen to add into the film prior to bag preparation via heat sealing method.CSO packed in the bag was monitored for lipid hydrolysis and oxidation during 15 days of storage(30℃±0.5℃,RH 52%±5%).After 15 days,quality deterioration was lower in CSO packed in the prepared gelatin bag as evidenced by lower FFA,TBARS,and volatile compounds in comparison with CSO packed in LDPE bag.Fish gelatin film added with MRPs possessed an excellent water vapor barrier property(WV-BP).This finding indicated that MRPs could be used to substitute glycerol and simultaneously could serve as antioxidants for the developed active bag.The novel packaging can be a potential alternative packaging for retarding lipid oxidation of lipid or fatty foods.

RESEARCH ON THE WATER-RESISTANCE OF MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT——I:THE STABILITY OF THE REACTION PRODUCTS OF MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT IN WATER

In this paper .the change of the crystalline phases in hardened magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) paste in mater was analyzed by XRD. It was developed that the reaction products 5 phase or 3 phase of MOC are instable in water and can be changed into Mg(OH)2 by the action of water, which causes the content of 5 phase or 3 phase to be less and less,the content of Mg(OH)2 to be more and more and the strength to be the lower the lower,after hardended MOC paste was immersed in water. The change of 5 pliase and 3 phase into Mg(OH)2 is not a dissolve process, but a hydrolysis process. The hydrolysis products of 5 phase and 3 phase are Mg(OH)2 precipitation and soluble Cl-,AIg+ ions and H2O. The hydrolysis is sponta-neous thermodynamically and its chemical kinatic equation is C = C,,e-k Thus .it is suggested that only by enhancing the stability of 5 phase or 3 phase in water and preventing 5 phase or 3 phase from the hydrolyzing can the water resistance of MOC be improved well.

美拉德反应产物(Maillard Reaction Products MRPs)的生理活性及增量的技术措施

综述了美拉德反应产物抗氧化性能及重要的杂环类化合物—四甲基吡嗪阻抑肝细胞纤维化的作用,介绍了中国白酒中美拉德反应产物的分布,阐述了增加上述产物的技术措施。

Interfacial reaction product and mechanical properties of the electron beam brazed K465 Ni-based superalloy joints

Ni-based superalloy K465 is brazed with BNi-2 filler metal by vacuum electron beam brazing （VEBB）. In process of VEBB, effects of processing primary parameters on shear strength of joints are investigated. Microstructure of the brazed joint with BNi-2 filler metal is studied by means of scanning electron microscopy （ SEM）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results show that the structure of brazed seam consists of a large amount of Ni- based γ solid solution, Ni3Al （ γ＇） , Ni3B, WB, CrB, and a small quantity of WC, NbC, The maximum shear strength of the joint is 398 MPa when the beam current of welding is 2.6 mA, heating time is 480 s and focused current is 1 800 mA.

Wettability of CuNi-Ti Alloys on Si_3N_4 and Interfacial Reaction Products

Based on the alloy Cu55Ni45 (at pct), holding the proportion of Cu to Ni in constant and in the temperature range of 1233~1573 K, the wetting angles of CuNi-0~56 at pct Ti alloys on Si3N4 have been measured by the sessile drop method. With the increase of Ti content, the wetting angles decreased. The equilibrium wetting angle was 5° when Ti content ≥32 at pct.In the case of same Ti content, the activity of Ti in CuNiTi alloy was weaker than that in CuTi alloy The cross-section of the CuNiTi-Si3N4 interface and the elements distribution were examined by scanning electron microscope with X-ray wave-dispersion spectrometer, and the reaction products formed at the interface were determined by X-ray diffiaction analysis method.

The Relationship Among the Reaction Product Colors of Non-specific Esterase by Alpha-naphthyl Acetate Method

The present work is concerned with the relationship of the different colors of NSE (non specific esterase) reaction product, in which alpha naphthyl acetate and diazotate of o dianisidine (Fast Blue B salt) were used as a substrate and a coupler respectively to describe the histochemical characteristics of NSE in chick embryonic mesonephros and metanephros. Our preliminary results throw light on the nature of NSE reaction produced colors, under light microscope, which were different in various sections for different air drying time length. The reaction product on the slices of the convoluted tubules of chick embryonic kidney was bright yellow after less than 30 min air drying time length, brown after 1.5～2 h air drying time length and black after more than 3 h of air drying. The color change process of NSE precipitates from bright yellow to black is progressive. The phenomennon has not been described previously.

Effect of Maillard Reaction Products (MRP) on Chlorophyll Stability in Green Peas

Maillard Reaction Products (MRP) was prepared from glucose and glysine heated at 90°C in air circulating oven for 12 hours. The effect of MRP on chlorophyll stability in green peas was investigated. The addition of Maillard Reaction Products (MRP) decreased the loss of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. The conversion of pheophytin and pyropheophytin were also reduced by the addition of MRP.

Electrocatalytic Performance of Carbon Layer and Spherical Carbon/Carbon Cloth Composites Towards Hydrogen Evolution from the Direct Electrolysis of Bunsen Reaction Product

A composite material comprising a carbon layer and spherical carbon/carbon cloth(C-SC/CC)was fabricated using a hydrothermal-pyrolysis method,employing carbon cloth as the substrate and glucose as the carbon source.The C-SC/CC electrode was evaluated as an electrocatalytic electrode for hydrogen production by electrolysis of Bunsen reaction products.The electrode prepared with 4 g of glucose and annealed at 800°C showed excellent electrocatalytic activity.It requires only a potential of 185 mV(vs.SCE)to achieve a current density of 10 mA/cm2.Furthermore,the electrode demonstrated good stability with a 6%loss in current density after 1000 cycles of scanning from 0.2 V to 1.2 V.These results indicate the potential of the SC/CC electrode as an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for the electrolysis of H2SO4 and HI.

Energetic and Entropic Changes in Volume Work and Chemical Reactions

In the present study, energetic and entropic changes are investigated on a comparative basis, as they occur in the volume changes of an ideal gas in the Carnot cycle and in the course of the chemical reaction in a lead-acid battery. Differences between reversible and irreversible processes have been worked out, in particular between reversibly exchanged entropy (∆eS) and irreversibly produced entropy (∆iS). In the partially irreversible case, ∆eS and ∆iS add up to the sum ∆S for the volume changes of a gas, and only this function has an exact differential. In a chemical reaction, however, ∆eS is independent on reversibility. It arises from the different intramolecular energy contents between products and reactants. Entropy production in a partially irreversible Carnot cycle is brought about through work-free expansions, whereas in the irreversible battery reaction entropy is produced via activated complexes, whereby a certain, variable fraction of the available chemical energy becomes transformed into electrical energy and the remaining fraction dissipated into heat. The irreversible reaction process via activated complexes has been explained phenomenologically. For a sufficiently high power output of coupled reactions, it is essential that the input energy is not completely reversibly transformed, but rather partially dissipated, because this can increase the process velocity and consequently its power output. A reduction of the counter potential is necessary for this purpose. This is not only important for man-made machines, but also for the viability of cells.

Reaction products of Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) with calcium-magnesium-aluminum-silicate(CMAS)and their evolution

During flight,many silicates(sand,dust,debris,fly ash,etc.)are ingested by an engine.They melt at high operating temperatures on the surface of thermal barrier coatings(TBCs)to form calcium-magnesium-aluminum-silicate(CMAS)amorphous settling.CMAS corrodes TBCs and causes many problems,such as composition segregation,degradation,cracking,and disbanding.As a new generation of TBC candidate materials,rare-earth zirconates(such as Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7))have good CMAS resistance properties.The reaction products of Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) and CMAS and their subsequent changes were studied by the reaction of Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) and excess CMAS at 1350℃.After 1 h of reaction,Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) powders were not completely corroded.The reaction products were Sm-apatite and c-Zr0_(2) solid solution.After 4h of reaction,all Sm_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7) powders were completely corroded.After 24 h of reaction,Sm-apatite disappeared,and the c-Zr02 solid solution remained.

Stability of β-carotene microcapsules with Maillard reaction products derived from whey protein isolate and galactose as coating materials

The stability of β-carotene microcapsules using Maillard reaction products（MRPs） derived from whey protein isolate（WPI） and galactose as coating materials, was studied under the varying environmental conditions of temperature, pH, air, incandescent light, and ultraviolet（UV） light.Scanning electron microscopy showed that microcapsules prepared by WPI-galactose MRPs displayed a smooth and less concave-convex surface and that the particle size（D_（50）） of the microcapsules made with WPI-galactose MRPs was smaller than those made with WPI-galactose mixture.The storage stability of β-carotene microencapsulated in WPI-galactose MRPs was remarkably better than that of β-carotene microencapsulated in the WPI-galactose mixture and that of β-carotene crystal, in respect of temperature, pH, air, incandescent light, and UV light measurements.When the storage temperature was increased from 5 to 105 ℃, the retention rate of β-carotene microcapsules significantly decreased（P〈0.05）.When p H values were increased from 1 to 12, the β-carotene retention rate of the microcapsules significantly increased and afterward decreased.Compared with the retention rate of β-carotene microencapsulated in a WPI-galactose mixture, the retention rate of β-carotene microencapsulated in WPI-galactose MRPs was at a maximum between pH 8 and 9.Under the actions of air, incandescent light, and UV light, the retention rates of β-carotene microcapsules in WPI-galactose MRPs and WPI-galactose mixture, as well as in β-carotene crystal, decreased significantly as the storage time increased（P〈0.05）.Therefore, the use of WPI-galactose MRPs as coating materials can aid in improving the storage stability of β-carotene microcapsules.

ACTIVATION OF BOVINE FACTOR IX BY THE REACTION PRODUCT OF BOVINE FACTOR VII AND HUMAN TISSUE FACTOR

A study was carried out on the alternate activation of factor IX （FIX） by bovine FVII and human tissue factor （TF） rather than by activated factor XI （FXI）. The reaction product of bovine FVII and human TF functioned as a FIX activator in the assay system used. Published studies suggest that in the presence of Caions, the complex of human FVII-TF readily activates both human FIX and human FX,and at low TF concentrations, FIX appears to be the preferred substrate for the reaction product of FVII and TF. This may explain the discrepancy between the mild bleeding of hereditary FXI deficiency and the severe bleeding of hereditery FIX deficieney. The results obtained with bovine FVII and a crude human TF preparation confirm that at low TF concentrations,bovine FIX is the preferred substrate rather than FX. At higher TF concentrations, bovine FX was rapidly activated.

Advanced glycation end product signaling and metabolic complications:Dietary approach

Advanced glycation end products(AGEs)are a heterogeneous collection of compounds formed during industrial processing and home cooking through a sequence of nonenzymatic glycation reactions.The modern western diet is full of heat-treated foods that contribute to AGE intake.Foods high in AGEs in the contemporary diet include processed cereal products.Due to industrialization and marketing strategies,restaurant meals are modified rather than being traditionally or conventionally cooked.Fried,grilled,baked,and boiled foods have the greatest AGE levels.Higher AGE-content foods include dry nuts,roasted walnuts,sunflower seeds,fried chicken,bacon,and beef.Animal proteins and processed plant foods contain furosine,acrylamide,heterocyclic amines,and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.Furosine(2-furoil-methyl-lysine)is an amino acid found in cooked meat products and other processed foods.High concentrations of carboxymethyl-lysine,carboxyethyl-lysine,and methylglyoxal-O are found in heat-treated nonvegetarian foods,peanut butter,and cereal items.Increased plasma levels of AGEs,which are harmful chemicals that lead to age-related diseases and physiological aging,diabetes,and autoimmune/inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.AGEs in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases have been linked to individuals with diabetes mellitus who have peripheral nerves with high amounts of AGEs and diabetes has been linked to increased myelin glycation.Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia can impact numerous human tissues and organs,leading to long-term difficulties in a number of systems and organs,including the cardiovascular system.Plasma AGE levels are linked to all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes who have fatal or nonfatal coronary artery disease,such as ventricular dysfunction.High levels of tissue AGEs are independently associated with cardiac systolic dysfunction in diabetic patients with heart failure compared with diabetic patients without heart failure.It is widely recognized that AGEs and oxidative stress play a key role in the cardiovascular complications of diabetes because they both influence and are impacted by oxidative stress.All chronic illnesses involve protein,lipid,or nucleic acid modifications including crosslinked and nondegradable aggregates known as AGEs.Endogenous AGE formation or dietary AGE uptake can result in additional protein modifications and stimulation of several inflammatory signaling pathways.Many of these systems,however,require additional explanation because they are not entirely obvious.This review summarizes the current evidence regarding dietary sources of AGEs and metabolism-related complications associated with AGEs.

THE THEORETICAL STUDIES OF PRODUCT ALIGNMENT OF THE REACTIONS OF Na,F WITH CH_3I

The NaI and IF product rotational alignment of the reactions of Na,F+CH_3I has been theoretically studied in a LEPS PES.The product alignment versus the relative translational energy of the reactants has been obtained.

Product polarization and mechanism of Li + HF(v=0, j=0) → LiF(v', j') + H collision reaction

A state-to-state dynamics analysis for the Li＋HF （v = 0, j = 0）→LiF （v’, j’）＋H collision reaction has been performed through quasiclassical trajectory （QCT） calculations. It is found that the differential cross section （DCS） of the LiF products from the title reaction is preferentially backward scattering for v’=0, yet forward scattering for v’=1 and 2. For v’=3, the DCS exhibits forward, backward, and sideways scatterings. The variation of the internuclear distances and angles along the propagation time reveals that more than 99.08% of reaction trajectories undergo the direct reaction mechanism. The values of the polarization parameters a1-{1} and a0{2} demonstrate that the product rotational angular moment j’ is not only aligned perpendicular to the reagent relative velocity vector k, but also oriented along the negative y axis. These product polarization results agree well with the recent quantum mechanical studies. The mechanism of these results was proposed and discussed in detail.

NATURAL PRODUCTS SYNTHESIS BY RETRO-DIELS-ALDER REACTION Ⅷ~1 A CONCISE STEREOSPECIFIC FORMAL SYNTHESIS OF TETRAHYDROCHLOROVULONE

A potent antineoplastic tetrahydrochlorovulone 3 was synthesized with retro-Diels Alder reaction as a key step.

NATURAL PRODUCTS SYNTHESIS BY RETRO-DIELS-ALDER REACTION Ⅱ~1 ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF (+) AND (-) 5-OXO-ENDO-TRICYCLO [5.2.1.0.^(2, 6)] DECA-3, 8-DIENE 1 BY ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTION

Asymmetric syntheses of both enantiomerically pure (+) and (-) 5-oxo-endo-tricyclo [5.2.1.0.^(2,6)] deca-3, 8-diene 1 was described. The key step is the use of enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of meso-diacetate 5.

N(1535)-Nucleus Potential From Inclusive η-Production Reactions

By using the N~·(1535)model and considering the propagation of the N~· in nuclei,the inclu-sive A(π,η)X and A(γ,η)X reactions are analyzed in the framework of the DWBA.It is found that theNN~· interaction is attractive.The strength of the interaction is less than 50 MeV.

Production of Superoxide Ion with Carbon Gas-Diffusion-Electrode And Reaction of Superoxide Ion with Aromatic Halide

Superoxide ion O^-_2 is prepared in aprotic media by carbon gas-diffusion-electrode for the first time. The experimental results indicate that this electrode is superior to carbon plane-electrode in the reaction of O^-_2 with p-bromonitrobenzene. When the gas-diffussion-electrode is used, the yield of the product nitrophenol increases by 20%, and the selectivity of the reaction is nearly doubled as compared with the plane-electrode.

一种能温和产氢且具有高活性保持能力的Al-Bi-Zn基复合粉体

通过相图计算和气体雾化的方法,设计并制备Al-10Bi-7Zn和Al-10Bi-7Zn-1.5X (X:Cu, Fe, Ni)(质量分数,%)复合粉体。研究Cu、Fe和Ni对Al-Bi-Zn基复合粉体水解制氢性能的影响。通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及能量色散谱(EDS)分析对粉体的组成和形貌进行表征。水解制氢性能测试结果表明,添加Cu、Fe或Ni可以改变Al-10Bi-7Zn三元合金复合粉体的制氢速率,并且提高其抗氧化性能。在四元复合粉体体系中,Al-10Bi-7Zn-1.5Ni表现出最佳的制氢性能,在60℃下与蒸馏水反应时,500 min内的产氢率为75.3%(954.1 m L/g),在储存7 d后(30℃,相对湿度60%),1500 min内保持57.9%(733.7 m L/g)的产氢率。此外,机理研究表明,在Al-Bi-Zn基复合粉体中添加Cu、Fe或Ni可以稳定Al基体,抑制复合粉体在空气中的开裂,保持粉体的高活性。