PARAMETERS OPTIMIZATION OF CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATION IN ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNAL ANALYSIS OF ROLLING BEARING

Morlet wavelet is suitable to extract the impulse components of mechanical fault signals. And thus its continuous wavelet transform （CWT） has been successfully used in the field of fault diagnosis. The principle of scale selection in CWT is discussed. Based on genetic algorithm, an optimization strategy for the waveform parameters of the mother wavelet is proposed with wavelet entropy as the optimization target. Based on the optimized waveform parameters, the wavelet scalogram is used to analyze the simulated acoustic emission （AE） signal and real AE signal of rolling bearing. The results indicate that the proposed method is useful and efficient to improve the quality of CWT.

Micro-failure process and failure mechanism of brittle rock under uniaxial compression using continuous real-time wave velocity measurement

In this study,the micro-failure process and failure mechanism of a typical brittle rock under uniaxial compression are investigated via continuous real-time measurement of wave velocities.The experimental results indicate that the evolutions of wave velocities became progressively anisotropic under uniaxial loading due to the direction-dependent development of micro-damage.A wave velocity model considering the inner anisotropic crack evolution is proposed to accurately describe the variations of wave velocities during uniaxial compression testing.Based on which,the effective elastic parameters are inferred by a transverse isotropic constitutive model,and the evolutions of the crack density are inversed using a self-consistent damage model.It is found that the propagation of axial cracks dominates the failure process of brittle rock under uniaxial loading and oblique shear cracks develop with the appearance of macrocrack.

Real-Time Black Carbon Emissions from Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles Using a Portable Emissions Measurement System

Black carbon(BC)is considered the second largest anthropogenic climate forcer,but the radiative effects of BC are highly correlated with its combustion sources.On-road vehicles are an important source of anthropogenic BC.However,there are major uncertainties in the estimates of the BC emissions from on-road light-duty passenger vehicles(LDPVs),and results obtained with the portable emissions measurement system(PEMS)method are particularly lacking.We developed a PEMS platform and evaluated the on-road BC emissions from ten in-use LDPVs.We demonstrated that the BC emission factors(EFs)of gasoline direction injection(GDI)engine vehicles range from 1.10 to 1.56 mg.km^(-1),which are higher than the EFs of port fuel injection(PFI)engine vehicles(0.10–0.17 mg.km^(-1))by a factor of 11.The BC emissions during the cold-start phase contributed 2%–33%to the total emissions.A strong correlation(R^(2)=0.70)was observed between the relative BC EFs and average vehicle speed,indicating that traffic congestion alleviation could effectively mitigate BC emissions.Moreover,BC and particle number(PN)emissions were linearly correlated(R^(2)=0.90),and compared to PFI engine vehicles,the instantaneous PN-to-BC emission rates of GDI engine vehicles were less sensitive to vehicle specific power-to-velocity(VSPV)increase in all speed ranges.

Continuous Emission Spectrum Measurement for Electron Temperature Determination in Low-Temperature Collisional Plasmas

Continuous emission spectrum measurement is applied for the inconvenient diagnos- tics of low-temperature collisional plasmas. According to the physical mechanism of continuous emission, a simplified model is presented to analyze the spectrum in low temperature plasma. The validity of this model is discussed in a wide range of discharge parameters, including electron tem- perature and ionization degree. Through the simplified model, the continuous emission spectrum in a collisional argon internal inductively coupled plasma is experimentally measured to determine the electron temperature distribution for different gas pressures and radio-frequency powers. The inverse Abel transform is also applied for a better spatially resoluted results. Meanwhile, the result of the continuous emission spectrum measurement is compared to that of the electrostatic double probes, which indicates the effectiveness of this method.

Semi-implantable device based on multiplexed microfilament electrode cluster for continuous monitoring of physiological ions

Modern medicine is increasingly interested in advanced sensors to detect and analyze biochemical indicators.Ion sensors based on potentiometric methods are a promising platform for monitoring physiological ions in biological subjects.Current semi-implantable devices are mainly based on single-parameter detection.Miniaturized semi-implantable electrodes for multiparameter sensing have more restrictions on the electrode size due to biocompatibility considerations,but reducing the electrode surface area could potentially limit electrode sensitivity.This study developed a semi-implantable device system comprising a multiplexed microfilament electrode cluster(MMEC)and a printed circuit board for real-time monitoring of intra-tissue K^(+),Ca^(2+),and Na^(+)concentrations.The electrode surface area was less important for the potentiometric sensing mechanism,suggesting the feasibility of using a tiny fiber-like electrode for potentiometric sensing.The MMEC device exhibited a broad linear response(K^(+):2–32 mmol/L;Ca^(2+):0.5–4 mmol/L;Na^(+):10–160 mmol/L),high sensitivity(about 20–45 mV/decade),temporal stability(>2weeks),and good selectivity(>80%)for the above ions.In vitro detection and in vivo subcutaneous and brain experiment results showed that the MMEC system exhibits good multi-ion monitoring performance in several complex environments.This work provides a platform for the continuous real-time monitoring of ion fluctuations in different situations and has implications for developing smart sensors to monitor human health.

Mechanical properties and damage characteristics of solidified body-coal combination in continuous driving and gangue backfilling

Recovery of the coal buried under buildings,railways and water bodies and the residual coal in irregularly arranged fully mechanized mining faces is a common engineering problem facing underground coal mining.In this study,a mining technology of continuous driving and gangue backfilling(CDGB)was proposed.The technology,which can not only alleviate ground subsidence and gangue discharge,but also release the above-mentioned coals,contributes to green and efficient sustainable development of mining.The stability of the system of the solidified body-reserved coal pillar combination(S-C combination)is crucial to the CDGB technology.Therefore,it is of great significance to explore the mechanical and damage characteristics of S-C combination in the synergistic bearing process.First,four sets of differentshaped S-C combination specimens were fabricated and a S-C combination bearing structure in CDGB was constructed to explore the differences in mechanical characteristics and damage modes of different-shaped S-C combination specimens during CDGB.Subsequently,their surface strain field evolutions and acoustic emission(AE)response characteristics in the load-bearing process were obtained with the aid of the digital image correlation technique and the AE signal monitoring system.Furthermore,a damage evolution model based on AE parameters and mechanical parameters was established to clarify the damage evolution law.The following results were obtained:(1)The free area of S-C combination can serve as a quantitative index to evaluate the stability of the overburden control system;(2)The concept of critical value k of the free area was first proposed.When the free area exceeds the critical value k(free area ratio greater than 1.13),the deformation resistance and the free area changes becomes negatively correlated;(3)As the free area expands,the failure of the S-C combination specimen evolves from tensile failure to shear failure.The distribution characteristics of the axial strain field also verified such a change in the failure mode;(4)When the free area expands,the peak AE count gradually changes from“double peaks”to“a single peak”.In this process,the expansion of free area shortens the time for accumulating and releasing energy during loading.Micro cracks generated in the specimen change from a phased steep growth to a continuous increase,and the process in which micro cracks develop,converge,intersect and connect to form macro cracks accelerates.The damage evolution law concluded based on AE parameters and mechanical parameters can well characterize the damage evolution process of S-C combination,providing certain reference for the study on the synergistic bearing of S-C combination during CDGB.

Two-Phase Rate Adaptation Strategy for Improving Real-Time Video QoE in Mobile Networks

With the popularity of smart handheld devices, mobile streaming video has multiplied the global network traffic in recent years. A huge concern of users' quality of experience(Qo E) has made rate adaptation methods very attractive. In this paper, we propose a two-phase rate adaptation strategy to improve users' real-time video Qo E. First, to measure and assess video Qo E, we provide a continuous Qo E prediction engine modeled by RNN recurrent neural network. Different from traditional Qo E models which consider the Qo E-aware factors separately or incompletely, our RNN-Qo E model accounts for three descriptive factors(video quality, rebuffering, and rate change) and reflects the impact of cognitive memory and recency. Besides, the video playing is separated into the initial startup phase and the steady playback phase, and we takes different optimization goals for each phase: the former aims at shortening the startup delay while the latter ameliorates the video quality and the rebufferings. Simulation results have shown that RNN-Qo E can follow the subjective Qo E quite well, and the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the occurrence of rebufferings caused by the mismatch between the requested video rates and the fluctuated throughput and attains standout performance on real-time Qo E compared with classical rate adaption methods.

A Perspective of Laser Sampling for Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectro metry for Rock and Mineral Analysis

The development of laser sampling for optical emission spectrometry is reviewed . Advantages and limitations of pulsed laser sampling are compared with those of continuous laser sampling . A novel method of laser sampling of liquid samples for inductively coupled plasma -atomic emission spectrometry has been proposed , and its analytical performance investigated.Experimental results showed that,as a method of sample introduction , laser vaporization of liquid samples enjoyed certain advantages , e.g.,much higher sensitivity, much lower detection limit and reduced sample volume , over solution nebulization . A perspective of the application of laser sampling-inductively coupled plasma - actomic emission spectrometry for rock and mineral analysis is estimated as well.

Real-Time Modelling and Optimisation for Water and Energy Efficient Surface Irrigation

The viability and sustainability of crop production is currently threatened by increasing water scarcity. Water scarcity problems can be addressed through improved water productivity and the options usually presumed in this context are efficient water use and conversion of surface irrigation to pressurised systems. By replacing furrow irrigation with drip or centre pivot systems, the water efficiency can be improved by up to 30% to 45%. However, the installation and application of pumps and pipes, and the associated fuels needed for these alternatives increase energy consumption. A balance between the improvement in water use and the potential increase in energy consumption is required. When surface water is used, pressurised irrigation systems increase energy consumption substantially, by between 65% to 75%, and produce greenhouse gas emissions around 1.75 times higher than that of gravity based irrigation systems so their use should be carefully planned keeping in view adverse impact of carbon emissions on the environment and threat of increasing energy prices. With gravity-fed surface irrigation methods, the energy consumption is assumed to be negligible. This study has shown that a novel real-time infiltration model REIP has enabled implementation of real-time optimisation and gravity fed surface irrigation with real-time optimisation has potential to bring significant improvements in irrigation performance along with substantial water savings of 2.92 ML/ha which is equivalent to that given by pressurised systems. The real-time optimisation and control thus offers a modern, environment friendly and water efficient system with close to zero increase in energy consumption and minimal greenhouse gas emissions.

Calculation of Solidification Process of Continuous Cast Bar

In this paper,it presents the results of calculation of solidification process of copper continuous cast bar by cross section size 120 mm × 70 mm with application of Pro Cast 2010 software. The estimation of mould design effect on solidification process of continuos copper cast bar is completed at various speeds of casting.Profiles of liquid metal cavities and temperature allocations in the cast bar at various casting speeds are defined.The analysis of received liquid metal cavity profiles shows that a new mold construction allows significantly decrease of the length of the liquid metal cavity during continuous copper casting at HAZELETTcasting machine and the increase of maximum casting speed from 10 to 11 m / min. Adequacy of the results of copper continuous cast bar solidification process calculation is confirmed by the experimental data.

考虑碳排放的铁路路基施工机群配置优化

铁路路基施工机群配置关系施工工期,会直接产生施工成本,对生态环境造成重要影响,进而产生较高碳排放量。首先,考虑铁路路基施工工期、施工成本、施工绿色指数及碳排放等目标,建立铁路路基施工机群配置优化模型。其中,将施工机群配置优化模型中各优化目标作为一级指标建立机群配置多目标决策偏好评价指标体系,并将组合数有序加权算子(Combination Ordered Weighted Averaging,C-OWA)法与基于指标间相关性分析的权重确定(Criteria Importance Though Intercriteria Correlation,CRITIC)法结合对指标进行组合赋权。其次,采用基于莱维飞行机制的量子粒子群优化(Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization,QPSO)算法求解该施工机群配置优化模型。最后,以某铁路路基工程某标段为例进行实证分析。结果显示,多目标优化方案较原方案工期提前75 d,成本降低203.257万元,绿色指数提升5.250%,碳排放量降低1.305 t。研究结果可为铁路路基施工机群配置优化提供新思路。

Effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filters on regulated emissions and number-size distribution of particles emitted from a diesel engine

The effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter （CRDPF） systems on regulated gaseous emissions, and number-size distribution and mass of particles emanated from a diesel engine have been investigated in this study. Two CRDPF units （CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2） with different specifications were separately retrofitted to the engine running with European steady-state cycle （ESC）. An electrical low pressure impactor （ELPI） was used for particle number-size distribution measurement and mass estimation. The conversion/reduction rate （RcR） of hydrocarbons （HC） and carbon monoxide （CO） across CRDPF-1 was 83% and 96.3%, respectively. Similarly, the RCR of HC and CO and across CRDPF-2 was 91.8% and 99.1%, respectively. The number concentration of particles and their concentration peaks; nuclei mode, accumulation mode and total particles; and particle mass were highly reduced with the CRDPF units. The nuclei mode particles at downstream of CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2 decreased by 99.9% to 100% and 97.8% to 99.8% respectively; and the particle mass reduced by 73% to 92.2% and 35.3% to 72.4%, respectively, depending on the engine conditions. In addition, nuclei mode particles increased with the increasing of engine speed due to the heterogeneous nucleation initiated by the higher exhaust temperature, while accumulation mode particles were higher at higher loads due to the decrease in the air-to-fuel ratio （A/F） at higher loads.

Methane emissions from rice fields under continuous straw return in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River

A three-year experiment was conducted in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China to study the influence of continuous wheat straw return during the rice season and continuous rice straw return in wheat on methane （CH 4 ） emissions from rice fields in which, the rice-wheat rotation system is the most dominant planting pattern. The field experiment was initiated in October 2009 and has continued since the wheat-growing season of that year. The analyses for the present study were conducted in the second （2011） and third （2012） rice growing seasons. Four treatments, namely, the continuous return of wheat straw and rice straw in every season （WR）, of rice straw but no wheat straw return （R）, of wheat straw but no rice straw return （W） and a control with no straw return （CK）, were laid out in a randomized split-plot design. The total seasonal CH 4 emissions ranged from 107.4 to 491.7 kg/ha （2011） and 160.3 to 909.6 kg/ha （2012）. The increase in CH 4 emissions for treatments WR and W were 289% and 230% in the second year and 185% and 225% in the third year, respectively, in relation to CK. We observed less methane emissions in the treatment R than in CK by 14%-43%, but not statistically significant. Treatment R could increase rice productivity while no more CH 4 emission occurs. The difference in the total CH 4 emissions mainly related to a difference in the methane flux rate during the first 30-35 days after transplant in the rice growing season, which was caused by the amount of dissolved oxygen in paddy water and the amount of reducible soil materials.

Emission reduction characteristics of a catalyzed continuously regenerating trap after-treatment system and its durability performance

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a catalyzed continuously regenerating trap(CCRT)system composed of a diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC)and a catalyzed diesel particulate filter(CDPF)on the main gaseous and particulate emissions from an urban diesel bus,as well as the durability performance of the CCRT system.Experiments were conducted based on a heavy chassis dynamometer,and a laboratory activity test as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)test were applied to evaluate the changes of the aged CCRT catalyst.Results showed that the CCRT could reduce the CO by 71.5%and the total hydrocarbons(THC)by 88.9%,and meanwhile promote the oxidation of NO.However,the conversion rates for CO and THC dropped to 25.1%and 55.1%,respectively,after the CCRT was used for one year(~60,000 km),and the NO oxidation was also weakened.For particulate emissions,the CCRT could reduce 97.4%of the particle mass(PM)and almost 100%of the particle number(PN).The aging of the CCRT resulted in a reduced PM trapping efficiency but had no observable effect on the PN;however,it increased the proportion of nucleation mode particles.The activity test results indicated that the deterioration of the CCRT was directly relevant to the increase in the light-off temperatures of the catalyst for CO,C3H8 and NO2.In addition,the decreased concentrations of the active components Pt2+ and Pt4+ in the catalyst are also important factors in the CCRT deterioration.

Variation of spatio-temporal distribution of on-road vehicle emissions based on real-time RFID data

High-resolution vehicular emissions inventories are important for managing vehicular pollution and improving urban air quality. This study developed a vehicular emission inventory with high spatio-temporal resolution in the main urban area of Chongqing, based on realtime traffic data from 820 RFID detectors covering 454 roads, and the differences in spatiotemporal emission characteristics between inner and outer districts were analysed. The result showed that the daily vehicular emission intensities of CO, hydrocarbons, PM2.5, PM10,and NO_(x) were 30.24, 3.83, 0.18, 0.20, and 8.65 kg/km per day, respectively, in the study area during 2018. The pollutants emission intensities in inner district were higher than those in outer district. Light passenger cars(LPCs) were the main contributors of all-day CO emissions in the inner and outer districts, from which the contributors of NO_(x) emissions were different. Diesel and natural gas buses were major contributors of daytime NO_(x) emissions in inner districts, accounting for 40.40%, but buses and heavy duty trucks(HDTs) were major contributors in outer districts. At nighttime, due to the lifting of truck restrictions and suspension of buses, HDTs become the main NO_(x) contributor in both inner and outer districts,and its three NO_(x) emission peak hours were found, which are different to the peak hours of total NO_(x) emission by all vehicles. Unlike most other cities, bridges and connecting channels are always emission hotspots due to long-time traffic congestion. This knowledge will help fully understand vehicular emissions characteristics and is useful for policymakers to design precise prevention and control measures.

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engine retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction and continuously regenerating trap

Two after treatment units, selective catalytic reduction （SCR） and continuously regenerating trap （CRT）, were independently retrofitted to a diesel engine, with the objective to investigate their impact on the conversion/reduction （CR） of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）. The experiments were conducted under the European steady state cycle （ESC） first without any retrofits to get baseline emissions, and then with SCR and CRT respectively, on the same engine. The particulate matter （PM）-phase PAHs were trapped in fiberglass filters, whereas gas-phase PAHs were collected in cartridges, and then analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC-MS）. Both PM-phase and gas-phase PAHs were greatly reduced with CRT showing respective CR of 90.7% and above 80%, whereas only gas-phase PAHs were abated in the case of SCR, with CR of above 75%. Lower molecular weight （LMW） PAHs were in abundance, while naphthalene exhibited a maximum relative contribution （RC） to LMW-PAHs for all three cases. Further, the CR of naphthalene and anthracene were increased with increasing catalyst temperature of SCR, most likely due to their conversion to solid particles. Moreover, the Benzo[a]Pyrene equivalent （BaPeq） of PAHs was greatly reduced with CRT, owing to substantial reduction of total PAHs.

Real-time damage analysis of 2D C/SiC composite based on spectral characters of acoustic emission signals using pattern recognition

In this study,unsupervised and supervised pattern recognition were implemented in combination to achieve real-time health monitoring.Unsupervised recognition(k-means++)was used to label the spectral characteristics of acoustic emission(AE)signals after completing the tensile tests at ambient temperature.Using in-plane tensile at 800 and 1000°C as implementing examples,supervised recognition(K-nearest neighbor(KNN))was used to identify damage mode in real time.According to the damage identification results,four main tensile damage modes of 2D C/SiC composites were identified:matrix cracking(122.6–201 kHz),interfacial debonding(201–294.4 kHz),interfacial sliding(20.6–122.6 kHz)and fiber breaking(294.4–1000 kHz).Additionally,the damage evolution mechanisms for the 2D C/SiC composites were analyzed based on the characteristics of AE energy accumulation curve during the in-plane tensile loading at ambient and elevated temperature with oxidation.Meanwhile,the energy of various damage modes was accurately calculated by harmonic wavelet packet and the damage degree of modes could be analyzed.The identification results show that compared with previous studies,using the AE analysis method,the method has higher sensitivity and accuracy.

高铁服务供给对碳减排的影响——基于空间溢出效应

交通基础设施建设深刻影响环境质量,却鲜有研究关注高铁发展对于碳排放的影响。本文基于直接环境效应和间接经济效应双重路径,理论剖析高铁服务供给实现碳减排的内在机制,进而将空间计量模型与连续型双重差分相结合,基于高铁服务频次数据实证考察高铁服务供给如何影响城市碳排放,及其在空间维度的溢出效应。研究发现,高铁服务供给有助于减少本地碳排放,同时具有碳减排空间溢出效应;时间维度上,高铁服务供给的本地减排效应立竿见影且渐趋强化,而对于周边地区碳排放的影响则存在明显的时滞特征;机制检验表明高铁服务供给能够基于交通工具替代发挥空间减排效应;高铁服务供给的碳减排效应在资源禀赋维度和地理位置维度表现出异质特征。本文进一步丰富了高铁与碳减排研究内容,既拓展了碳减排的交通基础设施建设路径,亦为高铁发展的环境效应提供了有力佐证。

棒线材连铸-直接轧制工艺关键技术研究

为了满足我国钢铁行业转型升级对绿色、可持续发展的需求,需解决棒线材生产中能源损耗严重的问题。深入研究了棒线材连铸-直接轧制工艺的关键技术。该工艺是一种适用于普通棒线材生产的新型工艺,通过充分利用连铸坯冶金热能,可完全取消铸坯加热工序,从而实现节能减排、减少烧损的目的。从生产能力匹配、温度匹配、节奏匹配和生产管理4个方面研究和分析了棒线材连铸-直接轧制工艺的关键技术,推导了生产能力匹配和节奏匹配的数学表达式,研究了连铸至轧钢全过程铸坯温度的变化规律,并给出了连铸-直接轧制工艺一体化生产制度和典型工艺平面布置方案。研究结果表明:棒线材连铸-直接轧制是一种绿色、环保、低成本、高效益、高效率的生产方式,具有较好的经济效益和广阔的应用前景。

碳交易政策对城市能源利用效率的影响及机制

能源利用效率提升是实现碳达峰战略目标的重要抓手。本文将能源利用效率区分为单要素能源生产率与绿色全要素能源效率,以2004~2022年我国284个地级市为研究样本,运用双重差分、连续型双重差分等方法考察检验碳交易政策对试点城市能源利用效率的影响及机制。结果显示:碳交易政策能显著提升城市单要素能源生产率与全要素能源效率,且政策效应随年份推移越发显著。机制分析表明:碳价上升有助于改善城市单要素能源生产率与全要素能源效率;碳交易政策能通过能源资源错配的纠正改善城市单要素能源生产率与全要素能源效率,而绿色技术创新的中介影响为负。碳交易政策有助于提升非资源型城市、非老工业基地城市单要素能源生产率与全要素能源效率,而对老工业基地城市单要素能源生产率存在抑制作用。本文基于城市能源利用效率提升的视角,为全国范围碳交易市场建设提供政策启示。