Reaction wood possesses altered properties and performs the function of regulating a tree＇s form, but it is a serious defect in wood utility. Trees usually develop reaction wood in response to a gravistimulus. Reacti...Reaction wood possesses altered properties and performs the function of regulating a tree＇s form, but it is a serious defect in wood utility. Trees usually develop reaction wood in response to a gravistimulus. Reaction wood in gymnosperms is referred to as compression wood and develops on the lower side of leaning stems or branches. In arboreal, dicotyledonous angiosperms, however, it is called tension wood and is formed on the upper side of the leaning. Exploring the biology of reaction wood formation is of great value for the understanding of the wood differentiation mechanisms, cambial activity, gravitropism, and the systematics and evolution of plants. After giving an outline of the variety of wood and properties of reaction wood, this review lays emphasis on various stimuli for reaction wood induction and the extensive studies carried out so far on the roles of plant hormones in reaction wood formation. Inconsistent results have been reported for the effects of plant hormones. Both auxin and ethylene regulate the formation of compression wood in gymnosperms. However, the role of ethylene may be indirect as exogenous ethylene cannot induce compression wood formation. Tension wood formation is mainly regulated by auxin and gibberellin. Interactions among hormones and other substances may play important parts in the regulation of reaction wood formation.展开更多
Woody plants develop a specialized secondary xylem known as reaction wood to enable formation of an ideal shape. Reaction wood in coniferous species is known as compression wood, and that of woody angiosperms as tensi...Woody plants develop a specialized secondary xylem known as reaction wood to enable formation of an ideal shape. Reaction wood in coniferous species is known as compression wood, and that of woody angiosperms as tension wood. However, the genus Buxus which is classified as an angiosperm, forms compression-wood-like reaction wood. We investigated the mechanism of lignification in coniferous compression wood and Buxus reaction wood: 1) Several lignin synthesis genes were upregulated in differentiating reaction wood of Buxus microphylla;2) B. microphylla possesses a specific laccase gene that is expressed specifically in differentiating reaction wood (BmLac4);3) laccase activity localization was closely related to lignification of reaction wood, and laccase activity was high in the secondary wall middle layer;4) in reaction wood cell walls, galactan was present in the outer portion of the secondary wall middle layer, and the level of xylan was reduced. These findings suggest that lignification in B. microphylla reaction wood is identical to that of coniferous compression wood. These may represent general mechanisms of increasing lignin content in various reaction woods.展开更多
The transverse section of compression wood tracheids has a circular shape and intercellular spaces. The cause has not been determined yet;however, we hypothesized that peeling of the cell wall adhesion would cause cel...The transverse section of compression wood tracheids has a circular shape and intercellular spaces. The cause has not been determined yet;however, we hypothesized that peeling of the cell wall adhesion would cause cellular intervals, resulting in circularity of the transverse section of tracheids. Homogalacturonan, a type of pectin, functions in cell wall adhesion. Further, pectin methylesterase (PME) is involved in functionalization of homogalacturonan. We quantitated PME gene expression levels in differentiating xylem cells using different degrees of compression wood samples and examined the correlation with circularity of the transverse section of tracheids in each sample. We found that lower gene expression level of the sample corresponded with increasing circularity of the transverse section of tracheids. It is considered that the transverse section of compression wood tracheids becomes circular by suppression of PME gene expression during differentiation. Further, we observed the normal wood specific pectin methylesterase (CoPME) localization in differentiating xylem tracheids by immunolabeling. Labels localized at the entire perimeter of the compound middle lamella in normal wood, whereas sparse labeling was found in compression wood. It suggests that cell walls adhere at sites of CoPME function in differentiating xylem tracheids, but there is inadequate adhesion between cell walls where CoPME does not function. At the end of the expansion zone, the volume of the cell decreases due to a decrease in the turgor pressure of the tracheid. Further, due to moisture shrinkage of the tracheid, the adhesion begins to peel off in places of inadequate adhesion between cell walls, resulting in cell gaps and, thereby, generating a circular cell shape of cell wall formation in compression wood.展开更多
In order to investigate the effect of different wood species on the curing of MUF resin,DSC spectroscopic analysis and a new procedure are used, an important component in wood composites manufacturing. The MUF resin i...In order to investigate the effect of different wood species on the curing of MUF resin,DSC spectroscopic analysis and a new procedure are used, an important component in wood composites manufacturing. The MUF resin is synthesised with an initial weak acidic condition. The final molar ratios of F /( M+U) and M / U are 1. 37 and 0. 32,respectively. Samples are prepared by mixing MUF resin with wood flours from different wood species. The curing behaviour and transformation of chemical groups are analysed by DSC. The curing activation energy of MUF resin generally decreases when the resin is mixed with wood flours due to the influence of wood extracts. When the heat rate is 5 ℃ / min,the relationship between the peak temperature of the MUF resin and p H values or base buffer capacities is observed.展开更多
基金Supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science （JSPS） and the Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows （17- 05202）.Publication of this paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30624808） and Science Publication Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Reaction wood possesses altered properties and performs the function of regulating a tree＇s form, but it is a serious defect in wood utility. Trees usually develop reaction wood in response to a gravistimulus. Reaction wood in gymnosperms is referred to as compression wood and develops on the lower side of leaning stems or branches. In arboreal, dicotyledonous angiosperms, however, it is called tension wood and is formed on the upper side of the leaning. Exploring the biology of reaction wood formation is of great value for the understanding of the wood differentiation mechanisms, cambial activity, gravitropism, and the systematics and evolution of plants. After giving an outline of the variety of wood and properties of reaction wood, this review lays emphasis on various stimuli for reaction wood induction and the extensive studies carried out so far on the roles of plant hormones in reaction wood formation. Inconsistent results have been reported for the effects of plant hormones. Both auxin and ethylene regulate the formation of compression wood in gymnosperms. However, the role of ethylene may be indirect as exogenous ethylene cannot induce compression wood formation. Tension wood formation is mainly regulated by auxin and gibberellin. Interactions among hormones and other substances may play important parts in the regulation of reaction wood formation.
文摘Woody plants develop a specialized secondary xylem known as reaction wood to enable formation of an ideal shape. Reaction wood in coniferous species is known as compression wood, and that of woody angiosperms as tension wood. However, the genus Buxus which is classified as an angiosperm, forms compression-wood-like reaction wood. We investigated the mechanism of lignification in coniferous compression wood and Buxus reaction wood: 1) Several lignin synthesis genes were upregulated in differentiating reaction wood of Buxus microphylla;2) B. microphylla possesses a specific laccase gene that is expressed specifically in differentiating reaction wood (BmLac4);3) laccase activity localization was closely related to lignification of reaction wood, and laccase activity was high in the secondary wall middle layer;4) in reaction wood cell walls, galactan was present in the outer portion of the secondary wall middle layer, and the level of xylan was reduced. These findings suggest that lignification in B. microphylla reaction wood is identical to that of coniferous compression wood. These may represent general mechanisms of increasing lignin content in various reaction woods.
文摘The transverse section of compression wood tracheids has a circular shape and intercellular spaces. The cause has not been determined yet;however, we hypothesized that peeling of the cell wall adhesion would cause cellular intervals, resulting in circularity of the transverse section of tracheids. Homogalacturonan, a type of pectin, functions in cell wall adhesion. Further, pectin methylesterase (PME) is involved in functionalization of homogalacturonan. We quantitated PME gene expression levels in differentiating xylem cells using different degrees of compression wood samples and examined the correlation with circularity of the transverse section of tracheids in each sample. We found that lower gene expression level of the sample corresponded with increasing circularity of the transverse section of tracheids. It is considered that the transverse section of compression wood tracheids becomes circular by suppression of PME gene expression during differentiation. Further, we observed the normal wood specific pectin methylesterase (CoPME) localization in differentiating xylem tracheids by immunolabeling. Labels localized at the entire perimeter of the compound middle lamella in normal wood, whereas sparse labeling was found in compression wood. It suggests that cell walls adhere at sites of CoPME function in differentiating xylem tracheids, but there is inadequate adhesion between cell walls where CoPME does not function. At the end of the expansion zone, the volume of the cell decreases due to a decrease in the turgor pressure of the tracheid. Further, due to moisture shrinkage of the tracheid, the adhesion begins to peel off in places of inadequate adhesion between cell walls, resulting in cell gaps and, thereby, generating a circular cell shape of cell wall formation in compression wood.
基金Sponsored by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.DL10BB14)Heilongjiang Provincial Youth Science Foundation(Grant No.QC2011C054)
文摘In order to investigate the effect of different wood species on the curing of MUF resin,DSC spectroscopic analysis and a new procedure are used, an important component in wood composites manufacturing. The MUF resin is synthesised with an initial weak acidic condition. The final molar ratios of F /( M+U) and M / U are 1. 37 and 0. 32,respectively. Samples are prepared by mixing MUF resin with wood flours from different wood species. The curing behaviour and transformation of chemical groups are analysed by DSC. The curing activation energy of MUF resin generally decreases when the resin is mixed with wood flours due to the influence of wood extracts. When the heat rate is 5 ℃ / min,the relationship between the peak temperature of the MUF resin and p H values or base buffer capacities is observed.
