Bond strength improvement of GFRP rebars with different rib geometries

Based on the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) criteria,105 pullout specimens were tested to investigate the effect of different rib geometries on bond strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars embedded in concrete. Two kinds of conventional reinforcing rebars were also studied for comparison. Each rebar was embedded in a 150 mm concrete cube,with the embedded length being four times the rebar diameter. The experimental parameters were the rebar type,rebar component,rebar diameter,rebar surface texture,rib height,rib spacing and rib width. Theoretical analysis was also carried out to explain the experimental phenomena and results. The experimental and theoretical results indicated that the bond strength of GFRP rebars was about 13%～35% lower than that of steel rebars. The bond strength and bond-slip behavior of the specially machined rebars varied with the rebar type,rebar diameter,rebar surface texture,rib height,rib spacing and rib width. Using the results,design recom-mendations were made concerning optimum rib geometries of GFRP ribbed rebars with superior bond-slip characteristics,which concluded that the optimal rib spacing of ribbed rebars is the same as the rebar diameter,and that the optimal rib height is 6% of the rebar diameter.

Experimental research on bond strength of deformed GFRP rebars with different surface configurations

Based on the Canadian Standards Association(CSA) criterion,experiments on 30 pull-out specimens were conducted to study the bond strength of deformed GFRP rebars with 8 different surface configurations.Each rebar was embedded in a 150 mm concrete cube,and the test embedded length was four times of the rebar diameter.Relationship between the mode of failure,the average bond strength and the average bond strength-slip for each rebar was analyzed.Results show that the failure mode of all specimens is the shearing off or desquamation of ribs,no splitting cracks appear on the cube specimens.The bond stress of deformed GFRP rebars mainly depends on the mechanical interaction between the ribs of the bar and the surrounding concrete,and the bond strength of deformed GFRP rebars is improved obviously.The optimal rib spacing is less than 2.5 times of the rebar diameter,and the rib height is more than 3% of the rebar diameter.

Strengthening Effects of Niobium on High Strength Rebars

It is well known that the strengthening mechanisms of Nb microalloying on low carbon flat product have been widely studied and recognized since microalloying 75, but the application research and strengthening effects of niobium on middle carbon steel like rebars have been incomplete and under argument due to some factors like limited solubility of Nb（CN） in reheating stage, dominant application of vanadium in rebars, as well as uncertain strengthening effect resulted from high rolling temperature and fast rolling speed in finishing rolling stage. Combining with new version of GB1499.2-2018： Steel for the reinforcement of concrete-Part 2： Hot rolled ribbed bars, it is very necessary to clarify the strengthening effects of niobium on high strength rebars for cost saving. In this paper, some new phenomena have been presented and discussed based on industrial trial results of Nb-bearing HRB400E, HRB500E and HRB600（E）, and then strengthening effects of niobium on high strength rebars were discussed.

Strengthening of High Strength Rebars

The influence of alloying elements and cooling conditions after rolling on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a series of medium carbon Si-Mn-Mo-V high-strength precision-formed rebars were investigated.It is found that steel with combined addition of Mo and V appears to be the most promising one than those containing V and Nb or containing V alone under the same pro- cessing conditions.From CCT curve of the steel and the cooling curve of the bar determined by sim- ulating the cooling rate in mill practice,the reason why 40Si2MnMoV bar has excellent combination of strength and ductility is clarified.

Study Progress of FRP Rebars in Concrete Structures

Fiber reinforced plastics (i. e. FRP) rebars are one kind of high-performance composite materi- als used in concrete structures of civil engineering. Compared with ordinary steel rebars, FRP rebars have the characteristics of high tensile strength, an- tisepsis, light weight, low elastics modulus and low shear strength, et al. At present time, FRP re- bars have been studied and applied in Europe, America and Japan Since 2000, in the Fund of NS- FC, we systematically carried out experimental and theoretical studies on FRP rebars The progress of our research is briefly introduced in this paper.

A Comprehensive Investigation on Shear Performance of Improved Perfobond Connector

This paper presents an easily installed improved perfobond connector (PBL) designed to reduce the shearconcentration of PBL. The improvement of PBL lies in changing the straight penetrating rebar to the Z-typepenetrating rebar. To study the shear performance of improved PBL, two PBL test specimens which containstraight penetrating rebar and six improved PBL test specimens which contain Z-type penetrating rebars weredesigned and fabricated, and push-out tests of these eight test specimens were carried out to investigate andcompare the shear behavior of PBL. Additionally, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models of the PBL specimenswere established and validated against the test results. Through FEA, the effects of concrete grade, perforatedplate’s aperture, Z-type penetrating rebar’s diameter, Z-type penetrating rebar’s bending angle, and bending lengthon shear behaviors were discussed. The results indicate that (1) Compared with PBL specimens with straightpenetrating rebars, Z-type penetrating rebar can significantly improve the shear resistance and shear stiffnessof the specimens. This enhanced performance can be mainly attributed to the increased adhesion of the transverserebar. (2) By comparing the load-slip curve, the slip of PBL test specimens which contain straight penetratingrebar increases rapidly and the bearing capacity decreases rapidly after concrete craking, while the bearingcapacity of Z-type penetrating rebar specimens decreases first and then increases gradually, showing betterductility. (3) The stress of the PBL shear connector with Z-type penetrating rebar is more uniform than thePBL shear connector with straight penetrating rebar, and the overall deformation is more uniform. (4) The higherthe concrete grade, the higher the shear bearing capacity and the better ductility of the new PBL. Increasing theaperture of the perforated plate or the diameter of the rebar has a very limited effect on the improvement of theshear capacity of PBL. Through the systematic analysis of the mechanical properties of Z-type penetrating rebarPBL specimen, the experimental reference is provided for improving the structure and design of new type PBL.

Probabilistic durability assessment approach of deteriorating RC bridges

A stochastic finite element computational methodology for probabilistic durability assessment of deteriorating reinforced concrete（RC） bridges by considering the time-and space-dependent variabilities is presented.First,finite element analysis with a smeared cracking approach is implemented.The time-dependent bond-slip relationship between steel and concrete,and the stress-strain relationship of corroded steel bars are considered.Secondly,a stochastic finite element-based computational framework for reliability assessment of deteriorating RC bridges is proposed.The spatial and temporal variability of several parameters affecting the reliability of RC bridges is considered.Based on the data reported by several researchers and from field investigations,the Monte Carlo simulation is used to account for the uncertainties in various parameters,including local and general corrosion in rebars,concrete cover depth,surface chloride concentration,chloride diffusion coefficient,and corrosion rate.Finally,the proposed probabilistic durability assessment approach and framework are applied to evaluate the time-dependent reliability of a girder of a RC bridge located on the Tianjin Binhai New Area in China.

后锚固技术简介及应用

后锚固技术的作用原理,及其在房屋加固改造工程中的应用。

基于腔体单元和Rebar单元的空气弹簧性能分析

建立了空气弹簧有限元离散模型,研究了空气弹簧内压-位移、容积-位移、最大外径-位移以及载荷-位移关系,仿真结果与实测结果对比表明,两者具有很好的一致性。研究了工作高度和帘线角度对空气弹簧承载能力、刚度特性以及空气弹簧在工作过程中直径变化的影响,结果表明空气弹簧的工作高度和帘线角度是影响空气弹簧性能的重要因素。

基于rebar单元的载重子午线轮胎模型建立及验证

运用ABAQUS非线性有限元分析软件并基于rebar单元建立12.00R20载重子午线轮胎有限元分析模型,同时进行装配、充气和静态加载仿真模拟分析。对比轮胎载荷-下沉量仿真模拟和试验结果,证明了模型建立的有效性。该模型有助于进一步分析轮胎的力学特性。

基于rebar单元的航空轮胎模型建立与分析

运用ABAQUS非线性有限元分析软件并基于rebar单元建立H44.5×16.5-21型航空轮胎有限元分析模型,同时进行装配、充气和静态加载仿真模拟分析。着重研究了二维轴对称模型充气后各部位产生的变形量、变形分布规律,获得了充气轮胎的断面和半径变化量。并分析了充气轮胎各层帘布和橡胶产生的应力和应变。证明了建模的有效性。

基于REBAR模型的空气弹簧有限元分析

利用 MARC非线性有限元分析软件建立空气弹簧有限元模型 ,帘线增强结构采用 REBAR单元 ,计算研究了胶囊基体和帘线增强各自的应力情况 ,分析了帘线材料参数对胶囊强度和刚度的影响。

Abaqus轮胎分析前处理软件

为简化有限元分析前处理工作而开发的Abaqus轮胎有限元分析前处理软件Appta可方便各种材料类型设置和参数值输入,能够为增强材料自动生成rebar单元,并将各种数据转换成Abaqus软件的格式输出为Input文件,直接供Abaqus软件调用,极大地提高了Abaqus软件轮胎有限元分析前处理效率。

基于三维实体仿真模型的气囊隔振器刚度特性研究

为解决二维轴对称模型或三维壳单元模型准确度不高和后处理空间不足的问题,本文使用Abaqus软件,利用三维实体单元模拟气囊囊壁,使用rebar单元模拟帘线层建立气囊隔振器模型,可有效提高仿真模型准确度,并建立气囊囊体模型对其等效平衡缠绕角进行仿真分析。开展不同载荷下气囊刚度特性试验,对比气囊气压-载荷特性、垂向静刚度等参数仿真计算结果和试验结果,表明仿真精度较好。本文的研究成果对下一步气囊隔振器疲劳寿命与可靠性研究具有一定指导意义。

Study on Strengthening of RC Slabs with Different Innovative Techniques

This paper presents a focused study on using different methods to enhance the ultimate capacity of flexural behavior in RC slabs. Four RC specimens were casted with common compressive strength and reinforced with steel mesh. Specimens were strengthened with different methods such as usage of GFRP sheets, carbon fibers laminate strips and near surface mounted steel rebars. All specimens were subjected to two-point loading setup. Load was increased from zero to failure load. First crack was recorded and crack pattern was observed. The behavior of strengthened specimens was compared to that of the control specimen to judge the efficiency of the used techniques. Test results showed that the used techniques were effective in enhancing the behavior of the strengthened slabs by noteworthy values.

基于Rebar实体单元的子午线轮胎加载过程模拟

利用MSC.Marc2000通用非线性有限元分析软件,用Rebar实体单元和Herrmann实体单元建立模型,仿真模拟分析215/45R17轿车子午线轮胎从安装轮辋到轮胎充气、加载和轮胎下沉全过程的情况。通过过程模拟,可以直观地观察轮胎各部位力学特性的分布及变化状况。计算结果与试验结果相近。

Mechanical behavior of segment rebar of shield tunnel in construction stage

In this paper, a 3D finite element （FE） program ADINA was applied to analyzing a tunnel with 9 segment tings. The loads acting on these segment tings included the squeezing action of tail brush of shield machine under attitude deflection, the jacking forces, the grouting pressure and the soil pressure. The analyses focused on the rebar stress in two statuses： （1） normal construction status without shield machine squeezing; （2） squeezing action induced by shield machine under attitude deflection. The analyses indicated that the rebar stress was evidently affected by the construction loads. In different construction status, the rebar stress ranges from -80 MPa to 50 MPa, and the rebar is in elastic status. Even some cracks appear on segments, the stress of segment rebar is still at a low level. It is helpful to incorporate a certain quantity of steel fiber to improve the anti-crack and shock resistance performance.

Explicit reinforcement models for fully-grouted rebar rock bolts

This paper investigates the explicit use of rock reinforcement in a discontinuous stress analysis model.A series of numerical experiments was undertaken to evaluate the performance of local and global reinforcement models implemented in universal distinct element code(UDEC).This was made possible by calibrating the reinforcement models to the laboratory behavior of a fully-grouted rebar bolt tested under pure pull and pure shear loading conditions.The model calibration focuses on matching different loading stages of the force-displacement curve including the initial elastic response,the hardening behavior and the bolt rupture.The paper concludes with a discussion on the suitability of the different reinforcement models in UDEC including their advantages and limitations.Finally,it addresses the choice of input parameters required for a realistic simulation of fully-grouted rebar bolts.

Electrochemical study on semiconductive properties of the passive film on rebar in concrete

The electrochemical behavior of metallic passive film on rebar in concrete is characterized by its semiconductive nature. The charge distribution at the interface between a semiconductor and an electrolyte is often determined by measuring the capacitance of the space-charge layer （Csc） as a function of the electrode potential （E）. When the space charge-layer serves as the depletion layer, the relation of Csc^-2 vs E resembles a Mott-Schottky plot （M-S plot）. The semiconductive properties of the passive film on rebar in concrete were analyzed with M-S plots to study the effect of chloride ions and mineral admixtures on rebar passive films. Some rebar electrodes were immersed in simulated concrete pore solutions, while others were embedded in concrete with/without mineral admixtures. In saturated Ca（OH）, solutions, the relation of Csc^-2-E of rebar electrodes shows linear MottSchottky relationship indicating that the passive film on rebar is a highly disordered n-type semiconductor, with donor density （ND） in the order of 10^26m^-3. After adding chloride ions （Cl wt%〈0.2%） in system solutions, the M-S plot slopes significantly decreased and ND increased, suggesting that chloride ion will cause passive film corrosion and breakdown. The M-S plots of the passive film on rebar electrodes embedded in concrete were similar to those immersed in simulated system solution. However, ND of those in concrete with mineral admixtures tended to be a little smaller, indicating that introducing proper quantity admixtures into concrete could make the rebar passive film have a thicker space-charge layer and therefore a thicker passive film layer.

Effect of Ca(OH)_2, NaCl, and Na_2SO_4 on the corrosion and electrochemical behavior of rebar

The corrosion of rebar in reinforced concrete in marine environments causes significant damage to structures built in ocean environments. Studies on the process and mechanism of corrosion of rebar in the presence of multiple ions may help to control damage and predict the service life of reinforced concrete structures in such environments. The effect of interactions between sulfate and chloride ions and calcium hydroxide on the electrochemical behavior ofrebar are also important for evaluation of structure durability. In this work, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） plots of rebar in Ca（OH）2 solution and cement grout, including NaC1 and Na2SO4 as aggressive salts, were measured for different immersion times. The results show that corrosion of rebar was controlled by the rate of charge transfer as the rebar was exposed to chloride solution. In the presence of high concentrations of sulfate ions in the electrolyte, generation and dissolution of the passive film proceeded simultaneously and corrosion was mainly controlled by the diffusion rate. When Na2SO4 and NaC1 were added to Ca（OH）2 solution, the instantaneous corrosion rate decreased by a factor of 10 to 20 as a result of the higher pH of the corroding solution.