基于Realizable k-ε湍流模型的氨气泄漏数值模拟研究

针对液氨泄漏事故,为了分析不同泄漏点、不同排风条件下氨气的运移规律,以便合理设置应急处置装备、采取有效措施,基于Realizable k-ε的氨气泄漏有限元数值模拟分析方法,计算了液氨泄漏质量,模拟分析了增加排风口、不同液氨泄漏口及不同液氨泄漏量的氨气扩散规律及浓度变化情况。模拟结果表明:对流排风口位置对于泄漏氨气浓度影响较大,泄漏口位置对泄漏氨气扩散影响不显著;氨气泄漏量的增加使得泄漏口垂直方向氨气浓度显著增加。

应用Realizable k-ε湍流模型的振荡水翼绕流数值模拟研究(英文)

采用计算流体力学软件Fluent提供的Realizable k-ε湍流模型计算了振荡水翼的绕流问题,利用有限体积法求解雷诺平均N-S方程,空间离散应用二阶迎风格式,速度—压力耦合格式为SIMPLEC格式;为了验证该数值格式及湍流模型,计算了文献中的算例并做了对比;考察了不同参数对振荡水翼周围流场及受力特征的影响,研究表明在一定水翼攻角条件下,水翼振幅及振荡频率均对振荡水翼的涡结构产生发展及其受力特征具有明显的影响.

基于Realizable湍流模型的弯管流动模拟分析

以工程实际中广泛应用的管道为基础,针对管道输送中弯管的薄弱环节,基于Fluent可实现湍流模型,分别采用定常与非定常模拟的方法,建立油水两相流流场的数学模型,研究弯管油水两相流动的速度、压力、流线部分的特性。研究结果表明定常与非定常数值模拟弯管两项流动都具有较好的模拟效果。

Modeling of turbulent,isothermal and cryogenic cavitation under attached conditions

Cavitation is often triggered when the fluid pres- sure is lower than the vapor pressure at a local thermo- dynamic state. The present article reviews recent progress made toward developing modeling and computational strat- egies for cavitation predictions under both isothermal and cryogenic conditions, with an emphasis on the attached cav- ity. The review considers alternative cavitation models along Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and very lager eddy simu- lation turbulence approaches to ensure that the computational tools can handle flows of engineering interests. Observing the substantial uncertainties associated with both modeling and experimental information, surrogate modeling strategies are reviewed to assess the implications and relative impor- tance of the various modeling and materials parameters. The exchange between static and dynamic pressures under the influence of the viscous effects can have a noticeable impact on the effective shape of a solid object, which can impact the cavitation structure. The thermal effect with respect to evaporation and condensation dynamics is examined to shed light on the fluid physics associated with cryogenic cav- itation. The surrogate modeling techniques are highlighted in the context of modeling sensitivity assessment. Keywords

基于标准和Realizable k～ε湍流模型的阶梯式溢洪道流的数值模拟

采用Realizable k~ε湍流模型并结合VOF自由面追踪技术对阶梯式溢洪道流进行了数值模拟。计算所得水力特性与文献中的实验观察结论基本一致,验证了该模拟方法在分析阶梯式溢洪道流中的有效性。分析了3个不同阶梯处的竖直表面压强分布情况,对标准和Realizable k~ε这两种湍流模型的预测结果进行了比较,结果表明Realizable k~ε湍流模型在该问题的分析中优于标准k~ε湍流模型。

Multi-scale analysis of subgrid stress and energy dissipation in turbulent channel flow

In present study, the subgrid scale （SGS） stress and dissipation for multiscale formulation of large eddy simulation are analyzed using the data of turbulent channel flow at Ret = 180 obtained by direct numerical simulation. It is found that the small scale SGS stress is much smaller than the large scale SGS stress for all the stress components. The dominant contributor to large scale SGS stress is the cross stress between small scale and subgrid scale motions, while the cross stress between large scale and subgrid scale motions make major contributions to small scale SGS stress. The energy transfer from resolved large scales to subgrid scales is mainly caused by SGS Reynolds stress, while that between resolved small scales and subgrid scales are mainly due to the cross stress. The multiscale formulation of SGS models are evaluated a priori, and it is found that the small- small model is superior to other variants in terms of SGS dissipation.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS OVER DREDGED TRENCHES

A 3- D free surface flow in open channels based on the Reynolds equations with the k-ε turbulence closure model is presented in this paper. Insted of the 'rigid lid' approximation, the solution of the free surface equation is implemented in the velocity-pressure iterative procedure on the basis of the conventional SIMPLE method. This model was used to compute the flow in rectangular channels with trenches dredged across the bottom. The velocity, eddy viscosity coefficient, turbulent shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy and elevation of the free surface can be obtained. The computed results are in good agreement with previous experimental data.

Numerical simulation and experimental study of the hydrodynamics of a modeled reef located within a current

The hydrodynamic forces and flow field of artificial reef models in steady flow were numerically investigated using the RNG κ-ε turbulent model. The numerical simulation results are consistent with results observed by experimental means. A comparative study indicates that the corresponding errors of forces between calculated values and values observed in the experiment vary in the range of2.3%-11.2% and that the corresponding errors of velocities vary in the range of 1.3%-15.8%. The flow field numerical results show that upstream and vortices exist when the current passes over and through the surface of the reef model. This study suggests that the numerical simulation method can be applied to predict the forces and flow field associated with artificial reefs.

Three-Di mensional Computations of Multiple TandemJets in Crossflow

The mixing and merging characteristics of multiple tandem jets in crossflow are investigated by use of the Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） code FI,UENT. The realizable k - ε model is employed for turbulent elosure of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical experiments are performed for 1-, 2- and 4-jet groups, tbr jet-tocrossflow velocity ratios of R = 4.2 ～ 16.3. The computed velocity and scalar concentration field are in good agreement with experiments using Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） and Laser Induced Fluorescence （LIF）, as well as previous work. The results show that the leading jet behavior is similar to a single free jet in crossflow, while all the downstream rear jets have less bent-over jet trajectories - suggesting a reduced ambient velocity for the rear jets. The concentration decay of the leading jet is greater than that of the rear jets. When normalized by appropriate crossflow momentum length scales, all jet trajectories follow a universal relation regardless of the sequential order of jet position and the nund）er of jets. Supported by the velocity and trajectory measurements, the averaged maximum effective crossflow velocity ratio is computed to be in the range of 0.39 to 0.47.

APPLICATION OF A MODIFIED QUICK SCHEME TO DEPTH-AVERAGED k-ε TURBULENCE MODEL BASED ON UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS

The modified QUICK scheme on unstructured grid was used to improve the advection flux approximation, and the depth-averaged κ-ε turbulence model with the scheme based on FVM by SIMPLE series algorithm was established and applied to spur-dike flow computation. In this model, the over-relaxed approach was adopted to estimate the diffusion flux in view of its advantages in reducing errors and sustaining numerical stability usually encountered in non-orthogonal meshes. Two spur-dike cases with different defection angles （90°and 135°） were analyzed to validate the model. Computed results show that the predicted velocities and recirculation lengths are in good agreement with the observed data. Moreover, the computations on structured and unstructured grids were compared in terms of the approximately equivalent grid numbers. It can be concluded that the precision with unstructured grids is higher than that with structured grids in spite that the CPU time required is slightly more with unstructured grids Thus, it is significant to apply the method to numerical simulation of practical hydraulic engineering.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF MEANDERING RIVER BASED ON 3-D RNG k-ε TURBULENCE MODEL

A 3-D numerical model for calculating flow in non-curvilinear coordinates was established in this article. The flow was simulated by solving the full Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the RNG κ-ε turbulence model. In the horizontal x-y-plane, a boundary-fitted curvilinear co-ordinate system was adopted, while in the vertical direction, a σ co-ordinate transformation was used to represent the free surface and bed topography. The water level was determined by solving the 2-D Poisson equation derived from 2-D depth averaged momentum equations. The finite-volume method was used to discretize the equations and the SIMPLEC algorithm was applied to acquire the coupling of velocity and pressure. This model was applied to simulate the meandering channels and natural rivers, and the water levels and the velocities for all sections were given. By contrasting and analyzing, the agreement with measurements is generally good. The feasibility studies of simulating flow of the natural fiver have been conducted to demonstrate its applicability to hydraulic engineering research.

A New Efficient Finite Volume Modeling of Small Amplitude Free Surface Flows with Unstructured Grid

A staggered finite-volume technique for non-hydrostatic, small amplitude free surface flow governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented there is a proper balance between accuracy and computing time. The advection and horizontal diffusion terms in the momentum equation are discretized by an integral interpolation method on the orthogonal unstructured staggered mesh and, while it has the attractive property of being conservative. The pressure-correction algorithm is employed for the non-hydrostatic pressure in order to achieve second-order temporal accuracy. A conservative scalar transport algorithm is also applied to discretize k - c equations in this model. The eddy viscosity is calculated from the k-c turbulent model. The resulting model is mass and momentum conservative. The model is verified by two examples to simulate unsteady small amplitude free surface flows where non-hydrostatic pressures have a considerable effect on the velocity field, and then applied to simulate the tidal flow in the Bohai Sea.

旋流燃烧器数值模拟中Realizable κ-ε和RSM模型的比较

使用RKE模型和RSM模型对某旋流燃烧器进行3D冷态湍流流动模拟计算,并从精度、计算量和收敛性3个方面对两个模型进行了比较。通过与PIV所测得的出口冷态流场对比表明,两个模型均可以较准确地预测燃烧器出口的宏观流场、径向速度和轴向速度分布。相比较而言,RSM模型在预报流场速度峰值的位置、回流区的大小、主流射流宽度等方面比RKE模型更准确一些,在收敛性上RSM模型也占优,而在计算量上,RSM模型略大一些,但对反应流计算,两个模型计算量基本一致。研究表明在模拟旋流燃烧器流场时RSM模型具有一定的优越性,建议优先考虑。

S弯扩压器中四种湍流模型的比较

采用Realizableκ-ε,S-A(Spalart-Allmaras),SST(Shear stress transport剪切应力输运),RSM(Reynolds stress equation model雷诺应力模型)四种湍流模型对S弯扩压器内的分离流动进行了模拟,分析了不同湍流模型对计算结果的影响.将不同轴向位置的表面压力系数、分离区的大小、马赫数等三个量的实验值与计算值进行了比较,结果表明:分离区湍流模型对表面压力分布影响较大,未分离区不同湍流模型模拟精度相当;S-A模型对分离区的模拟较保守,RSM模型对分离的模拟精度较高,SST与RSM模拟结果很接近;各湍流模型计算的高速区域均比实验值大.扩压器的平均总压恢复系数受湍流模型影响不大,和实验结果吻合较好.

基于非定常计算的对旋风机压力脉动分析

利用Realizablek-ε湍流模型对局部对旋风机进行了全流道非定常湍流计算,预测了前后两级叶轮附近各干涉面上压力脉动的时域分布情况。分析结果表明,前后两级叶轮之间的动-动干涉、前后两级叶轮与其相邻部件之间的动-静干涉以及流动的周期非定常特性是对旋式通风机内部压力脉动产生的主要根源;后级叶轮叶片对叶轮区域压力脉动的影响要远大于前级叶轮。数值模拟结果可以作为对旋风机叶轮部分气动噪声预估的参考依据。

侧式进／出水口水流运动三维数值模拟

采用Realizable k-ε双方程紊流模型对侧式进／出水口水流运动进行数值模拟,研究了体型对进／出水口水头损失和孔口附近流态的影响,指出了扩散段水平扩散角和整流段长度对水头损失和孔口流态的决定作用．最后给出进流工况自由水面随库水位变化情况．计算结果和试验结果基本吻合．

多孔横向紊动射流涡量场的数值分析

应用realizablek-ε紊流模型并结合SIMPLEC算法,分别对单圆孔、双圆孔和四个圆孔的涡量场进行了数值模拟,近壁区流动的处理采用两层模型的壁面函数法,计算得出了不同工况下的剪切层涡、马蹄形涡和反向涡旋对(CVP)。结果表明:在多孔射流中,由于前面射流的遮挡作用,使得后面射流剪切层涡发生的位置升高;在多孔射流中,当多股射流合并为一股新的射流之后,才出现马蹄形涡的雏形,并最终发展成为马蹄形涡;剪切层涡的破裂导致CVP的形成,马蹄形涡和尾迹涡都影响CVP的发展。当多股射流合并为一个新的射流之后,CVP的形状才逐渐发生变化并趋于规则。

分解炉内三维湍流流场数值模拟

针对某大型高性能分解炉的实际尺寸,用Realizable(带旋流修正的)k-ε模型,采用SIMPLE算法,二阶迎风差分格式,模拟了炉内三维湍流流场.计算所得的速度、压力分布与该炉热工标定的结果以及其实际运行的性能符合较好.

竖井式贯流泵装置的数值模拟与优化

基于三维雷诺时均N-S方程和realizablek-ε湍流模型,采用SIMPLEC算法对广东省某大型竖井贯流式泵站的初始方案进行了数值模拟计算与分析,并提出流道尺寸的优化方案。对比优化前后的计算结果表明,该优化方案明显改善了整个流道的流态,减弱了水流在泵进口处的强烈冲撞,消除了局部回流、负压及脱流现象,水流在岔管处平稳过渡。该方案为泵站流道的优化设计提供了有力依据,可供类似工程参考。

基于CFD的长短叶片水轮机转轮研究

以混流式水轮机HLA351为原型,基于商业CFD软件FLUENT,采用Realizablek-ε双方程湍流模型和三维时均N-S方程,对长短叶片结合、长叶片、短叶片三种混流式水轮机在额定流量工况下三维湍流数值进行了模拟研究,获得了各水轮机全流道的流速和压力分布。计算结果表明,在相同情况下,长短叶片结合的水轮机较常规转轮的流速和压力分布更合理、性能更优,为水力机械的设计或改型优化设计等研究提供借鉴。