Retrospective Evaluation for ORCA Surveillance Comparison with Prescription Surveillance

Background: “Online Receipt Computer Advantage” (ORCA) surveillance, an online medical claim service produced and provided freely to medical facilities by the Japan Medical Association, has been available for public use since 2010. However, its preciseness has not been evaluated. The object of the present study is comparison with ORCA surveillance and prescription surveillance (PS), which is the most reliable daily surveillance for influenza nationwide in Japan, and evaluating preciseness of ORCA surveillance. Method: We specifically examined influenza as a targeted disease. We regarded PS as the gold standard daily real-time monitoring system for influenza nationwide and for each prefecture. This study assesses correlation and discrepancies between ORCA and PS results for influenza nationwide and by prefecture. Results: Nationwide, the correlation coefficient of PS and ORCA was 0.9653;the discrepancy rate was 27%. Among prefectures, results show that Mie and Fukui prefectures had two quite similar epidemic curves. Conclusion: Results demonstrate that ORCA surveillance is comparable to PS nationwide. However, some prefectures exhibited comparable results whereas others did not. ORCA surveillance cannot break down to the municipal level.

Detection of influenza A virus RNA in birds by optimized Real-Time PCR system

Objective:To evaluate the use of Real-Time PCR system based on specific amplification of matrix protein gene fragment for influenza A virus RNA detection in cloacal swabs from wild birds.Methods:Sensitivity,specificity and reproducibility of analysis results were identified. Study of cloacal swabs from wild birds for influenza A virus presence was performed.Results: Reproducibility of low concentrations of virus detection in samples by Real-Time PCR was significantly higher than that of detection based on cytopathic effect of viruses grown on MDCK cell culture.Conclusions:Real-Time PCR system for influenza A virus RNA detection is developed and applied for virus surveillance study.

Real-time urban traffic information estimation with a limited number of surveillance cameras

Constant traffic congestion consumes enormous amounts of energy and causes vastly increased journey times. Therefore, real-time traffic information is of great importance to the public because such information is invaluable to more efficient traffic control and travel planning. To obtain such information in metropolises like Shanghai, however, is very challenging due to the extraordinarily large scale and com- plexity of the underlying road network. In this paper, we pro- pose a novel traffic estimation scheme utilizing surveillance cameras pervasively deployed in cities. With only a limited number of roads with cameras, we adopt a measurement- based traffic matrix （TM） estimation method to infer the traf- fic conditions on those roads with no cameras. Extensively trace-driven simulations as well as field study results show that our scheme can achieve high accuracy with a very limited number of measurements. The accuracy of our measurement- based algorithm outperforms the traditional speed-based and model-based approaches by up to 50%.

应用实时监控系统的医院感染现状调查

目的使用医院感染实时监控系统,了解某院患者医院感染的分布特点,为预防与控制医院感染提供可靠依据。方法用回顾性的流行病调查方法对某院2013年所有的出院病历进行调查分析。结果共有938名患者发生医院感染,医院感染率2.11%。医院感染部位以呼吸系统所占比例最大,占62.04%;医院感染患者的病原菌检出以G-菌为主,占54.27%;医院感染在不同病区、性别、年龄、住院天数、抗菌药物联用以及抗菌药物使用天数的分布上有差异,其结果均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论使用实时监控系统,可实时了解医院感染的信息,从而为采取针对措施防控医院感染提供依据。

1996～1997年江西省南昌地区流感监测

为了监测流感动态确定优势病毒株，在江西省南昌地区进行了流感病毒分离和鉴定研究。从1996年5月～1997年4月共采取感冒病人鼻咽拭子1440份，全部用双腔接种法接种鸡胚，部分标本又进行细胞培养。采用血凝抑制试验（HAI）鉴定病毒株的型及亚型，对细胞培养获得的20株病毒同时应用间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）鉴定病毒株的型别，取HAI法检测为甲型的任意20株进行多聚酶链反应（PCR）试验。结果：共分离得流感病毒47株，其中，甲1型（H1N1）26株，占55．32％；甲3型（H3N2）10株，占21．28％；乙型（B）11株，占23．4％，优势流行株是甲1型，发现了甲1、甲3、乙型在同一地区同时流行的现象，也发现了“O”相毒株。因流感病毒的变异均局限在量变范围内，预计短期内没有大流行的危险。IFA法PCR试验结果全部与HAI法一致，故结论可靠，IFA、PCR法也是快速准确鉴定流感病毒的好方法。

Performance of a real-time PCR approach for diagnosing Schistosoma haematobium infections of different intensity in urine samples from Zanzibar

Background:Efforts to control and eliminate schistosomiasis have accelerated over the past decade.As parasite burden,associated morbidity and egg excretion decrease,diagnosis with standard parasitological methods becomes harder.We assessed the robustness and performance of a real-time PCR(qPCR)approach in comparison with urine filtration microscopy and reagent strip testing for the diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infections of different intensities.Methods:The robustness of DNA isolation and qPCR was validated in eight laboratories from Europe and Africa.Subsequently,792 urine samples collected during cross-sectional surveys of the Zanzibar Elimination of Schistosomiasis Transmission(ZEST)project in 2012-2017 were examined with qPCR in 2018.Diagnostic sensitivity of the qPCR was calculated at different infection intensity categories,using urine filtration microscopy as reference test.Spearman's rank correlation between Ct-values and S.haematobium egg counts was assessed and Ct-value percentiles for infection intensity categories determined.Results:S.haematobium Dra1 DNA-positive samples were identified correctly in all eight laboratories.Examination of urine samples from Zanzibar revealed Dra1 DNA in 26.8%(212/792)by qPCR,S.haematobium eggs in 13.3%(105/792)by urine filtration,and microhaematuria in 13.8%(109/792)by reagent strips.Sensitivity of the qPCR increased with augmenting egg counts:80.6%(29/36)for counts between 1 and 4 eggs,83.3%(15/18)for counts between 5 and 9 eggs,100%(23/23)for counts between 10 and 49 eggs,and 96.4%(27/28)for counts of 50+eggs.There was a significant negative correlation between Ct-values and egg counts(Spearman's rho=-0.49,P<0.001).Seventy-five percent of the Ct-values were≥33 in the egg-negative category,<31 in the light intensity category,and<24 in the heavy intensity category.Conclusions:While the sensitiivity of the qPCR was^80%for very light intensity infections(egg counts<10),in general,the Dra1 based qPCR assay detected twice as many S.haematobium infections compared with classical parasitological tests.The qPCR is hence a sensitive,urine-based approach for S.haernatcbium diagnosis that can be used for impact assessment of schistosomiasis elimination programmes,individual diagnosis,and in improved format also for verification and certification of elimination.Trial registration:ISRCTN,ISRCTN48837681.Registered 05 September 2012-Retrospectively registered.

Performance Analysis of Hybrid RR Algorithm for Anomaly Detection in Streaming Data

Automated live video stream analytics has been extensively researched in recent times.Most of the traditional methods for video anomaly detection is supervised and use a single classifier to identify an anomaly in a frame.We propose a 3-stage ensemble-based unsupervised deep reinforcement algorithm with an underlying Long Short Term Memory(LSTM)based Recurrent Neural Network(RNN).In the first stage,an ensemble of LSTM-RNNs are deployed to generate the anomaly score.The second stage uses the least square method for optimal anomaly score generation.The third stage adopts award-based reinforcement learning to update the model.The proposed Hybrid Ensemble RR Model was tested on standard pedestrian datasets UCSDPed1,USDPed2.The data set has 70 videos in UCSD Ped1 and 28 videos in UCSD Ped2 with a total of 18560 frames.Since a real-time stream has strict memory constraints and storage issues,a simple computing machine does not suffice in performing analytics with stream data.Hence the proposed research is designed to work on a GPU(Graphics Processing Unit),TPU(Tensor Processing Unit)supported framework.As shown in the experimental results section,recorded observations on framelevel EER(Equal Error Rate)and AUC(Area Under Curve)showed a 9%reduction in EER in UCSD Ped1,a 13%reduction in ERR in UCSD Ped2 and a 4%improvement in accuracy in both datasets.

Real-time digital data of international passengers will shine in the precaution of epidemics

International movement plays an important role in spatial spread of infectious diseases.Here,we share two successful COVID-19 interventions based on real-time digital information collected from international passengers,which have been performed in Greece and China respectively.Both of the interventions demonstrated good performance and showed the potential of real-time digital data in containing the spread.However,several key points should not be ignored when we promote similar strategies.

2002—2003年中国革兰阴性细菌耐药性监测研究

目的 监测我国不同地区 14家医院 31个研究病房的医院获得感染 (HAI)与社区获得感染 (CAI)患者中分离的革兰阴性细菌耐药状况。方法 按原设计方案对 14家医院从 2 0 0 2年 7月1日至 2 0 0 3年 6月 30日分离的 10 91株革兰阴性菌 ,采用国际标准平皿二倍稀释法进行体外敏感试验 ,测得MIC50 、MIC90 表示抗菌药物的抗菌活性 ,并按 2 0 0 2年美国临床实验标准委员会 (NCCLS)指导原则的标准计算细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率 (R) %、中介率 (I) %和敏感率 (S) %。结果 碳青霉烯类仍是对革兰阴性杆菌 (除外嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌与黄杆菌 ,该 2种非发酵阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类高度耐药 )抗菌作用最强的一类抗生素。头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦、哌拉西林 /他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟和新氟喹诺酮类 ,如加替沙星、莫西沙星、左氧沙星对革兰阴性杆菌亦有很好的抗菌活性 ,但仍有 5 0 %～ 6 0 %的大肠埃希菌对氟喹诺酮类耐药。从HAI患者分离的革兰阴性杆菌耐药率比从CAI患者分离的相应阴性杆菌的耐药率要高 1 5倍以上。结论 头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦、哌拉西林 /他佐巴坦和加替沙星对非发酵阴性杆菌的抗菌谱较广 ,抗菌作用也较好 ,是值得注意的抗非发酵菌抗菌药物。我们从 2 0 0 2— 2 0 0 3年度所得的监测结果与 2 0 0 0— 2 0 0