On Dynamic Channel Emulation in Sector MPAC for Over-the-Air Testing of Beamformed Massive MIMO Devices

In this article,novel emulation strategies for the sectored multiple probe anechoic chamber(SMPAC)are proposed to enable the reliable evaluation of the massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)device operating at beamforming mode,which requires a realistic non-stationary channel environment.For the dynamic propagation emulation,an efficient closed-form probe weighting strategy minimizing the power angular spectrum(PAS)emulation errors is derived,substantially reducing the associated computational complexity.On the other hand,a novel probe selection algorithm is proposed to reproduce a more accurate fading environment.Various standard channel models and setup configurations are comprehensively simulated to validate the capacity of the proposed methods.The simulation results show that more competent active probes are selected with the proposed method compared to the conventional algorithms.Furthermore,the derived closedform probe weighting strategy offers identical accuracy to that obtained with complicated numerical optimization.Moreover,a realistic dynamic channel measured in an indoor environment is reconstructed with the developed methodologies,and 95.6%PAS similarity can be achieved with 6 active probes.The satisfactory results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are suitable for arbitrary channel emulation.

Priority-Based Real-Time Stream Coding over Multi-Channel with Packet Erasures

Multi-channel can be used to provide higher transmission ability to the bandwidth-intensive and delay-sensitive real-time streams. However, traditional channel capacity theories and coding schemes are seldom designed for the real-time streams with strict delay constraint, especially in multi-channel context. This paper considers a real-time stream system, where real-time messages with different importance should be transmitted through several packet erasure channels, and be decoded by the receiver within a fixed delay. Based on window erasure channels and i.i.d.(identically and independently distributed) erasure channels, we derive the Multi-channel Real-time Stream Transmission(MRST) capacity models for Symmetric Real-time(SR) streams and Asymmetric Real-time(AR) streams respectively. Moreover, for window erasures, a Maximum Equilibrium Intra-session Code(MEIC) is presented for SR and AR streams, and is shown able to asymptotically achieve the theoretical MRST capacity. For i.i.d. erasures, we propose an Adaptive Maximum Equilibrium Intra-session Code(AMEIC), and then prove AMEIC can closely approach the MRST transmission capacity. Finally, the performances of the proposed codes are verified by simulations.

A Novel Method for Real-Time Monitoring of Channel Siltation Based on Bistatic Scattering Theory

Monitoring the thickness changes of channel siltation is paramount in safeguarding navigation and guiding dredging, This paper presents a novel method for realizing the field monitoring of channel siltation in real time. The method is based on the bistatic scattering theory and concerned more with the receiving and processing of multipath signal at high-frequency and small grazing angle. By use of the multipath propagation structure of underwater acoustic channel, the method obtains the silt thickness by calculating the relative time delay of acoustic signals between the direct and the shortest bottom reflected paths. Bistatic transducer pairs are employed to transmit and receive the acoustic signals, and the GPS time synchronization technology is introduced to synchronize the transmitter and receiver, The WRELAX （Weighted Fourier transforul and RELAX） algorithm is used to obtain the high resolution estimation of muhipath time delay. To examine the feasibility of the presented method and the accuracy and precision of the developed system, a series of sea trials are conducted in the southwest coast area of Dalian City, north of the Yellow Sea. The experimental results are compared with that using high-resolution dual echo sounder HydroBoxTM, and the uncertainty is smaller than ＋ 0.06 m. Compared with the existing means for measuring the silt thickness, the present method is innovative, and the system is stable, efficient and provides a better real-time performance. It especially suits monitoring the narrow channel with rapid changes of siltation.

Emulation of Realistic Multi-Path Propagation Channels inside an Anechoic Chamber for Antenna Diversity Measurements

As antennas are inherently included recommended in Over-The-Air (OTA) testing, it is important to also consider realistic channel models for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) device performance evaluation. This paper aims to emulate realistic multi-Path propagation channels in terms of angles of arrivals (AoA) and cross-polarization ratio (XPR) with Rayleigh fading, inside an anechoic chamber, for antenna diversity measurements. In this purpose, a practical multi-probe anechoic chamber measurement system (MPAC) with 24 probe antennas (SATIMO SG24) has been used. However, the actual configuration of this system is not able to reproduce realistic channels. Therefore, a new method based on the control of the SG24 probes has been developed. At first time, this method has been validated numerically through the comparison of simulated and analytical AoA probability density distributions. At the second time, the performance of an antenna diversity system inside the SG24 has been performed in terms of the correlation coefficient and diversity gain (DG) using an antenna reference system. Simulated and measurements results have shown a good agreement.

An Efficient Secure Real-Time Concurrency Control Protocol

Secure real-time databases must simultaneously satisfy two requirements in guaranteeing data security and minimizing the missing deadlines ratio of transactions. However, these two requirements can conflict with each other and achieve one requirement is to sacrifice the other. This paper presents a secure real-time concurrency control protocol based on optimistic method. The concurrency control protocol incorporates security constraints in a real-time optimistic concurrency control protocol and makes a suitable tradeoff between security and real-time requirements by introducing secure influence factor and real-time influence factor. The experimental results show the concurrency control protocol achieves data security without degrading real-time perform ance significantly.

Real-time ray-based channel generation and emulation for UAV communications

A real-time ray-based hardware emulator for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) communication channels which suits for the Three-Dimensional(3D) dynamic scenarios and considers the movements of both terminals is developed in this paper. The time-variant channel parameters, i.e.,ray delay, ray gain, and ray Doppler frequency are precalculated in the host by using the Ray Tracing(RT) method. Meanwhile, RT simulation dramatically increases the number of valid rays. To address the problem of resource limitation and huge computational burden in the implementation,an efficient ray coefficients generation method based on iteration is proposed and implemented.With the advantages of low cost and high flexibility, a Software Defined Radio(SDR) hardware platform is used to emulate the ray-based UAV channels by utilizing the compact architecture including the Time-Division(TD) scheme and Tapped-Delay Line(TDL) for channel convolution.Finally, hardware measurement results demonstrate that the properties of emulated channel, i.e.,Power Delay Profile(PDP) and Doppler Power Spectrum Density(DPSD) consist with the simulated ones, which verifies the correctness of hardware implementation. The proposed channel emulator provides an efficient way for optimization, verification, and evaluation of UAV communication systems.

基于FPGA的无人机非平稳信道动态模拟研究

针对无人机高速移动导致的信道状态快速时变以及多普勒频率起伏大的特点,本文基于现场可编程门阵列平台设计了无人机非平稳信道模拟方案。该方案采用调频谐波叠加方法产生非平稳信道衰落,并提出了一种信道参数实时产生算法,提高了信道模拟的实时性,保证了信道状态的实时更新。同时,针对多普勒频率起伏大导致的功率随机波动问题,本文设计了一种自适应功率均衡模块,使得输出功率最大波动仅为1.13%,保证了衰落功率的稳定性。最后,硬件消耗资源结果表明,相较于复播方案以及预存式方案,本文方案对存储资源的消耗分别降低了52.44%和9.31%,更适合长时间无人机非平稳信道衰落的模拟。同时,实测分析结果表明,相较于未均衡的模拟方案,本文硬件模拟方案输出的信道特性如路径损耗和多普勒功率谱密度与理论结果更加吻合,可用于无人机通信系统的设计、优化等领域。

融合卫星姿态的星地信道建模及硬件模拟

针对传统星地信道模型及其硬件模拟方法没有考虑卫星姿态对信道特性影响的问题,本文基于几何地理随机模型(Geometry-based Stochastic Model,GBSM)框架,提出了一种融合卫星姿态的星地信道模型。该模型通过构建四个独立的坐标系并引入姿态修正矩阵,来描述卫星姿态变化对星地信道特性造成的影响。在此基础上,本文基于现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA),设计并研制了一种星地信道硬件模拟器。硬件模拟器采用差分迭代的算法来生成信道衰落因子,可以极大提高硬件模拟的实时性,确保生成的衰落数据与实际场景相匹配。同时,还采用了并行处理架构,可以支持最大640 MHz带宽的星地信道模拟。为了将衰落数据与并行架构相匹配,引入了并行内插算法,可以将串行的衰落数据内插成同速率的多路并行衰落数据。此外,为了能够精准控制硬件装置输出信号的功率,设计了基于预训练的功率校正方法。通过内部校正源信号预先训练出整个模拟过程给信号带来的增益再进行功率补偿,从而保证输出信号的功率可以被精准控制。最后,在典型场景下开展仿真模拟,导出硬件模拟器的输出结果并分析其统计特性,结果表明实测输出的概率密度函数(Probability Density Function,PDF)和多普勒功率谱密度(Doppler Power Spectral Density,DPSD)与理论值吻合,证明本文设计的硬件模拟器可以准确地复现实际场景下卫星姿态发生变化的星地信道。本文提出的融合卫星姿态的星地信道模型以及研制的硬件模拟器很好地解决了传统模型以及硬件模拟方法的局限性,在卫星通信系统的优化、评估和验证环节具有极大的潜在价值。

Credit Determination of Fibre Channel in Avionics Environment

Fibre channel （FC） is the main candidate architecture for ＂unified network＂. Flow control deals with the problem in which a device receives frames faster than it can process them. Credit is an important service parameter for fibre channel flow control. Configuring the credit reasonably can avoid buffer overflow in nodes. This paper derives the mathematic relationships among credit, bandwidth and message sets under real-time condition according as three main topologies of fibre channel, and proposes the credit determination and the optimal credit for typical message sets. This study is based on the features of hard real-time communications in avionics environment.

Converter-Based Reconfigurable Real-Time Electrical System Emulation Platform

A Hardware Testbed(HTB)is developed for accurate and flexible emulation and testing of electrical power system and their control,measurement,and protection systems.In the HTB,modular and programmable power electronics converters are used to mimic the static and dynamic characteristics of electrical power components.This paper overviews the development,integration,and application of the HTB,covering emulation principle,hardware and software configuration,and example results of power system research using the HTB.The advantages of the HTB,compared with real-time digital simulation and downscaled hardware-based testing platform are discussed.

EFFECTS OF ORIGINAL PHASE AND TIME-DELAY ON THE HF CHANNEL PARAMETER ESTIMATION

It is proposed firstly that the original phase and the time-delay are the main factors which affect the measuring resolution of the multitone complex envelope method. The effects of these factors are analysed and checked by the computer simulation. Finally, three possible ways to eliminate these effects are given.

T-type calcium channel expression in cultured human neuroblastoma cells

Human neuroblastoma cells （SH-SY5Y） have similar structures and functions as neural cells and have been frequently used for cell culture studies of neural cell functions.Previous studies have revealed L-and N-type calcium channels in SH-SY5Y cells.However,the distribution of the low-voltage activated calcium channel （namely called T-type calcium channel,including Cav3.1,Cav3.2,and Cav3.3） in SH-SY5Y cells remains poorly understood.The present study detected mRNA and protein expres-sion of the T-type calcium channel （Cav3.1,Cav3.2,and Cav3.3） in cultured SH-SY5Y cells using real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and western blot analysis.Results revealed mRNA and protein expression from all three T-type calcium channel subtypes in SH-SY5Y cells.Moreover,Cav3.1 was the predominant T-type calcium channel subtype in SH-SY5Y cells.

GNSS多径信道模拟的聚类稀疏拟合方案

针对全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)信道模拟计算量大、硬件资源开销大,不利于实时性能评估和实际工程应用的挑战,提出一种GNSS多径信道模拟的聚类稀疏拟合方案。利用基于K中心聚类信道冲击响应(channel impulse response,CIR)参数萃取的稀疏拟合方法,得到等效精简CIR参数,再以稀疏抽头延迟线结构来实现信道模拟。所提方法在保持多径误差条件下,通过较少抽头数量的抽头延迟线结构滤波器拟合原始GNSS多径信道模型,可以大为简化GNSS信道模型仿真复杂度,而无须庞大的硬件资源。仿真结果表明,通过对参考信道模型生成的信道CIR参数进行稀疏拟合,所提出的方案和方法具有良好的效果。

基于ANSYS Workbench的组合式高密度聚乙烯渠道强度仿真分析

作为农田水利运输时重要的部件,渠道的强度达标是渠道正常工作的最重要标准。通过高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)力学性能试验测试了材料的基本力学性能,完成基于ANSYS Workbench的组合式HDPE渠道强度仿真,并进行了强度对比分析渠道安全可行性。首先通过力学试验得出使用HDPE材料的基本力学性能,然后运用Solid Works三维设计软件构造组合式单个渠道三维实体模型并导入ANSYS Workbench软件中,设计渠道网格划分和边界条件及载荷约束后进行仿真分析计算,得到单个渠道预制构件应力大小分布情况,导出渠道等效应力和最大应力云图,定位单个渠道构件最易破坏位置,将仿真结果与实测强度进行对比分析,得出分析结果,验证结构受力分析的正确性。

On detecting primary user emulation attack using channel impulse response in the cognitive radio network

Cognitive radio is an effective technology to alleviate the spectrum resource scarcity problem by opportunistically allocating the spare spectrum to unauthorized users. However, a serious denial-of-service(DoS) attack,named the ‘primary user emulation attack(PUEA)', exists in the network to deteriorate the system performance. In this paper, we propose a PUEA detection method that exploits the radio channel information to detect the PUEA in the cognitive radio network. In the proposed method, the uniqueness of the channel impulse response(CIR) between the secondary user(SU) and the signal source is used to determine whether the received signal is transmitted by the primary user(PU) or the primary user emulator(PUE). The closed-form expressions for the false-alarm probability and the detection probability of the proposed PUEA detection method are derived. In addition, a modified subspace-based blind channel estimation method is presented to estimate the CIR, in order for the proposed PUEA detection method to work in the scenario where the SU has no prior knowledge about the structure and content of the PU signal. Numerical results show that the proposed PUEA detection method performs well although the difference in channel characteristics between the PU and PUE is small.

信号交叉口交通组织优化设计

以独立信号交叉口为研究对象，采用信号配时、交通工程和交通管理等措施，利用微观仿真模型，提出了信号交叉口交通组织优化的设计方法，讨论了交通组织优化的评价方法、交通仿真机制和模型框架等关键问题．

无线衰落信道模拟方法及仪器研制

信道模拟器是近年来无线通信系统测试与性能评估中的新型测量仪器,研究了包含路径损耗、阴影衰落、多径衰落和信道噪声多种因素的无线信道模型,提出了一种基于谐波叠加原理且易于硬件实现的复合衰落信道实时模拟方法,并据此研制了中频信道模拟器原理样机。实测和分析结果表明,模拟器输出信道衰落分布与理论值非常吻合,统计方差的相对偏差约为0.06%,而自相关特性和多普勒功率谱也均与设计值吻合,可用于实验室模拟真实传播环境对无线信号的随机失真影响。

基于软件无线电的无线信道仿真仪设计与实现

由于无线电波传播环境的复杂性和多样性,无线信道仿真需要兼顾仿真的准确性和实时性,因而需要进行大量高速的数据运算。本文利用美国国家仪器(NI)公司基于软件无线电技术的高性能矢量信号分析仪,FPGA模块以及矢量信号发生器进行了无线信道仿真仪核心部分的设计,并提出了针对经典信道模型和宽带多天线信道模型的硬件仿真实现方法。此外该平台还搭配USRP(Universal Software Radio Peripheral)进行了辅助设计,从而为无线通信系统的半实物仿真和测试提供了较好的实验验证平台。

卫星信道基带残留误码分布特性拟合与模拟

卫星通信信道的基带残留误码特性直接影响上层通信协议的性能。通过对卫星通信系统仿真,提取基带误码图案,将基带误码分布图案通过误码持续期发生概率密度分布、误码持续期长度概率密度分布来表征。在典型的卫星通信系统参数条件下,拟合表明经过有噪莱斯衰落信道的误码持续期发生概率接近广义极值分布;经过高斯噪声信道的误码持续期发生概率密度、误码持续期长度概率密度接近负二项式分布。在此基础上完成的卫星基带信道硬件模拟器能够为通信协议的测试提供方便、可信的信道基带特性模拟。

带电线路高频通道状态测试方法研究

对高频保护中高频通道的主要问题进行了简单分析,提出了带电线路高频通道状态测试方法,研制了相关测试设备,解决了带电线路的高频通道测试问题。分别对测试方法中高频通道测试判断标准、仿真计算和变电站现场测试的抗干扰问题三个技术关键点做了详细的分析。根据仿真试验得到故障数据,提出了实用的现场测试方法和标准,验证了该测试方法的有效性和实用性。本测试方法能够在线路不停电的情况下快速、准确判断高频通道状况,实现故障时快速定位,提高电网的安全稳定运行水平。