Performance evaluation from stochastic statecharts representation of flexible reactive systems:a simulation approach

This paper focuses on the performance analysis of flexible reactive systems. The performance analysis consists of two phases： first system modeling, second performance evalua-tion. The paper models the flexible reactive system by the stochas-tic statecharts method, and uses the simulation method to evalu-ate the performance. To make use of the feature of event-triggered state transitions in the statecharts, a new method of simulation is proposed based on the techniques of the discrete-event system simulation. The new method solves the problem of computer imple-mentation of stochastic events, probabilistic transition, concurrent states, paral el actions, and broadcast communication mechanism in the stochastic statecharts. An example of a flexible manufactur-ing system is presented. The simulation result of the example is consistent with the analytical result, which shows the feasibility of the proposed new simulation method.

Impacts of PI3K/protein kinase B pathway activation in reactive astrocytes: from detrimental effects to protective functions

Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cell in the central nervous system.Upon injury and inflammation,astrocytes become reactive and undergo morphological and functional changes.Depending on their phenotypic classification as A1 or A2,reactive astrocytes contribute to both neurotoxic and neuroprotective responses,respectively.However,this binary classification does not fully capture the diversity of astrocyte responses observed across different diseases and injuries.Transcriptomic analysis has revealed that reactive astrocytes have a complex landscape of gene expression profiles,which emphasizes the heterogeneous nature of their reactivity.Astrocytes actively participate in regulating central nervous system inflammation by interacting with microglia and other cell types,releasing cytokines,and influencing the immune response.The phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)signaling pathway is a central player in astrocyte reactivity and impacts various aspects of astrocyte behavior,as evidenced by in silico,in vitro,and in vivo results.In astrocytes,inflammatory cues trigger a cascade of molecular events,where nuclear factor-κB serves as a central mediator of the pro-inflammatory responses.Here,we review the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their activation.We highlight the involvement of various signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte reactivity,including the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),αvβ3 integrin/PI3K/AKT/connexin 43,and Notch/PI3K/AKT pathways.While targeting the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT cellular signaling pathway to control reactive astrocytes and prevent central nervous system damage,evidence suggests that activating this pathway could also yield beneficial outcomes.This dual function of the PI3K/AKT pathway underscores its complexity in astrocyte reactivity and brain function modulation.The review emphasizes the importance of employing astrocyte-exclusive models to understand their functions accurately and these models are essential for clarifying astrocyte behavior.The findings should then be validated using in vivo models to ensure real-life relevance.The review also highlights the significance of PI3K/AKT pathway modulation in preventing central nervous system damage,although further studies are required to fully comprehend its role due to varying factors such as different cell types,astrocyte responses to inflammation,and disease contexts.Specific strategies are clearly necessary to address these variables effectively.

Reactive diffusion in Mg-Gd binary system at 773K

The reactive diffusion in Mg-Gd binary system was studied at 773 K by optical microscopy（OM）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and electron probe micro-analysis（EPMA）. After annealing at 773 K for 12-48 h, four different intermetallic layers, Mg5 Gd, Mg3 Gd, Mg2 Gd and Mg Gd, form at the Mg/Gd interfaces in the diffusion couples. The thicknesses of intermetallic layers δi（i stands for the phases of Mg5 Gd, Mg3 Gd, Mg2 Gd and Mg Gd, respectively） are proportional to the square root of annealing time t1/2, which indicates that the growth behavior of the intermetallics is controlled by the diffusion rate. The ratio of thickness of each intermetallic layer to the total thickness is constant with increasing the annealing time, which means that the growth behavior is constant at a certain annealing temperature. The diffusion coefficient of Gd in different intermetallics was calculated by Matano method.

Effects of Water Stress on Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Protection System in Rice During Grain-Filling Stage

Rice is one of the main staple food crops in the world, but it may suffer serious water stress during growth period. Water stress during grain filling results in decreased grain yeild, but its mechanism generating and scavenging the active oxygen is unclear under continuance of the water stress. The experiment was carried out in growth chamber to investigate the effects of water stress on the production of superoxide free radical （O2）, hydrogen peroxide （H202）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, reduced glutathione （GSH）, ascorbic acid （AsA）, and antioxidative enzyme activities in three rice hybrids with differing drought resistant under both normal and drought conditions during grain-filling stage. The results showed that water stress aggravated the membrane lipid peroxidation in rice leaves, which was more severe in less drought resistant hybrids than that in more tolerant ones. Also O2＇ and H2O2 accumulated more rapidly in less drought resistant hybrids than that in more tolerant ones. During water stress, decreases of GSH, AsA, chlorophyll, and relative water contents in more drought resistant hybrids were obvious less than those in less tolerant ones. Activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） in/eaves increased obviously in 0-14 d after heading and subsequently decreased rapidly, and those in more drought resistant hybrids were more than those in less tolerant ones. The results showed that changes of O2, H2O2, MDA, GSH, and AsA contents and antioxidative enzyme activities correlated significantly to drought resistance of rice hybrids, and more drought resistant hybrids possessed high ant oxidation capacity.

Composition Estimation of Reactive Batch Distillation by Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

Composition estimation plays very important role in plant operation and control.Extended Kalman filter(EKF) is one of the most common estimators,which has been used in composition estimation of reactive batch distillation,but its performance is heavily dependent on the thermodynamic modeling of vapor-liquid equilibrium,which is difficult to initialize and tune.In this paper an inferential state estimation scheme based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS) ,which is a model base estimator,is employed for composition estimation by using temperature measurements in multicomponent reactive batch distillation.The state estimator is supported by data from a complete dynamic model that includes component and energy balance equations accompanied with thermodynamic relations and reaction kinetics.The mathematical model is verified by pilot plant data.The simulation results show that the ANFIS estimator provides reliable and accurate estimation for component concentrations in reactive batch distillation.The estimated states form a basis for improving the performance of reactive batch distillation either through decision making of an operator or through an automatic closed-loop control scheme.

STUDY ON Ni-Cr SYSTEM SOLAR SELECTIVE THIN FILMS PREPARED BY MAGNETRON REACTIVE SPUTTERING PROCESS

Ni-Cr System solar selective thin solid films were prepared by d.c. magnetron reactive sputtering under the atmosphere of O2 and N2. Ni-Cr alloy was chosen as target material and copper sheets as substrate. Using SEAL Spectrophotometer and Talystep to analyze the relations between the selective characteristic and the structure, the formation and the thickness of the thin films. The aim is to obtain good solar selective thin films with high absorptance and low emittance, which is applied to flat plate solar heat collectors.

Comparison of Two Types of Control Structures for Benzene Chlorine Reactive Distillation Systems

The ＂neat＂ operation of the two-reactant reactive distillation column has Oetter steady-state economics, while It presents a challenge for design, optimization, and control of the process. Based on the optimal economic design, the dual-composition control structure and dual-temperature control structure are designed respectively for the benzene chlorine consecutive reactive distillation process. The effectiveness and robustness are analyzed comparably for the disturbance resistance in terms of changes of production rate and feed composition. Results show that dual-temperature control with propose selection of tray temperatures and the optimal profile of the set point can provide better transient process performance than the composition control structure.

Colour Removal from Aqueous Solutions of the Reactive Azo Dye Remazol Black B Using the Immobilised Cells (Shewanella Strain J18 143) –Cellulose-g.co-Monomer System

Consideration is given here to colour removal, carried out using immobilised biological cells, Shewanella strain J18 143. In order to provide greater control of an overall colour removal process and to give a basis for the effective recovery of the cell culture species, cell immobilisation has been established on chemically modified cellulose. The modification was achieved by chemically inducing the graft copolymerisation of methacrylic acid onto cotton fabric. The immobilised cells were able to decolorise the dye. The immobilisation methods, physical adsorption, “growing-in” and chemical coupling, were compared. Each of the methods was effective to some extent. However, the latter two immobilisation methods provided the greater effect in decoloration. Each of these immobilised systems is relatively simple to achieve, whether by adsorption, physical interlocking or covalent coupling. The graft copolymer is able to offer versatility in use. The decoloration was shown to be rapid under relatively simple processing conditions. Thus, compared with the established controls, complete decoloration of solutions of Remazol Black B was observed. The potential use of the graft copolymer substrate as support for a biochemical agent was confirmed.

A fully ab initio potential energy surface for C1H_2 reactive system

An ab initio analytical potential energy surface called BW3 for the CIH2 reactive system is presented. The fit of this surface is based on about 1 200 ab initio energy points, computed with multi-reference configuration interaction(MRCI) and scaling external correlation (SEC) method and a very large basis set. The precision in the fit is very high. The BW3 surface could reproduce correctly the dissociation energy of H2 and HCI, and the endothermicity of the Cl + H2 abstraction reaction. For the Cl + H2 abstraction reaction, the saddle point of BW3 lies in collinear geometries, and the barrier height is 32.84 kJ/mol; for the H + CIH exchange reaction, the barrier of BW3 is also linear, with a height of 77.40 kJ/mol.

Design of the reactive dyes containing large planar multi-conjugated systems and their application in non-aqueous dyeing

The development of pollution-free dyeing technology, including anhydrous dyeing and non-aqueous dyeing technologies, has always been an important way and research hot in energy conservation and emission reduction. Designing new structural dye molecules is the key to water-saving dyeing processes.Herein, three reactive dyes were designed and synthesized, which contained large planar multiconjugated systems and multi-reactive groups. The designed reactive dyes are expected to have high affinity and high fixations in non-aqueous or small bath dyeing processes. The reactive dyes were applied in the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(DMCS) reverse micelle dyeing for cotton fabric. High exhaustion rate of 99.35%, 98.10% and 98.80%, and fixation rate of 95.15%, 96.34% and 94.40% for three dyes, R1,R2 and R3, could be respectively obtained. The dyes can be fully utilized and had excellent dyeing performance, fastness and levelling properties under the revere micelle dyeing. The cotton fabric is like an oil-water separator in the dyeing process, where the dye micelles rapidly absorb and permeate into the cotton fibers. DMCS circulates around the fabric to transfer mass and energy. After dyeing, the solvent can be separated quickly and reused. The new reactive dyes containing large planar and multi-conjugated systems have potential application in green and sustainable dyeing technology with less wastewater and higher utilization.

Reactive Power Compensation and Harmonic Suppression for Power Supply System of HT-7U Superconductive Tokamak

In this paper, a strategy for the reactive power compensation and harmonic suppression of the power supply system in HT-7U superconductive Tokamak is proposed. The optimized approach is given in the parameters design for passive filter. Also a controlling method with fast response time and good accuracy is put forward for the compensator, which is more suitable for the dynamic load.

Power System Reactive Power Optimization Based on Fuzzy Formulation and Interior Point Filter Algorithm

Considering the soft constraint characteristics of voltage constraints, the Interior-Point Filter Algorithm is applied to solve the formulation of fuzzy model for the power system reactive power optimization with a large number of equality and inequality constraints. Based on the primal-dual interior-point algorithm, the algorithm maintains an updating “filter” at each iteration in order to decide whether to admit correction of iteration point which can avoid effectively oscillation due to the conflict between the decrease of objective function and the satisfaction of constraints and ensure the global convergence. Moreover, the “filter” improves computational efficiency because it filters the unnecessary iteration points. The calculation results of a practical power system indicate that the algorithm can effectively deal with the large number of inequality constraints of the fuzzy model of reactive power optimization and satisfy the requirement of online calculation which realizes to decrease the network loss and maintain specified margins of voltage.

Formation behaviors of rod-like reactive shaped charge penetrator and their effects on damage capability

Formation behaviors of rod-like reactive shaped charge penetrator(RRSCP)and their effects on damage capability are investigated by experiments and numerical simulations.The pulsed X-ray technology and a spaced aluminum/steel plate with the thicknesses of 5 mm/100 mm are used.Three types of sphericalsegment aluminum-polytetrafluoroethylene-copper(Al-PTFE-Cu)reactive liners with Cu contents of 0%,46.6%,and 66%are fabricated and tested.The experimental results show that the reactive liners can form excellent rod-shaped penetrators with tail skirts under the shaped charge effect,but the tail skirts disappear over time.Moreover,rupturing damage to the aluminum plate and penetration to the steel plate are caused by the RRSCP impact.From simulation analysis,the RRSCP is formed by a mechanically and chemically coupled response with the reactive liner activated by shock in its outer walls and bottom and then backward overturning,forming a leading reactive penetrator and a following chemical energy cluster.The unique formation structure determines the damage modes of the aluminum plate and the steel plate.Further analysis indicates that the formation behaviors and damage capability of Al-PTFE-Cu RRSCP strongly depend on Cu content.With increasing Cu content,the velocity,activation extent,and reaction extent of Al-PTFE-Cu RRSCP decrease,which contribute to elongation and alleviate the negative effects of chemical reactions on elongation,significantly increasing the length-diameter ratio and thus enhancing the capability of steel plate penetration.However,the lower activation extent and energetic density will weaken the RRSCP's capability of causing rupturing damage to the aluminum plate.

Enhanced structural damage behavior of liquid-filled tank by reactive material projectile impact

A series of ballistic experiments were performed to investigate the damage behavior of high velocity reactive material projectiles(RMPs) impacting liquid-filled tanks,and the corresponding hydrodynamic ram(HRAM) was studied in detail.PTFE/Al/W RMPs with steel-like and aluminum-like densities were prepared by a pressing/sintering process.The projectiles impacted a liquid-filled steel tank with front aluminum panel at approximately 1250 m/s.The corresponding cavity evolution characteristics and HRAM pressure were recorded by high-speed camera and pressure acquisition system,and further compared to those of steel and aluminum projectiles.Significantly different from the conical cavity formed by the inert metal projectile,the cavity formed by the RMP appeared as an ellipsoid with a conical front.The RMPs were demonstrated to enhance the radial growth velocity of cavity,the global HRAM pressure amplitude and the front panel damage,indicating the enhanced HRAM and structural damage behavior.Furthermore,combining the impact-induced fragmentation and deflagration characteristics,the cavity evolution of RMPs under the combined effect of kinetic energy impact and chemical energy release was analyzed.The mechanism of enhanced HRAM pressure induced by the RMPs was further revealed based on the theoretical model of the initial impact wave and the impulse analysis.Finally,the linear correlation between the deformation-thickness ratio and the non-dimensional impulse for the front panel was obtained and analyzed.It was determined that the enhanced near-field impulse induced by the RMPs was the dominant reason for the enhanced structural damage behavior.

Monomeric C-reactive protein:a link between chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration?

Pre-diabetic insulin resistance is associated with sub-clinical inflammation and concomitant increase in systemic C-reactive protein(CRP)levels.Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients register even higher chronic levels of inflammation,with excess circulating CRP originating from both typical hepatic synthesis,and also visceral white adipose tissue.

A new mutually destabilized reactive hydride system:LiBH4–Mg2NiH4

In this work,the hydrogen sorption properties of the LiBH4-Mg2NiH4 composite system with the molar ratio 2:2.5 were thoroughly investigated as a function of the applied temperature and hydrogen pressure.To the best of our knowledge,it has been possible to prove experimentally the mutual destabilization between LiBH4 and Mg2NiH4.A detailed account of the kinetic and thermodynamic features of the dehydrogenation process is reported here.

Wettability,reactivity,and interface structure in Mg/Ni system

The sessile drop method was applied to the experimental investigation of the wetting and spreading behaviors of liquid Mg drops on pure Ni substrates.For comparison,the experiments were performed in two variants:(1)using the Capillary Purification(CP)procedure,which allows the non-contact heating and squeezing of a pure oxide-free Mg drop;(2)by classical Contact Heating(CH)procedure.The high-temperature tests were performed under isothermal conditions(CP:760℃for 30 s;CH:715℃for 300 s)using Ar+5 wt%H_(2) atmosphere.During the sessile drop tests,images of the Mg/Ni couples were recorded by CCD cameras(57 fps),which were then applied to calculate the contact angles of metal/substrate couples.Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses,both coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,were used for detailed structural characterization of the solidified couples.It was found that an oxide-free Mg drop obtained by the CP procedure showed a wetting phenomenon on the Ni substrate(an average contact angleθ<90°in<1 s),followed by fast spreading and good wetting over the Ni substrate(θ_((CP))~20°in 5 s)to form a final contact angle ofθ_(f(CP))~18°.In contrast,a different wetting behavior was observed for the CH procedure,where the unavoidable primary oxide film on the Mg surface blocked the spreading of liquid Mg showing apparently non-wetting behavior after 300 s contact at the test temperature.However,in both cases,the deep craters formed in the Ni substrates under the Mg drops and significant change in the structure of initially pure Mg drops to Mg-Ni alloys suggest a strong dissolution of Ni in liquid Mg and apparent values of the final contact angles measured for the Mg/Ni system.

A Genetic Algorithm for Reactive Power Optimizationof Power System

Tis paper presents a genetic algorithm for reactive power optimization of power system in a more effective and rapid manner, and verifies the results with an IEEE 30-bus test system.

Rational design of Aspergillus flavus A5p1-immobilized cell system to enhance the decolorization of reactive blue 4(RB4)

Anthraquinone dyes are a class of typical carcinogenic and hard-biodegradable organic pollutants.This study aimed to enhance the decolorization of anthraquinone dye by rationally designing an expected immobilized system.Reactive blue 4(RB4) was used as a substrate model and a previous isolated dyedegrading strain Aspergillus flavus A5pl was purposefully immobilized.Considering the effects of cell attachment and mass transfer,the polyurethane foam(PUF) with open pore structure was selected as the immobilization carrier.Results showed that the RB4 decolorization efficiency was significant enhanced after immobilization.Compared to the free mycelium system,the decolorization time of200 mg·L^(-1)RB4 was shortened from 48 h to 28 h by the PUF-immobilized cell system.Moreover,the PUF-immobilized system could tolerate RB4 up to 2000 mg-L^(-1).In the packed bed bioreactor(PBBR),an average decolorization efficiency of 93.3% could be maintained by the PUF-immobilized system for26 days.The decolorization process of RB4 was well described by the logistic equation and the degradation pathway was discussed.It was found that the higher specific growth rate of the PUF-immobilized cells was one of reasons for the enhanced decolorization.The good performance of the PUFimmobilized cell system would make it have potential application value for RB4 bioremediation.

Effect of Chromium on Structure and Tribological Properties of Hydrogenated Cr/a-C:H Films Prepared via a Reactive Magnetron Sputtering System

Hydrogenated Cr-incorporated carbon films （Cr/a-C：H） are deposited successfully by using a dc reactive mag- netron sputtering system. The structure and mechanical properties of the as-deposited Cr/a-C：H films are characterized systematically by field-emission scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, nanoindentation and scratch. It is shown that optimal Cr metal forms nanocrystalline carbide to improve the hardness, toughness and adhesion strength in the amorphous carbon matrix, which possesses relatively higher nano-hardness of 15. 7 CPa, elastic modulus of 126.8 GPa and best adhesion strength with critical load （Lc） of 36 N for the Cr/a-C：H film deposited at CH4 flow rate of 20sccm. The friction and wear behaviors of as-deposited Cr/a-C：H films are evaluated under both the ambient air and deionized water conditions. The results reveal that it can achieve superior low friction and anti-wear performance for the Cr/a-C：H film deposited at CH4 flow rate of 20sccm under the ambient air condition, and the friction coetllcient and wear rate tested in deionized water condition are relatively lower compared with those tested under the ambient air condition for each film. Superior combination of mechanical and tribological properties for the Cr/a-C：H film should be a good candidate for engineering applications.