PHOTODEGRADATION OF p-NITROCHLORBENZENE(p-NCB)USING NANOMETER-SIZED ZnO PARTICLES PREPARED BY REACTIVE EVAPORATION METHOD

Photocatalytic degradations of p-nitrochlorbenzene (p-NCB) with distilled water wereinvestigated with ZnO crystals (catalyst) of 70nm in diameter under UV irradiation.The suitable experimental conditions are determined as: ZnO 0.25g, pH 7, p-NCBconcentration 30mg/L. These variables in terms of the degradation rate have beendiscussed, which was defined as the rate of the initial degradation to the final degrada-tion of p-NCB. When all of the experimental degradation rate values are plotted as afunction of irradiation time, all of the points appeared on a single line for wide range ofp-NCB degradations. On the basis of these results, it has been concluded that at lowerZnO catalyst amount, much of the light is transmitted through the slurry in the con-tainer beaker, while at higher catalyst amount, all the incident photons are observedby the slurry. Degradation rates of p-NCB were found to decrease with increasingsolution pH. It has been concluded that the maximum degradation rate values of p-NCB under principally the same experimental conditions mentioned above are 97.4%,98.8% and 95.5% at 100min respectively. The results suggest that the photocatalyticdegradation is initiated by an oxidation of the p-NCB through ZnO surface-adsorbedhydroxyl radicals. Absorption spectra are recorded using spectrophotometer before andafter UV-irradiation in the wavelength range 200-400nm at room temperature. Itis found that the variation of irradiation time over the range 20-100min resulted inchange in the form of the spectrum linear absorption and a higher maximum valuewill be obtained at longer irradiation time.

Correlations between the Optical Properties and the Microstructure of TiO_2 Thin Films Prepared by Reactive Electron-beam Evaporation

High refractive index TiO 2 thin films were deposited on BK7 glass by reactive electron-beam (REB) evaporation at pressure of 2×10 -2Pa,deposition rate of 0.2nm/s and at various substrate temperatures from 120℃ to 300℃.The refractive index and the thickness of the films were measured by visible spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and determined from transmission spectra.Optical properties and structure features were characterized by UV-VIS,SEM and XRD,respectively.The measurement and analysis on transmission spectra of all samples show that with the substrate temperature increasing from 120℃ to 300℃,the refractive indices of thin films increase from 1.7 to 2.1 and the films after heat treatment have higher refractive indices due to its crystallizing.The XRD analysis results indicate that the structure of TiO 2 thin films deposited on BK7 glass at substrate temperatures of 120℃,200℃ and 300℃ is amorphous,after post-annealing under air condition at 400℃ for 1 hour,the amorphous structure is crystallized,the crystal phase is of 100% anatase with strong preferred orientation (004) and the grain size of crystalline is within 3.6-8.1nm,which is consistent with results from SEM observation.

SYNTHESIS OF NANO-ZnO PARTICLES FOR ALUMINUM METALLURGY AS INERT ANODE MATERIAL

Nano-ZnO particle was produced by evaporating zinc powders in air at air flow-rate from 0.2 to 0.6m3/h. Nano-ZnO particles was formed by the oxidation of the evaporated zinc vapor. X-ray diffraction shows the powders to be ZnO with lattice parameters of a=0.3249nm and c=0.5205nm. The particle size is dependent upon the transit time from the source to the collection area. The size of particles was ranged between 81 to 103nm. The average density resulted was 4.865g/cm3.Normal ZnO and nano-ZnO were investigated to use them in aluminum metallurgy as an inert anode material. A certain amount of both oxides were molded subsequently inserted to the molten cryolite-aluminum oxide to investigate the corrosive behavior of both oxides. When the sintering temperature increased up to 1300℃, the weight loss ratio rose to 5.01%-7.33% and up to 7.67%-10.18% for nano-ZnO and normal ZnO, respectively. However, when the samples in the molten cryolite aluminum oxide were put for long time, the corrosive rate was found to be higher. It was found that the corrosive loss weight ratio of nano-ZnO anode was much lower than the normal one made from ordinary-ZnO providing that the nano-ZnO is more possible to be use inert anode material.

Missing in total OH reactivity of VOCs from gasoline evaporation

Gasoline evaporation is an important anthropogenic source of atmospheric volatile organic compounds（VOCs）. Total OH reactivity for gasoline vapor was measured from 4 kinds of gasoline for the first time by comparative reactivity method（CRM） using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer（PTR-MS）.Compositions of 56 PAMS（photochemical assessment monitoring station） nonmethane hydrocarbons（NMHCs） were measured for both liquid and headspace of gasoline. We found high abundance of alkenes and aromatics in gasoline. The calculated OH reactivity derived from quantified NMHCs speciation accounted for only 57 ？ 4% of total reactivity obtained from CRM method. N-Alkenes, only 6 wt% in liquid gasoline, contributed to 70% of calculated reactivity. We assume that the undetected branched alkenes are the possible reason for the missing reactivity. We suggest that the priority of gasoline quality improvement is to reduce alkenes content in gasoline in term of reactivity-based control.

Optical and electrical properties and phonon drag effect in low temperature TEP measurements of AgSbSe_2 thin films

Polycrystalline thin films of silver antimony selenide have been deposited using a reactive evaporation technique onto an ultrasonically cleaned glass substrate at a vacuum of 10-5 torr. The preparative parameters, like substrate temperature and incident fluxes, have been properly controlled in order to get stoichiometric, good quality and reproducible thin film samples. The samples are characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM and a UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The prepared sample is found to be polycrystalline in nature. From the XRD pattern, the average particle size and lattice constant are calculated. The dislocation density, strain and number of crystallites per unit area are evaluated using the average particle size. The dependence of the electrical conductivity on the temperature has also been studied and the prepared AgSbSe2 samples are semiconducting in nature. The AgSbSe2 thin films exhibited an indirect allowed optical transition with a band gap of 0.64 eV. The compound exhibits promising thermoelectric properties, a large Seebeck coefficient of 30 mV/K at 48 K due to strong phonon electron interaction. It shows a strong temperature dependence on thermoelectric properties, including the inversion of a dominant carrier type from p to n over a low temperature range 9-300 K, which is explained on the basis of a phonon drag effect.