The Design of I/O Subsystem in Satellite Real-Time Microkernel Operating System

One of the most important features of modern minor satellites is to realize autonomous moving. The performance of the satellite autonomous computer operating system acting as the control center is utmost important. The recent trend in operating system development is adopting microkernel architecture which holds such advantages as microminiaturization, modularity, portability and extendibility. The performance of I/O subsystem is currently receiving considerable research attention. Object-orientation offers an approach to application development in which software system can be constructed by composing and refining the pre-designed plug-compatible software components.It also starts with some basic notions fairly well accepted in computer science, namely encapsulation and reuse. In this paper, a new object-oriented real-time I/O subsystem model has been designed.In this model, the traditional I/O subsystem framework is discarded and a stream mechanism based on the object-oriented concept is introduced. In addition, the I/O requests are classified according to their time emergency to obtain real-time performance. So, this model meets such satelliteperformance requirements as reliability, flexibility, portability and real-time performance.

Real-time Operating System of a CNC Machine Tool

This paper discusses the real-time operating system (RTOS) of a computer numericalcontrol machine tool. It includes the characteristic, structure, function sub-routines, managementand communication.There are mainly two structures of CNC' RTOS. They are foreground-background type andinterrupt type. In this paper we discuss mainly the method of job management, andcommunicaton of the two types.

Digital arc welding power supply based on real-time operating system

A digital arc welding power supply was designed with the advanced reduced instruction set computer machine （ARM） and embedded real-time multi-task operating system micro C/OS- Ⅱ. The ARM, with its powerful calculating speed and complete peripheral equipments, is very suitable to work as the controller of the digital power supply. The micro C/OS- Ⅱ transplanted in ARM, helps to improve the respondent speed against various welding signals, as well as the reliability of the controlling software. The welding process consists of nine tasks. The tasks of great significance on reliability of the welder, for example, the A/D conversion of current and voltage, enjoy top priority. To avoid simultaneous-sharing on A/D converter and LCD module, two semaphores are introduced in to ensure the smooth performance of the welding power supply. Proven by experiments ,the ARM and the micro C/OS- Ⅱ can greatly improve both the respondent speed and the reliability of the digital welder.

Real-Time Operation of Microgrids

Microgrid (MG) systems effectively integrate a generation mix of solar, wind, and other renewable energy resources. The intermittent nature of renewable resources and the unpredictable weather conditions contribute largely to the unreliability of microgrid real-time operation. This paper investigates the behavior of microgrid for different intermittent scenarios of photovoltaic generation in real-time. Reactive power coordination control and load shedding mechanisms are used for reliable operation and are implemented using OPAL-RT simulator integrated with Matlab. In an islanded MG, load shedding can be an effective mechanism to maintain generation-load balance. The microgrid of the German Jordanian University (GJU) is used for illustration. The results show that reactive power coordination control not only stabilizes the MG operation in real-time but also reduces power losses on transmission lines. The results also show that the power losses at some substations are reduced by a range of 6% - 9.8%.

Low-Power Operational Amplifier for Real-Time Signal Processing System of Micro Air Vehicle

A low-power complementary metal oxide semiconductor（CMOS） operational amplifier （op-amp） for real-time signal processing of micro air vehicle （MAV） is designed in this paper.Traditional folded cascode architecture with positive channel metal oxide semiconductor（PMOS） differential input transistors and sub-threshold technology are applied under the low supply voltage.Simulation results show that this amplifier has significantly low power,while maintaining almost the same gain,bandwidth and other key performances.The power required is only 0.12 mW,which is applicable to low-power and low-voltage real-time signal acquisition and processing system.

Real-time crash prediction on freeways using data mining and emerging techniques

Recent advances in intelligent transportation system allow traffic safety studies to extend from historic data-based analyses to real-time applications. The study presents a new method to predict crash likelihood with traffic data collected by discrete loop detectors as well as the web-crawl weather data. Matched case-control method and support vector machines （SVMs） technique were employed to identify the risk status. The adaptive synthetic over-sampling technique was applied to solve the imbalanced dataset issues. Random forest technique was applied to select the contributing factors and avoid the over-fitting issues. The results indicate that the SVMs classifier could successfully classify 76.32% of the crashes on the test dataset and 87.52% of the crashes on the overall dataset, which were relatively satisfactory compared with the results of the previous studies. Compared with the SVMs classifier without the data, the SVMs classifier with the web-crawl weather data increased the crash prediction accuracy by 1.32% and decreased the false alarm rate by 1.72%, showing the potential value of the massive web weather data. Mean impact value method was employed to evaluate the variable effects, and the results are identical with the results of most of previous studies. The emerging technique based on the discrete traffic data and web weather data proves to be more applicable on real- time safety management on freeways.

A Concept of Dynamically Reconfigurable Real-time Vision System for Autonomous Mobile Robotics

This paper describes specific constraints of vision systems that are dedicated to be embedded in mobile robots. If PC-based hardware architecture is convenient in this field because of its versatility, flexibility, performance, and cost, current real-time operating systems are not completely adapted to long processing with varying duration, and it is often necessary to oversize the system to guarantee fail-safe functioning. Also, interactions with other robotic tasks having more priority are difficult to handle. To answer this problem, we have developed a dynamically reconfigurable vision processing system, based on the innovative features of Cleopatre real-time applicative layer concerning scheduling and fault tolerance. This framework allows to define emergency and optional tasks to ensure a minimal quality of service for the other subsystems of the robot, while allowing to adapt dynamically vision processing chain to an exceptional overlasting vision process or processor overload. Thus, it allows a better cohabitation of several subsystems in a single hardware, and to develop less expensive but safe systems, as they will be designed for the regular case and not rare exceptional ones. Finally, it brings a new way to think and develop vision systems, with pairs of complementary operators.

High performance reconfigurable hardware system for real-time image processing

A novel reconfigurable hardware system which uses both muhi-DSP and FPGA to attain high performance and real-time image processing are presented. The system structure and working principle of mainly processing multi-BSP board, extended multi-DSP board are analysed. The outstanding advantage is that the communication among different board components of this system is supported by high speed link ports ＆ serial ports for increasing the system performance and computational power. Then the implementation of embedded real-time operating systems （RTOS） by us is discussed in detail. In this system, we adopt two kinds of parallel structures controlled by RTOS for parallel processing of algorithms. The experimental results show that exploitive period of the system is short, and maintenance convenient. Thus it is suitable for real-time image processing and can get satisfactory effect of image recognition.

Analysis and Comparison of Five Kinds of Typical Device-Level Embedded Operating Systems

Today, the number of embedded system was applied in the field of automation and control has far exceeded a variety of general-purpose computer. Embedded system is gradually penetrated into all fields of human society, and ubiquitous embedded applications constitute the 'ubiquitous' computing era. Embedded operating system is the core of the em-bedded system, and it directly affects the performance of the whole system. Our Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Embedded Technology has successfully developed five kinds of device-level embedded operating systems by more than ten years’ efforts, and these systems are Webit 5.0, Worix, μKernel, iDCX 128 and μc/os-II 128. This paper mainly analyses and compares the implementation mechanism and performance of these five kinds of device-level embedded operating systems in detail.

MODEL-BASED DEVELOPMENT OF REAL-TIME SOFTWARE SYSTEM FOR ELECTRONIC UNIT PUMP SYSTEM

A real-time operating system （RTOS）, also named OS, is designed based on the hardware platform of MC68376, and is implemented in the electronic control system for unit pump in diesel engine. A parallel and time-based task division method is introduced and the multi-task software architecture is built in the software system for electronic unit pump （EUP） system. The V-model software development process is used to control algorithm of each task. The simulation results of the hardware-in-the-loop simulation system （HILSS） and the engine experimental results show that the OS is an efficient real-time kernel, and can meet the real-time demands of EUP system; The built multi-task software system is real-time, determinate and reliable. V-model development is a good development process of control algorithms for EUP system, the control precision of control system can be ensured, and the development cycle and cost are also decreased.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIRBORNE SAR REAL-TIME DIGITAL IMAGING PROCESSOR

An airborne SAR real-time digital imaging processor is presented, and its realtime digital imaging principle and main technical parameters are analyzed briefly. The system configuration and logical structure are described in detail. Finally the main features of this system and examples of imagery obtained with the system are also presented.

Influences of Network Delay on Quality of Experience for Soft Objects in Networked Real-Time Game with Haptic Sense

In this paper, we investigate the influences of network delay on QoE (Quality of Experience) such as the operability of haptic interface device and the fairness between players for soft objects in a networked real-time game subjectively and objectively. We handle a networked balloon bursting game in which two players burst balloons (i.e., soft objects) in a 3D virtual space by using haptic interface devices, and the players compete for the number of burst balloons. As a result, we find that the operability depends on the network delay from the local terminal to the other terminal, and the fairness is mainly dependent on the difference in network delay between the players’ terminals. We confirm that there exists a trade-off relationship between the operability and the fairness. We also see that the contribution of the fairness is larger than that of the operability to the comprehensive quality (i.e., the weighted sum of the operability and fairness). Assessment results further show that the output timing of terminals should be adjusted to the terminal which has the latest output timing to maintain the fairness when the difference in network delay between the terminals is large. In this way, the comprehensive quality at each terminal can be maintained as high as possible.

基于YOLOv7-tiny的轻量级苹果实时检测算法

针对苹果生长所处的自然环境复杂程度高、网络模型过大、难以在移动端部署等问题,提出一种基于YOLOv7-tiny的轻量级苹果实时检测方法。该方法引入CG-Block模块代替原YOLOv7-tiny网络的部分卷积,对原网络的ELAN-tiny结构进行修改,极大地减少网络规模,并提高检测精度;使用Mish激活函数代替原激活函数,增强网络的提取特征能力;采用CARAFE轻量级上采样算子,进一步提升网络的特征融合能力。试验结果表明,改进后的算法与原算法相比,mAP@0.5提高1.9%,准确率提高4.1%,参数量降低45.4%,计算量降低46.2%,模型规模减少43.9%,FPS达到196.1 f/s。改进后的算法在保持良好实时性的同时,提升检测精度,极大地降低网络规模,为网络模型在移动端部署增添可行性。

基于D1-H应用处理器的RT-Thread驻留方法

针对实时操作系统复杂性内核导致嵌入式应用程序编译速度慢、可复用性差的问题,提出基于通用嵌入式计算机架构(GEC)的RT-Thread实时操作系统驻留方法。在合理划分存储空间的基础上,通过对中断服务例程进行共享,为用户提供底层驱动与软件应用层的函数调用服务。最后以D1-H应用处理器为例进行RT-Thread驻留测试。实践结果表明,该驻留方法实现了系统内核与应用程序的物理隔离,编译时间更短,开发效率更高,为嵌入式程序开发的时效性、便捷性和简易性提供了应用基础。

面向实时操作系统μC/OS-II的两级优先调度算法

C/OS-II采用抢占式优先级调度算法,根据任务的重要程度分配不同的优先级,以确保系统的实时性。但μC/OSII不允许多个任务具有相同优先级,不仅限制了并发任务的数量和灵活性,而且在某些情况下会增加系统的复杂度,甚至可能给系统的运行造成安全隐患。本文通过改进μC/OS-II的优先级位图结构与调度算法,为μC/OS-II扩展了2级优先调度机制。改进后的系统允许用户为多个任务赋予相同的优先级,同一优先级下的任务按照二级优先级进行调度,且可以根据实际需要灵活选择二级调度策略。实验表明,该算法可有效提高μC/OS-II的并发能力和资源利用率,同时保持较低的系统开销和响应时间。

基于RT-thread的精确时间同步系统设计

分布式智能采集终端需要一致的时间基准,用于多种数据和事件的时间标记。为满足智能采集终端对高精度时间同步的需求,选择IEEE 1588精确时间同步协议实现时间同步;设计基于纯国产32 bit双核微控制器HPM6750和以太网收发器RTL8211FS(I)-VS的精确时间同步系统,选用国产开源嵌入式实时操作系统RT-thread操作系统,实现在物理层获取时间戳来运行IEEE 1588协议;构建测试平台对该时间同步系统进行主从时钟同步精度测试。测试结果表明,设计在物理层获取时间戳时达到的时间同步精度在±250 ns以内,与在数据链路层获取时间戳时达到±10μs的时间同步精度相比较,有效提高了时间同步精度,可广泛应用于对时间同步精度有较高要求的智能采集终端。

Evolution analysis of a UAV real-time operating system from a network perspective

With the flourishing development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs), the mission tasks of UAVs have become more and more complex. Consequently, a Real-Time Operating System(RTOS) that provides operating environments for various mission services on these UAVs has become crucial, which leads to the necessity of having a deep understanding of an RTOS. In this paper, an empirical study is conducted on FreeRTOS, a commonly used RTOS for UAVs, from a complex network perspective. A total of 85 releases of FreeRTOS, from V2.4.2 to V10.0.0, are modeled as directed networks, in which the nodes represent functions and the edges denote function calls. It is found that the size of the FreeRTOS network has grown almost linearly with the evolution of the versions, while its main core has evolved steadily. In addition, a k-core analysis-based metric is proposed to identify major functionality changes of FreeRTOS during its evolution.The result shows that the identified versions are consistent with the version change logs. Finally,it is found that the clustering coefficient of the Linux OS scheduler is larger than that of the FreeRTOS scheduler. In conclusion, the empirical results provide useful guidance for developers and users of UAV RTOSs.

基于uCOS-II的嵌入式数控系统实时性分析

提出了一种嵌入式数控系统的软硬件体系结构,该系统采用实时操作系统uCOS-II和ARM嵌入式微处理器构建。结合实时多任务操作系统的性能指标,分析了嵌入式实时操作系统uCOS-II的时间特性,并给出了uCOS-II中最长时间特性的计算方法,同时,在数控系统的平台上,测试了系统任务调度各个阶段所用时间,并对此系统的实时性和稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,基于uCOS-II和ARM所构建的嵌入式数控系统的实时性好,且具有低成本、高性能的特点,具有广泛的应用前景。

实时嵌入式操作系统μC/OS-II内核的分析与改进

基于源码公开的实时嵌入式操作系统μC/OS-II及对内核的分析,该文对μC/OS-II的调度算法提出了改进,即扩充了任务数目,采用了任务分类的方法,使其能支持多于64个任务的调度,并可根据实际要求,对任务分组采用不同的调度算法,同时在整体上保持优先级调度模式。该文给出了局部时间片轮转调度和优先级调度算法的实现。