基于病菌孢子捕捉和real-time PCR技术的田间空气中小麦白粉病菌孢子动态监测及病情估计模型研究

利用Burkard定容式孢子捕捉器结合real-time PCR定量技术,分别对种植高抗、中感和高感白粉病小麦品种的田间空气中白粉病菌分生孢子浓度进行监测,结果表明,real-time PCR定量与传统的显微观察计数两种方法测得的孢子浓度呈显著正相关(P≤0.01),且两种病菌孢子计数方法在同一抗性品种上监测到的孢子浓度动态相近。此外,两种方法测得的孢子浓度与各气象因子的相关性分析结果一致,空气中的白粉病菌孢子浓度主要与空气相对湿度显著正相关。在此基础上,利用两种方法测定的田间空气中白粉病菌孢子浓度分别建立了基于累积孢子浓度的田间病情估计模型。分析发现,基于两种孢子浓度测定方法建立的病情估计模型间无显著性差异,表明real-time PCR定量技术测定的孢子浓度在构建白粉病病情估计模型上具有一定可行性。该结果为real-time PCR定量技术与病菌孢子捕捉技术相结合用于小麦白粉病的监测和预测提供理论依据。

Cyber Resilience through Real-Time Threat Analysis in Information Security

This paper examines how cybersecurity is developing and how it relates to more conventional information security. Although information security and cyber security are sometimes used synonymously, this study contends that they are not the same. The concept of cyber security is explored, which goes beyond protecting information resources to include a wider variety of assets, including people [1]. Protecting information assets is the main goal of traditional information security, with consideration to the human element and how people fit into the security process. On the other hand, cyber security adds a new level of complexity, as people might unintentionally contribute to or become targets of cyberattacks. This aspect presents moral questions since it is becoming more widely accepted that society has a duty to protect weaker members of society, including children [1]. The study emphasizes how important cyber security is on a larger scale, with many countries creating plans and laws to counteract cyberattacks. Nevertheless, a lot of these sources frequently neglect to define the differences or the relationship between information security and cyber security [1]. The paper focus on differentiating between cybersecurity and information security on a larger scale. The study also highlights other areas of cybersecurity which includes defending people, social norms, and vital infrastructure from threats that arise from online in addition to information and technology protection. It contends that ethical issues and the human factor are becoming more and more important in protecting assets in the digital age, and that cyber security is a paradigm shift in this regard [1].

基于Simulink Real-Time的汽车空调半实物仿真试验系统研发

针对多样化汽车空调电子零部件的高效、低成本总成级测试需求,研究基于一汽大众速腾1.6 L车型原型,设计了基于Simulink Real-Time的汽车空调半实物仿真试验系统。该系统集成了真实的汽车空调总成、制冷循环以及包含宿主机和目标机的双机实时仿真系统,用于开发和运行台架监控和空调控制模型,为汽车空调电子零部件提供半实物仿真测试环境。通过系统集成及功能验证,结果表明,汽车空调半实物仿真试验系统能够实现汽车空调基本控制功能,同时在不同工况下实现乘员舱温度控制的稳定性,稳态误差控制在±1℃以内。此外,该系统还具备灵活调整空调运行工况和状态的能力,为汽车空调电子零部件提供了高效、低成本的半实物仿真测试环境。

On modeling approach for embedded real-time software simulation testing

Modeling technology has been introduced into software testing field. However, how to carry through the testing modeling effectively is still a difficulty. Based on combination of simulation modeling technology and embedded real-time software testing method, the process of simulation testing modeling is studied first. And then, the supporting environment of simulation testing modeling is put forward. Furthermore, an approach of embedded real-time software simulation testing modeling including modeling of cross-linked equipments of system under testing （SUT）, test case, testing scheduling, and testing system service is brought forward. Finally, the formalized description and execution system of testing models are given, with which we can realize real-time, closed loop, mad automated system testing for embedded real-time software.

Experimental Model and Analytic Solution for Real-time Observation of Vehicle's Additional Steer Angle

The current research of real-time observation for vehicle roll steer angle and compliance steer angle（both of them comprehensively referred as the additional steer angle in this paper） mainly employs the linear vehicle dynamic model, in which only the lateral acceleration of vehicle body is considered. The observation accuracy resorting to this method cannot meet the requirements of vehicle real-time stability control, especially under extreme driving conditions. The paper explores the solution resorting to experimental method. Firstly, a multi-body dynamic model of a passenger car is built based on the ADAMS/Car software, whose dynamic accuracy is verified by the same vehicle＇s roadway test data of steady static circular test. Based on this simulation platform, several influencing factors of additional steer angle under different driving conditions are quantitatively analyzed. Then ε-SVR algorithm is employed to build the additional steer angle prediction model, whose input vectors mainly include the sensor information of standard electronic stability control system（ESC）. The method of typical slalom tests and FMVSS 126 tests are adopted to make simulation, train model and test model＇s generalization performance. The test result shows that the influence of lateral acceleration on additional steer angle is maximal （the magnitude up to 1°）, followed by the longitudinal acceleration-deceleration and the road wave amplitude （the magnitude up to 0.3°）. Moreover, both the prediction accuracy and the calculation real-time of the model can meet the control requirements of ESC This research expands the accurate observation methods of the additional steer angle under extreme driving conditions.

Model-based framework for multi-axial real-time hybrid simulation testing

Real-time hybrid simulation is an efficient and cost-effective dynamic testing technique for performance evaluation of structural systems subjected to earthquake loading with rate-dependent behavior. A loading assembly with multiple actuators is required to impose realistic boundary conditions on physical specimens. However, such a testing system is expected to exhibit significant dynamic coupling of the actuators and suffer from time lags that are associated with the dynamics of the servo-hydraulic system, as well as control-structure interaction （CSI）. One approach to reducing experimental errors considers a multi-input, multi-output （MIMO） controller design, yielding accurate reference tracking and noise rejection. In this paper, a framework for multi-axial real-time hybrid simulation （maRTHS） testing is presented. The methodology employs a real-time feedback-feedforward controller for multiple actuators commanded in Cartesian coordinates. Kinematic transformations between actuator space and Cartesian space are derived for all six-degrees-of- freedom of the moving platform. Then, a frequency domain identification technique is used to develop an accurate MIMO transfer function of the system. Further, a Cartesian-domain model-based feedforward-feedback controller is implemented for time lag compensation and to increase the robustness of the reference tracking for given model uncertainty. The framework is implemented using the 1/5th-scale Load and Boundary Condition Box （LBCB） located at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology, a single-story frame subjected to earthquake loading is tested. One of the columns in the fraane is represented physically in the laboratory as a cantilevered steel column. For real- time execution, the numerical substructure, kinematic transformations, and controllers are implemented on a digital signal processor. Results show excellent performance of the maRTHS framework when six-degrees-of-freedom are controUed at the interface between substructures.

A Novel Approach to Study Regional Ionospheric Variations Using a Real-Time TEC Model

Since IGY (International Geophysical Year), through coordinated global observations, ionospheric research has been carried out by many countries. This effort primarily helped in the design and operation of HF radio wave communication systems. The Indian region covers a highly variable part of the equatorial electrojet and EIA (Equatorial Ionisation Anomaly) phenomena making its predictability difficult. With the advent of satellite communication and navigation, the need for accurate ionospheric TEC (Total Electron Content) models at global and regional scales has been stressed. The GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation) project jointly undertaken by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Airport Authority of India (AAI) aims at effectively utilising the Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) to determine position coordinates accurately for aircraft precision landing applications. For this purpose the range errors are estimated by using a ground network of TEC stations spread over Indian region. The near simultaneous data collected from these dual frequency GPS stations can be used to generate the geo-referenced TEC values for various applications. The author has developed necessary algorithm and associated computer programmes for a real-time vertical TEC (VTEC) model based on TEC data collected from the GAGAN ground based network stations. The model has been tested and sample results presented here show that it adequately provides for the latitudinal resolution of 1° for the entire longitude span and also for two longitude blocks (73 - 83 & 83 - 93°E) separately. Cubic spline and bilinear interpolation techniques are used for filling up temporal and spatial data gaps. The model provides tabulated output of hourly average VTEC data with latitude for ready use, as well as graphical displays of VTEC maps and contours for monitoring purpose. The real-time model and its extensions are also being used for detailed scientific studies;examples of these show small day to day variability of VTEC without any change in solar activity and indication of the change in the shape of the VTEC diurnal curve with season. The present model will be used for further studies to derive the monthly average variation of the diurnal pattern and the relationship between VTEC peak amplitudes with changes in solar activity. The new information generated can be fed back to improve the real-time model so that eventually the dependence of such models on ground based network stations data can be minimised.

Formal Modeling and Analysis of AADL Threads in Real Time Maude

This paper presents, without altering the AADL meta-model, a formal description of static and behavioral aspects of the AADL thread component. This active and concurrent applicative component of AADL poses many challenges to its formalization and analysis including instantaneous and/or delayed communications, concurrent tasks and time-dependent features, and the need to analyze correctness. This formalization, based on real-time object-oriented theories, allows not only a precise description of the semantics of threads composition with respect to their timing requirements but also makes possible the formal verification of behavioral properties.

MODEL-BASED DEVELOPMENT OF REAL-TIME SOFTWARE SYSTEM FOR ELECTRONIC UNIT PUMP SYSTEM

A real-time operating system （RTOS）, also named OS, is designed based on the hardware platform of MC68376, and is implemented in the electronic control system for unit pump in diesel engine. A parallel and time-based task division method is introduced and the multi-task software architecture is built in the software system for electronic unit pump （EUP） system. The V-model software development process is used to control algorithm of each task. The simulation results of the hardware-in-the-loop simulation system （HILSS） and the engine experimental results show that the OS is an efficient real-time kernel, and can meet the real-time demands of EUP system; The built multi-task software system is real-time, determinate and reliable. V-model development is a good development process of control algorithms for EUP system, the control precision of control system can be ensured, and the development cycle and cost are also decreased.

THE DLSTRIBOTED MCU MODEL FOR SYNCHRONOUS REAL-TIME TELETEACHING

Aiming at issues on multimedia communication in synchronous real-time teleteaching (SRT) systems over IP network, a 4-tuple structural mode of multimedia communication is proposed in the paper, and an SRT-oriented distributed MCU model is built according to the mode. Moreover, the mechanism of multicast communication across subnets is discussed. The distributed MCU model has been applied successfully in our interactive synchronous real-time telesteaching system RealClass and has shown good extendibility in operation.

运用Real-time quantification PCR方法建立副溶血性弧菌在即食虾中的生长预测模型

运用Real-time quantification PCR(real-time qPCR)方法建立副溶血性弧菌在即食虾中生长预测模型。首先构建质粒标准品,梯度稀释后建立标准曲线,然后用Real-time qPCR方法检测虾中副溶血性弧菌的数量,最后建立37℃下即食虾中副溶血性弧菌生长预测模型,并与传统涂布计数方法进行比较。结果表明,Real-time qPCR方法和传统计数方法均可建立Gmopertz模型、Logistic模型和Richards模型,模型拟合的相关系数R2均在0.9以上。基于Real-timeqPCR方法省时省力、特异性好等优点,用Real-time qPCR方法建立微生物预测模型是未来预测微生物学领域的一种发展趋势。

基于1dCNN-LSTM量化单体异常性的动力电池故障诊断方法

准确的动力电池单体性能评估对保障动力电池安全具有重要意义。目前基于数据驱动的电池故障诊断算法,大多对各单体电池进行相互比较,根据各单体电压等特征参数之间的差异,使用分类算法将离群单体认定为故障单体。然而当动力电池包内有多个异常表现相似的电池单体,或所有单体性能整体恶化时,难以区分甚至没有显著离群的个别单体,相互比较策略的应用范围受到限制。本文提出了一种基于1dCNN-LSTM量化单体异常性的动力电池故障诊断方法,结合车辆运动状态、驱动系统状态及动力电池电信号3类特征,建立1dCNN-LSTM融合模型估计理想状态下的单体实时电压参考值,根据各单体电压实测值与参考值之间的差异,量化各单体异常性。结合实际案例表明,对于因单体故障导致热失控的案例,本方法可以提前7日识别故障单体相比其他单体的明显异常,且可以在距离事故发生1年前甚至更早的放电片段中发现潜在风险;针对无明显单体不一致的整体恶化案例,可以实现事故发生前7日内的整体性能恶化过程跟踪。

加热-冷却过程中花岗岩细观热破裂机制

由于高温试验设备的限制,在实验室中研究岩石真实热破裂规律通常需要依据冷却后试样的细微观结构观测结果来进行分析推断,无法获得热破裂的实时动态演化过程。为此,基于考虑温度和裂纹滑移效应的节理本构关系,构建花岗岩热力耦合UDEC晶粒模型,以深入探究加热和冷却过程中花岗岩的实时热破裂行为。研究发现,在加热状态下,花岗岩热诱导微裂纹在75℃左右开始萌生,随着温度的升高,微裂纹数量在α→β石英相变温度附近快速达到峰值,但微裂纹密度在600℃降温到25℃的冷却过程中并没有明显变化。虽然冷却效应引起的裂纹数量变化可以忽略不计,但会导致裂纹开度的增加或减少。在加热过程中,微裂纹的萌生主要是由于相邻晶粒的热膨胀不同导致局部应力累积造成的。而石英高温相变引起的细微观结构变化可以增强不同晶粒之间的相互作用,导致晶粒尺度上的压缩和剪切运动加剧,使得热应力裂纹继续变形拓展。在冷却过程中,由于加热过程中热破裂导致的细微观应力释放和冷却效应导致的不同矿物晶体收缩,使得微裂纹的数量虽然不变,但其形态却能发生较为明显的变化,从而使得冷却后花岗岩的宏观应力-应变行为受到很大影响。基于离散元数值模拟对花岗岩热力耦合试验结果作出了细微观阐释,揭示了加热和冷却过程中花岗岩的实时热破裂机制,进一步加深了对高温岩石热力耦合规律的理解。

基于改进YOLOv4-tiny的果园复杂环境下桃果实实时识别

为实现果园复杂环境下的桃果实实时识别,提出一种基于YOLOv4-tiny的桃果实实时识别方法 YOLOv4-tinyPeach。通过在主干网络中引入卷积注意力模块CBAM,优化其通道维度和空间维度的特征信息;在颈部网络中添加大尺度浅层特征层,提高对小目标识别精度;采用双向特征金字塔网络BiFPN对不同尺度特征信息进行融合。通过训练和比较,YOLOv4-tiny-Peach模型在测试集下的平均精度AP为87.88%,准确率P为91.81%,召回率R为73.84%,F1值为81.85%,相比于改进前,AP提升5.46%,P提升2.29%,R提升4.09%,F1提升3.44%。为检验改进模型在果园复杂环境下的适应性,在不同数目、不同成熟期和遮挡的情况下对果实图像进行识别,并与原模型识别效果进行对比,结果表明改进模型在三种情况下的识别精度均高于原模型,尤其在大视场和未熟期场景下模型改进效果显著。YOLOv4-tiny-Peach模型占用内存为27.4 MB,识别速度为49.76 fps,适用于农业嵌入式设备。为果园复杂环境下的桃果实自动采摘提供实时精准的目标识别指导。

Performance of real‑time neutron/gamma discrimination methods

Nuclear security usually requires the simultaneous detection of neutrons and gamma rays.With the development of crystalline materials in recent years,Cs2LiLaBr6(CLLB)dual-readout detectors have attracted extensive attention from researchers,where real-time neutron/gamma pulse discrimination is the critical factor among detector performance parameters.This study investigated the discrimination performance of the charge comparison,amplitude comparison,time comparison,and pulse gradient_(m)ethods and the effects of a Sallen–Key filter on their performance.Experimental results show that the figure of merit(FOM)of all four methods is improved by proper filtering.Among them,the charge comparison method exhibits excellent noise resistance;moreover,it is the most_(s)uitable method of real-time discrimination for CLLB detectors.However,its discrimination performance depends on the parameters t_(s),t_(m),and t_(e).When t_(s)corresponds to the moment at which the pulse is at 10%of its peak value,t_(e)requires a delay of only 640–740 ns compared to t_(s),at which time the potentially optimal FOM of the charge comparison method at 3.1–3.3 MeV is greater than 1.46.The FOM obtained using the t_(m)value calculated by a proposed maximized discrimination difference model(MDDM)and the potentially optimal FOM differ by less than 3.9%,indicating that the model can provide good guidance for parameter selection in the charge comparison method.

Real-time crash prediction on freeways using data mining and emerging techniques

Recent advances in intelligent transportation system allow traffic safety studies to extend from historic data-based analyses to real-time applications. The study presents a new method to predict crash likelihood with traffic data collected by discrete loop detectors as well as the web-crawl weather data. Matched case-control method and support vector machines （SVMs） technique were employed to identify the risk status. The adaptive synthetic over-sampling technique was applied to solve the imbalanced dataset issues. Random forest technique was applied to select the contributing factors and avoid the over-fitting issues. The results indicate that the SVMs classifier could successfully classify 76.32% of the crashes on the test dataset and 87.52% of the crashes on the overall dataset, which were relatively satisfactory compared with the results of the previous studies. Compared with the SVMs classifier without the data, the SVMs classifier with the web-crawl weather data increased the crash prediction accuracy by 1.32% and decreased the false alarm rate by 1.72%, showing the potential value of the massive web weather data. Mean impact value method was employed to evaluate the variable effects, and the results are identical with the results of most of previous studies. The emerging technique based on the discrete traffic data and web weather data proves to be more applicable on real- time safety management on freeways.

A Numerical Algorithm Based on Quadratic Finite Element for Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Time Fractional Thermal Diffusion Model

In this article,a high-order scheme,which is formulated by combining the quadratic finite element method in space with a second-order time discrete scheme,is developed for looking for the numerical solution of a two-dimensional nonlinear time fractional thermal diffusion model.The time Caputo fractional derivative is approximated by using the L2-1formula,the first-order derivative and nonlinear term are discretized by some second-order approximation formulas,and the quadratic finite element is used to approximate the spatial direction.The error accuracy O(h3+
t2)is obtained,which is verified by the numerical results.

Investment in deepwater oil and gas exploration projects:a multi-factor analysis with a real options model

Deepwater oil and gas projects embody high risks from geology and engineering aspects, which exert substantial influence on project valuation. But the uncer- tainties may be converted to additional value to the projects in the case of flexible management. Given the flexibility of project management, this paper extends the classical real options model to a multi-factor model which contains oil price, geology, and engineering uncertainties. It then gives an application example of the new model to evaluate deepwater oil and gas projects with a numerical analytical method. Compared with other methods and models, this multi-factor real options model contains more project information. It reflects the potential value deriving not only from oil price variation but also from geology and engi- neering uncertainties, which provides more accurate and reliable valuation information for decision makers.

Specifying Requirements of Real-Time System with Rules and Templates

This paper presents a model specifying requirements of real-time systems. Different from existing researches, this model mainly uses rules and templates to represent hierarchical FSMs (Finite State Machine). In this model, one rule corresponds to one state transition of FSM and one template corresponds to one FSM. Rules and information with respect to a FSM can be written in a template. So templates include not only state diagrams, but also information that can not be described by FSM, such as performance requirements. The specification using this model consists of a collection of templates and it is easy for users to understand and to review. After introduced the related researches and principles of the model, this paper specifies requirements of a real-time system with this model, and discusses characters of this model in the end.