Real-time reliability evaluation based on damaged measurement degradation data

A method was proposed to evaluate the real-time reliability for a single product based on damaged measurement degradation data.Most researches on degradation analysis often assumed that the measurement process did not have any impact on the product's performance.However,in some cases,the measurement process may exert extra stress on products being measured.To obtain trustful results in such a situation,a new degradation model was derived.Then,by fusing the prior information of product and its own on-line degradation data,the real-time reliability was evaluated on the basis of Bayesian formula.To make the proposed method more practical,a procedure based on expectation maximization (EM) algorithm was presented to estimate the unknown parameters.Finally,the performance of the proposed method was illustrated by a simulation study.The results show that ignoring the influence of the damaged measurement process can lead to biased evaluation results,if the damaged measurement process is involved.

Risk measurement of international oil and gas projects based on the Value at Risk method

International oil and gas projects feature high capital-intensity, high risks and contract diversity. Therefore, in order to help decision makers make more reasonable decisions under uncertainty, it is necessary to measure the risks of international oil and gas projects. For this purpose, this paper constructs a probabilistic model that is based on the traditional economic evaluation model, and introduces value at risk(VaR) which is a valuable risk measure tool in finance, and applies Va R to measure the risks of royalty contracts, production share contracts and service contracts of an international oil and gas project. Besides, this paper compares the influences of different risk factors on the net present value(NPV) of the project by using the simulation results. The results indicate:(1) risks have great impacts on the project's NPV, therefore, if risks are overlooked, the decision may be wrong.(2) A simulation method is applied to simulate the stochastic distribution of risk factors in the probabilistic model. Therefore, the probability is related to the project's NPV, overcoming the inherent limitation of the traditional economic evaluation method.(3) VaR is a straightforward risk measure tool, and can be applied to evaluate the risks of international oil and gas projects. It is helpful for decision making.

Micro-failure process and failure mechanism of brittle rock under uniaxial compression using continuous real-time wave velocity measurement

In this study,the micro-failure process and failure mechanism of a typical brittle rock under uniaxial compression are investigated via continuous real-time measurement of wave velocities.The experimental results indicate that the evolutions of wave velocities became progressively anisotropic under uniaxial loading due to the direction-dependent development of micro-damage.A wave velocity model considering the inner anisotropic crack evolution is proposed to accurately describe the variations of wave velocities during uniaxial compression testing.Based on which,the effective elastic parameters are inferred by a transverse isotropic constitutive model,and the evolutions of the crack density are inversed using a self-consistent damage model.It is found that the propagation of axial cracks dominates the failure process of brittle rock under uniaxial loading and oblique shear cracks develop with the appearance of macrocrack.

Real-time forward modeling and inversion of logging-while-drilling electromagnetic measurements in horizontal wells

Based on the pseudo-analytical equation of electromagnetic log for layered formation,an optimal boundary match method is proposed to adaptively truncate the encountered formation structures.An efficient integral method is put forward to significantly accelerate the convergence of Sommerfeld integral.By asymptotically approximating and subtracting the first reflection/transmission waves from the scattered field,the new Sommerfeld integral method has addressed difficulties encountered by the traditional digital filtering method,such as low computational precision and limited operating range,and realized the acceleration of the computation speed of logging-while-drilling electromagnetic measurements(LWD EM).By making use of the priori information from the offset/pilot wells and interactively adjusting the formation model,the optimum initial guesses of the inversion model is determined in order to predict the nearby formation boundaries.The gradient optimization algorithm is developed and an interactive inversion system for the LWD EM data from the horizontal wells is established.The inverted results of field data demonstrated that the real-time interactive inversion method is capable of providing the accurate boundaries of layers around the wellbore from the LWD EM,and it will benefit the wellbore trajectory optimization and reservoir interpretation.

Real-Time Black Carbon Emissions from Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles Using a Portable Emissions Measurement System

Black carbon(BC)is considered the second largest anthropogenic climate forcer,but the radiative effects of BC are highly correlated with its combustion sources.On-road vehicles are an important source of anthropogenic BC.However,there are major uncertainties in the estimates of the BC emissions from on-road light-duty passenger vehicles(LDPVs),and results obtained with the portable emissions measurement system(PEMS)method are particularly lacking.We developed a PEMS platform and evaluated the on-road BC emissions from ten in-use LDPVs.We demonstrated that the BC emission factors(EFs)of gasoline direction injection(GDI)engine vehicles range from 1.10 to 1.56 mg.km^(-1),which are higher than the EFs of port fuel injection(PFI)engine vehicles(0.10–0.17 mg.km^(-1))by a factor of 11.The BC emissions during the cold-start phase contributed 2%–33%to the total emissions.A strong correlation(R^(2)=0.70)was observed between the relative BC EFs and average vehicle speed,indicating that traffic congestion alleviation could effectively mitigate BC emissions.Moreover,BC and particle number(PN)emissions were linearly correlated(R^(2)=0.90),and compared to PFI engine vehicles,the instantaneous PN-to-BC emission rates of GDI engine vehicles were less sensitive to vehicle specific power-to-velocity(VSPV)increase in all speed ranges.

Implementation of positive-operator-value measurements for single spin qubit via Heisenberg model

This paper shows that a proposal for implementing all possible two-operator positive-operator-value measurements of single spin qubit can be obtained via introducing another spin qubit as ancilla. The realization process is accomplished from the free evolution of the Heisenberg XX model by considering nearest-neighbour spin interaction. A controlled- NOT gate, which is a significant operator for this scheme is also constructed and the generalisation to multiple-operator is considered finally.

A multi-sensor-based distributed real-time measurement system for glacier deformation

Glacier disasters occur frequently in alpine regions around the world,but the current conventional geological disaster measurement technology cannot be directly used for glacier disaster measurement.Hence,in this study,a distributed multi-sensor measurement system for glacier deformation was established by integrating piezoelectric sensing,coded sensing,attitude sensing technology and wireless communication technology.The traditional Modbus protocol was optimized to solve the problem of data identification confusion of different acquisition nodes.Through indoor wireless transmission,adaptive performance analysis,error measurement experiment and landslide simulation experiment,the performance of the measurement system was analyzed and evaluated.Using unmanned aerial vehicle technology,the reliability and effectiveness of the measurement system were verified on the site of Galongla glacier in southeastern Tibet,China.The results show that the mean absolute percentage errors were only 1.13%and 2.09%for the displacement and temperature,respectively.The distributed glacier deformation real-time measurement system provides a new means for the assessment of the development process of glacier disasters and disaster prevention and mitigation.

Measurement of International Competitiveness of Clothing Industry under the Background of Value Chain Reconstruction

Relying on cheap labor cost advantage,China is locked in the low-end processing link of the global value chain and obtains a lower profit share.With the deepening of the international division of labor,changes in the distribution of national interests and the spread of anti-globalization in some developed countries,the global value chain is undergoing a new round of large-scale reconstruction and emerging economies are trying to penetrate and extend to the high end of the global value chain.Based on the theory of industrial upgrading and global value chain,this paper focuses on the current development of Chinese apparel industry,the mechanism,development and problems of global value chain reconstruction,analyzes the relevant elements in the apparel industry value chain reconstruction,and proposes the application of data envelopment analysis(DEA)competitiveness model in the value chain reconstruction of apparel enterprises.We use the CCR(C2R)model to simulate the improvement of production efficiency.Finally,we put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for the value chain reconstruction from the perspective of improving product competitiveness.

Prognostic Value of Dynamic Tissue Perfusion Measurements in Transplanted Kidneys

Background: The dynamic tissue perfusion measurement in renal transplants has demonstrated its potential to correlate microvascular perfusion changes with histologic changes in the renal cortex [1]. It has shown in cross sectional studies that the cortical perfusion depends on the time elapsed after transplantation [2,3], but has not yet been applied as a prognostic marker. Therefore, we compared in a prospective 6-year study the initial perfusion measurements with the outcome of the graft function. Method: In 78 renal graft recipients, standardized color Doppler sonographic videos were recorded and cortical perfusion was measured in well-defined regions of interest with the PixelFlux-software. Results: In the beginning of the study, prospectively failing grafts (requiring dialysis) had a significantly lower cortical perfusion compared to grafts with preserved function (0.40 vs. 0.57 cm/s average perfusion intensity of the entire cortex). The interval between perfusion measurement and graft failure was 2.17 years (0 - 6 years). Conclusion: Thus, dynamic tissue perfusion measurement may have a role in the prospective evaluation of renal transplant function. Summary: In 78 transplant recipients, we could demonstrate the prognostic potential of the dynamic color Doppler sonographic perfusion measurement of renal transplants. Perfusion was significantly diminished in those grafts that failed later on within a 6-year period. Thus, cortical perfusion measurement might be valuable as a non-invasive prospective method which reflects the state of the cortical microvasculature.

Limits of Level 3 Fair Value Measurement： Based on Conceptual Framework

The IASB stated that in the review of the conceptual framework, if measurement uncertainty is very high, a measurement basis different from fair value may provide more appropriate information. Level 3 fair value measurements are inappropriate for areas （called ＂Level 4＂ by the author） in which models are not formulated and that have material uncertainty in measurement. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate ＂measurement uncertainty＂, which impacts ＂faithful representation＂ in fair value measurement, from the perspective of ＂verifiability＂. To do so, it will employ a conceptual examination of the limits of Level 3 fair value measurement based on IFRS 13 （Fair Value Measurement）. While taking into consideration recent discussions on reviewing conceptual framework, the author will reorganize the conceptual categories of verifiability （i.e., clarification of the ＂reasonable verifiability＂ categories） to underpin the fact that material uncertainties in measurement have obstructed constructing faithful representation. In addition, the author will discuss the problem that the dichotomy of direct and indirect found in IASB is not accurate enough to fully understand the concept of verifiability. In this context, the author will also suggest that the concept of verifiability, reorganized through ＂reasonable verifiability＂, can satisfy the requirements for constructing faithful representation.

Effect of Fair Value Measurement on Earnings Management of Chinese Real Estate Listed Companies

since the fair value has been used,it has always been paid more attention to,after the financial crisis,it has caused widespread denunciation of the academic session.In the new accounting standards issued in 2014,the attention of fair value has always been very high,which can reflect the influence of enterprises on earnings management through the measurement of fair value.By describing the application of fair value under the new criteria to pave the way for the following description.The back illustrates the impact of fair value on earnings management under the new guidelines.At the end of the paper,some policies and constructive suggestions are put forward to improve earnings management in Chinese enterprises.

A real-time measuring technology for studying distortion of hydraulic turbine blade castings during heat treatment process

During heat treatment process, the distortion behavior inevitably appears in hydraulic turbine blade castings. In this research, a technology was developed for real-time measurement of the distortion in hydraulic turbine blade castings at the still air cooling and forced air cooling stages during heat treatment process. The method was used to measure the distortion behavior at the cooling stages in both normalizing and tempering processes. At the normalization, the distortion at the blade comer near outlet side undergoes four stages with alternating bending along positive and negative directions. At the tempering stage, the distortion could be divided into two steps. The temperature difference between the two surfaces of blade casting was employed to analyze the distortion mechanism. The measured results could be applied to guide the production, and the machining allowance could be reduced by controlling the distortion behavior.

A Class of a Second-Order Two-Point Boundary Value Problem on a Measure Chain

A class of second-order two-point boundary value problem on a measure chain was considered. Under some suitable conditions, by using the Leggett-Williams fixed point theorem in an appropriate cone, the existence of at least three positive solutions to this nonlinear problem was obtained.

The Construction of a Class of Measure-valued Processes of Stochastic Flows

In this article, we give a description of measure-valued processes with interactive stochastic flows. It is a unified construction for superprocesses with dependent spatial motion constructed by Dawson, LI, Wang and superprocesses of stochastic flows constructed by Ma and Xiang.

Scheme to measure the expectation value of a physical quantity in weak coupling regime

In quantum mechanics, the expectation value of an operator can be measured by using the projective measurement, ifthe coupling between the measured system and pointer is strong enough. However in the weak coupling regime, the pointercan not show all the eigenvalue of the physical quantity directly due to the overlapping among the pointer states, whichmakes the measurement of the expectation value difficult. In this paper, we propose an expectation value measurementmethod in the weak coupling regime inspired by the weak measurement scheme. Compared to the projective measurement,our scheme has two obvious advantages. Experimentally we use the internal state and motional state of a single trapped40Ca+ to establish the measurement scheme and realize the proof of principle demonstration of the scheme.

Consensus Control With a Constant Gain for Discrete-time Binary-valued Multi-agent Systems Based on a Projected Empirical Measure Method

This paper studies the consensus control of multiagent systems with binary-valued observations.An algorithm alternating estimation and control is proposed.Each agent estimates the states of its neighbors based on a projected empirical measure method for a holding time.Based on the estimates,each agent designs the consensus control with a constant gain at some skipping time.The states of the system are updated by the designed control,and the estimation and control design will be repeated.For the estimation,the projected empirical measure method is proposed for the binary-valued observations.The algorithm can ensure the uniform boundedness of the estimates and the mean square error of the estimation is proved to be at the order of the reciprocal of the holding time(the same order as that in the case of accurate outputs).For the consensus control,a constant gain is designed instead of the stochastic approximation based gain in the existing literature for binary-valued observations.And,there is no need to make modification for control since the uniform boundedness of the estimates ensures the uniform boundedness of the agents’states.Finally,the systems updated by the designed control are proved to achieve consensus and the consensus speed is faster than that in the existing literature.Simulations are given to demonstrate the theoretical results.

A New Approach for Measuring Shareholder Value Creation

This paper introduces a new approach for measuring shareholder value creation （called adjusted economic profit （EP）） which combines the advantages of both EP and APV （adjusted present value） methods. In particular, the shareholder value creation over a period is derived as the sum of two components： the EP relating purely to the operations of the company and the EP generated each period due to the tax benefit that arises from debt financing. We consider our results to be important for analysts and decision makers involved in appraising business performance or making investment decisions and HR professionals as well.

Dominant AHP as Measuring Method of Values in Service Society

Today, service science provides the authors with a new paradigm, as well as new values, which are able to be co-createa through the supportive efforts of people, facilitated by advanced technologies. Thus, the author, believing that analyzing and interpreting the characteristics and the properties of service science is significant, proves the effectiveness and validity of Dominant AHP as a measuring method of economic and service values in this paper.