Hyperthermia based individual in situ recombinant vaccine enhances lymph nodes drainage for de novo antitumor immunity

The continuing challenges that limit effectiveness of tumor therapeutic vaccines were high heterogeneity of tumor immunogenicity, low bioactivity of antigens, as well as insufficient lymph nodes(LNs) drainage of antigens and adjuvants. Transportation of in situ neoantigens and adjuvants to LNs may be an effective approach to solve the abovementioned problems. Therefore, an FA-TSL/AuNCs/SV nanoplatform was constructed by integrating simvastatin(SV) adjuvant loaded Au nanocages(AuNCs)as cores(AuNCs/SV) and folic acid modified thermal-sensitive liposomes(FA-TSL) as shells to enhance de novo antitumor immunity. After accumulation in tumor guided by FA, AuNCs mediated photothermal therapy(PTT) induced the release of tumor-derived protein antigens(TDPAs) and the shedding of FATSL. Exposed AuNCs/SV soon captured TDPAs to form in situ recombinant vaccine(AuNCs/SV/TDPAs). Subsequently, AuNCs/SV/TDPAs could efficiently transport to draining LNs owing to the hyperthermia induced vasodilation effect and small particle size, achieving co-delivery of antigens and adjuvant for initiation of specific T cell response. In melanoma bearing mice, FA-TSL/AuNCs/SV and laser irradiation effectively ablated primary tumor, against metastatic tumors and induced immunological memory. This approach served a hyperthermia enhanced platform drainage to enable robust personalized cancer vaccination.

Protection Efficacy of Recombinant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Vaccine in Chicks

A commercial recombinant fowl pox vectored infectious laryngotracheitis （ILT） vaccine was examined its protection efficacy in one-day-old chicks by subcutaneous route with various dose-strength. The treatment groups I-III birds were vaccinated with a full, 1/2 and 1/3 dose of recommendation dose, respectively. Thereafter, at 6 wk post vaccination, they were challenged with 5x labeled dose of live ILT vaccine. Protection efficacy of the vaccine was compared among groups based on antibody production and eye lesion score. The results of eye lesion score showed that there was a significant difference between control and treatment groups, whereas the difference was not found among the treatment groups. For seroconversion, there was no significant difference between birds in group I and II. However, higher number of seroconversion birds in groups I and II than group III was observed （P 〈 0.05）. It was concluded that a half dose of recommendation dose had the same protection efficacy as a full dose of recombinant YP-LT vaccine.

Neutralizing Antibody Titer Test of Ebola Recombinant Protein Vaccine and Gene Vector Vaccine pVR-GP-FC

Objective In previous studies, we immunized mice with Ebola recombinant protein vaccine and gene vector vaccine. Both stimulated high levels of humoral immunity. In this work, we constructed a pseudovirus containing Ebola membrane proteins to verify whether the two immunization strategies can induce neutralizing antibodies in mice. Methods A pseudovirus containing an Ebola virus membrane protein based on the HIV-1 viral gene sequence was constructed and evaluated using a known neutralizing antibody. The titer of the neutralizing antibody in the sera of mice immunized with the recombinant protein and the gene vector vaccine was examined using a neutralization test. Results Ebola pseudovirus was successfully prepared and applied for neutralizing antibody detection. Immunological experiments showed that recombinant protein GP-Fc and gene vaccine pVR-modGP-Fc had good immunogenicity. The titer of the bound antibody in the serum after 8 weeks of immunization in mice was more than 1：105, and the recombinant protein induced greater humoral immunity. The results of the neutralization test based on the Ebola pseudovirus system demonstrated that both vaccines induced production of protective antibodies, while the gene vaccine induced a higher titer of neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion An Ebola pseudovirus detection system was successfully established and used to evaluate two Ebola vaccines. Both produced good immunogenicity. The findings lay the foundation for the development of new Ebola vaccines and screening for neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.

Immunogenicity of Lyophilized MVA Vaccine for HIV-1 in Mice Model

Highly attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara（MVA） is sensitive to repeat freeze-thaw cycle and easy to lose activity. In order to make the activity of MVA vaccine remain stable during its manufacturing, storage, and administration, the lyophilization as a good option could be resorted to; through screening, the right stabilizer composition and its production procedure were obtained. The final moisture content of freezing-dried recombinant MVA-HIV vaccine was lower than 3%. It can be reconstituted quickly and shows regular physical appearance and stable potency. In vivo functional experiment, mice were divided randomly into the liquid vaccination group, the lyophilized vaccination group, and the control group. Having been DNA vaccine priming, the mice were boosted with a dose of 10^7 pfu MVA- HIV vaccine, which produced indistinguishable antibody titer and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte（CTL） level compared with those of liquid vaccination group （ P 〉 0.05 ）. These results demonstrate that lyophilized MVA vaccine can induce high immunogenicity in mice.

Research Progress on a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in China

Although many countries have controlled the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through strict management, there are still many countries with record-breaking numbers of new cases. Therefore, it is very important to develop a vaccine that can cause wide cross reactivity in clinical trials. At present, more than 90 vaccines are entering clinical trials and progressing smoothly, including inactivated vaccines, adenovirus-vectored vaccines and other types of vaccines. Here, we review and summarize the efficacy and potential threats of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. We reviewed whole-virus vaccines, adenovirus-subunit vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines and discussed the positive and negative consequences of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. However, there are still heated debates on the mechanism, effectiveness, and breadth of protection. In conclusion, this study can predict the risk of new coronavirus outbreaks in the future by discussing the research and development status of new coronavirus vaccines in China and other countries. Looking to the future, it is important to mine the large amount of data generated in clinical trials of universal new coronavirus vaccines to ensure that these vaccine programs are equally useful in the face of new coronavirus mutations.

In the era of rapid mRNA-based vaccines:Why is there no effective hepatitis C virus vaccine yet?

Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is responsible for no less than 71 million people chronically infected and is one of the most frequent indications for liver transplanta-tion worldwide.Despite direct-acting antiviral therapies fuel optimism in controlling HCV infections,there are several obstacles regarding treatment accessibility and reinfection continues to remain a possibility.Indeed,the majority of new HCV infections in developed countries occur in people who inject drugs and are more plausible to get reinfected.To achieve global epidemic control of this virus the development of an effective prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine becomes a must.The coronavirus disease 19(COVID-19)pandemic led to auspicious vaccine development against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARSCoV-2)virus,which has renewed interest on fighting HCV epidemic with vaccination.The aim of this review is to highlight the current situation of HCV vaccine candidates designed to prevent and/or to reduce HCV infectious cases and their complications.We will emphasize on some of the crossroads encountered during vaccine development against this insidious virus,together with some key aspects of HCV immunology which have,so far,ham-pered the progress in this area.The main focus will be on nucleic acid-based as well as recombinant viral vector-based vaccine candidates as the most novel vaccine approaches,some of which have been recently and successfully employed for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Finally,some ideas will be presented on which methods to explore for the design of live-attenuated vaccines against HCV.

Active immunotherapy of allergic asthma with a recombinant human interleukin-5 protein as vaccine in a murine model

Background Eosinophils are highly related to allergic asthma inflammation. Interleukin （IL）-5 is the major chemokine of eosinophils, inhibition of the activity of IL-5 thus seems to be a potential approach to asthma therapy. The current study was performed to determine whether a recombinant human IL-5 protein as a xenogeneic vaccine has the capability of inducing anti-asthma activities. Methods Recombinant human IL-5 was used as a protein vaccine. Mouse asthma model was established to observe the anti-asthma activities. Lung histology was observed; eosinophils in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage were stained and counted, Airway hyperresponsiveness was determined by whole body plethysmograph. Antibody characters and cytokines were detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） and Western blot assay. Results Vaccination with recombinant human IL-5 protein as vaccine significantly reduced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, and shifted the cytokine production from Th2 （IL-4） to Thl （INF-γ） in mice allergic-asthma model. Immunization with recombinant human IL-5 protein vaccine bypassed the immunological tolerance and induced production of polyclonal antibodies that were cross-reactive with murine IL-5. Conclusions Active immunization with xenogeneic homologous IL-5 may be a possible therapeutic approach to the treatment of asthma and potentially of other eosinophilic disorders.

Protective immunity of orange-spotted grouper(Epinephelus coioids) against a nervous necrosis virus isolated from China,and determination of the complete sequences of the virus

On the basis of the sequence and analysis of genome from the orange-spotted nervous necrosis virus（ OGNNV）, China strain, a pair of special primers were designed according to the nucleotide sequences of RNA2 from OGNNV. The major capsid protein （ MCP）gene of OGNNV was cloned by means of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and ligated into the pET32a expression plasmid. The MCP gene of OGNNV was 1 017 bases, encoded a protein of 338 amino acid with a molecular mass of 37.1 kDa. Recombinant protein with a molecular mass of 57.4 kDa was expressed in E. coli BL21 （DE3）. Vaccine was prepared from the recombinant protein expressed in recombinant cells. The juvenile orange-spotted groupers （8 cm in average length） were immunized by intraperitoneal injection. Group A was challenged with infected tissue filtrates 25 d post-vaccination. The mortality in the vaccined group （ A1,30% ） was a little higher than the unvaccined group （ B2, 27.8% ）. Group B was challenged after three vaccine injections. The mortality in the vaccined group （B1, 16.7% ） was lower than the unvaccined group （132, 27.8% ）, And the relative percentage survival （RPS） value of vaccined group, compared with the unvaccined group, was 40%. The anti-recombinant protein sera with a 1 ： 100 dilution were mixed with double volume of infected tissue filtrates and incubated at 4 ℃ for 12 h and then intramuscularly injected into the juvenile orange-spotted grouper. Treatment of infected tissue filtrates with anti-recombinant protein serum resulted in a significantly lower mortality of fish （ Group C1, mortality of 18.18% ）, compared with the fish （ Group C2, mortality of 40% ） which received infected tissue filtrates treated with control serum. Results implied the potential use of the capsid protein in immunization against OGNNV.

Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant fusion protein vaccine(V-01)against coronavirus disease 2019 in healthy adults:a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,phaseⅡtrial

Background:Innovative coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccines,with elevated global manufacturing capacity,enhanced safety and efficacy,simplified dosing regimens,and distribution that is less cold chain-dependent,are still global imperatives for tackling the ongoing pandemic.A previous phase I trial indicated that the recombinant COVID-19 vaccine(V-01),which contains a fusion protein(IFN-PADRE-RBD-Fc dimer)as its antigen,is safe and well tolerated,capable of inducing rapid and robust immune responses,and warranted further testing in additional clinical trials.Herein,we aimed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of V-01,providing rationales of appropriate dose regimen for further efficacy study.Methods:A randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled phaseⅡclinical trial was initiated at the Gaozhou Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention(Guangdong,China)in March 2021.Both younger(n=440;18–59 years of age)and older(n=440;≥60 years of age)adult participants in this trial were sequentially recruited into two distinct groups:two-dose regimen group in which participants were randomized either to follow a 10 or 25 mg of V-01 or placebo given intramuscularly 21 days apart(allocation ratio,3:3:1,n=120,120,40 for each regimen,respectively),or one-dose regimen groups in which participants were randomized either to receive a single injection of 50 mg of V-01 or placebo(allocation ratio,3:1,n=120,40,respectively).The primary immunogenicity endpoints were the geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibodies against live severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,and specific binding antibodies to the receptor binding domain(RBD).The primary safety endpoint evaluation was the frequencies and percentages of overall adverse events(AEs)within 30 days after full immunization.Results:V-01 provoked substantial immune responses in the two-dose group,achieving encouragingly high titers of neutralizing antibody and anti-RBDimmunoglobulin,which peaked at day 35(161.9[95%confidence interval[CI]:133.3–196.7]and 149.3[95%CI:123.9–179.9]in 10 and 25 mg V-01 group of younger adults,respectively;111.6[95%CI:89.6–139.1]and 111.1[95%CI:89.2–138.4]in 10 and 25 mg V-01 group of older adults,respectively),and remained high at day 49 after a day-21 second dose;these levels significantly exceed those in convalescent serum from symptomatic COVID-19 patients(53.6,95%CI:31.3–91.7).Our preliminary data showthat V-01 is safe andwell tolerated,with reactogenicity predominantly being absent or mild in severity and only one vaccinerelated grade 3 or worse AE being observed within 30 days.The older adult participants demonstrated a more favorable safety profile compared with those in the younger adult group:with AEs percentages of 19.2%,25.8%,17.5%in older adults vs.34.2%,23.3%,26.7%in younger adults at the 10,25 mg V-01 two-dose group,and 50 mg V-01 one-dose group,respectively.Conclusions:The vaccine candidate V-01 appears to be safe and immunogenic.The preliminary findings support the advancement of the two-dose,10 mg V-01 regimen to a phaseⅢtrial for a large-scale population-based evaluation of safety and efficacy.

A recombinant multi epitope, multi stage malaria vaccine candidate expressed in Escherichia coli

Objective To construct and evaluate a recombinant multi epitope, multistage malaria vaccine candidate expressed in Escherichia coli (E coli) Methods A hybrid gene (HGF) encoding several putative immunodominant T or T/B epitopes from MSP 1, MSP 2, Pf155/RESA of Plasmodium falciparum (P falciparum ) and two immune stimulating epitopes from interleukin 1 and tetanus toxin was synthesized Two copies of HGF and a copy of gene encoding Pattaroyo′s Spf66 were connected together to construct a sandwich hybrid gene HGFSP The gene was cloned into an expression vector pWR450 I for production of a fusion protein with β galactosidase Efficacy of this vaccine candidate in inducing specific immunity against malaria parasites was evaluated Results Immunization of different species of animals with purified recombinant peptide showed that the peptide was able to induce remarkable antibody response to the immunized peptide as well as falciparum malaria parasites The epitopes included in the construct could induce antibodies against the intact parasite proteins as demonstrated by western blotting, indicating the epitopes retained their antigenicity in the new peptide construct Antibodies from animals immunized with recombinant HGFSP peptide exhibited good ability in inhibition of the in vitro growth of malaria parasites, augmentation of phagocytosis of the parasites or infected RBC by phagocytes, and facilitation of antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity to the cultured malaria parasites Conclusion The recombinant peptide seems to be a potential candidate which is valuable for further investigation

LONG-TERM IMMUNOGENICITY AND EFFICACY OF RECOMBINANT YEAST DERIVED HEPATITIS B VACCINE FOR INTERRUPTION OF MOTHER-INFANT TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS

Recombinant DNA Yeast-Derived Hepatitis B Vaccine (RYHB vaccine) is comparable to and can replace Plasma-Derived Hepatitis B Vaccine (PHB vaccine) for the prevention of mother-nfant transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV), but the duration of immune efficacy of RYHB vaccine is not clear. This study indicates the long-term efficacy for the prevention of mother-infant transmission of HBV. One hundred and six neonates born to HBsAg-arrier mothers with HBeAg positive were randomly divided into two groups, one receiving 20 μg per dose of RYHB vaccine and the another receiving 20 μg per dose of PHB vaccine on the day of birth, at 1 month and at 6 months (three times). Physical examination and blood tests were performed for all infants at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months of age. The results showed that the protective efficacies at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months were 67%, 75%, 63%, 62%, 57% and 56%, respectively for the RYHB vaccine group and 58%, 76%, 51%, 41%, 24% and 18%, respectively for the PHB vaccine group. The protective efficacy was notably significant in the last two years. The study indicates that the duration of protective efficacy is over 5 years with RYHB vaccine, being longer than that of PHB vaccine. These recipients of RYHB vaccine showed no side effects, and the vaccine is regarded as safe and effective.

Expression of the Viral Antigen VP60 in Transgenic Potatoes and its Effect on the Nutritional Composition of Tubers

Recombinant plant-derived pharmaceuticals have been investigated for the last two decades and some products will soon be brought to market. Since veterinary pharmaceuticals seem to be the front-runners of plant-derived vaccines, we selected one model subunit vaccine, the structural capsid protein VP60 against rabbit haemorrhagic disease, and ana-lyzed the expression of three different sequences representing the vp60 open reading frame in potato plants. The gen-eration of antigenic VP60 molecules in the leaf and tuber tissue of potato was tremendously enhanced by replacing virus-derived sequences with plant-optimized codons. In order to identify potentially undesirable alterations in the composition of these genetically modified food components, we studied their nutrient composition and nutritional value in comparison to two parental conventional breeding varieties (Albatros and Desiree). The largest differences in nutrient composition were found between the two conventional breeds and between conventional Desiree and its near-isogenic genetically modified potato plant, indicating that genetic modification as well as conventional breeding can influence nutrient composition. Nevertheless, most parameters of nutritional value seemed to be more affected by conventional breeding than by genetic modification.

A pilot study on the combined therapy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and hepatitis B vaccine on chronic hepatitis B virus carrier children

Objective To observe the efficacy of treating intrauterine infected chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier children with a combination of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF) or hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) plus recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (rHBvac) Methods A total of 27 chronic HBV infected children, who were born to HBV carrier mothers and received hepatitis B immunoprophylaxis at birth, were randomized into 2 groups: one receiving a combined therapy of 50 μg of GM CSF plus 10 μg of rHBvac injected intramuscularly at the same location (GM CSF group, 14 children) or 200 IU HBIG and 10 μg rHBvac in different muscles (HBIG group, 13 children) on a monthly four dose schedule HBV DNA quantification and other HBV serological markers were tested before and after the four dose therapy Results Twelve children in each group completed the study Of them, 3 children in the GM CSF group and 4 in the HBIG group had elevated serum alanine transaminase (ALT) before the trial, and then 2 in each group became ALT normal after the treatment Before the therapy, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positivity was found in nine children in the GM CSF group and 10 in the HBIG group One from each group had an HBeAg/anti HBe seroconversion after the treatment The quantity of HBV DNA was significantly lower after the treatment ( P =0 023) in GM CSF group, but was not significantly reduced in HBIG group No subjects were found to be negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after the treatment, and no serious adverse events occurred in either group Conclusion Combined GM CSF and rHBvac therapy inhibit HBV replication in carrier children who were not protected after treatment with immunoprophylaxis

Specific cellular immune responses in mice immunized with DNA,adeno-associated virus and adenoviral vaccines of Epstein-Barr virus-LMP2 alone or in combination

Cellular immune responses,particularly those associated with CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL),are critical factors in controlling viral infection.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with persistent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.NPC vaccine studies have focused on enhancing specific antiviral CTL responses.In this study,three vaccines capable of expressing the EBV-latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) (a DNA vector,an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector,and a replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector) were respectively used to immunize female Balb/c mice (4-6 weeks old) at weeks 0,2 and 4,either alone or in combination.Our results suggest that combined immunization with DNA,AAV,and adenovirus vector vaccines induced specific cellular immunity more effectively than any of these vectors alone or a combination of two of the three,constituting a sound vaccine strategy for the prevention and treatment of NPC.

Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing African swine fever virus protein 72 is safe and immunogenic in mice

African swine fever(ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease that affects wild and domestic swine. The etiological agent of ASF is African swine fever virus(ASFV). Since the first case was described in Kenya in 1921, the disease has spread to many other countries. No commercial vaccines are available to prevent ASF. In this study, we generated a recombinant Newcastle disease virus(r NDV) expressing ASFV protein 72(p72) by reverse genetics and evaluated its humoral and cellular immunogenicity in a mouse model. The recombinant virus, r NDV/p72, replicated well in embryonated chicken eggs and was safe to use in chicks and mice. The p72 gene in r NDV/p72 was stably maintained through ten passages. Mice immunized with r NDV/p72 developed high titers of ASFV p72 specific Ig G antibody, and had higher levels of Ig G1 than IgG2 a. Immunization also elicited T-cell proliferation and secretion of IFN-γ and IL-4. Taken together, these results indicate that r NDV expressing ASFV p72 might be a potential vaccine candidate for preventing ASF.

Recombinant canarypox virus expressing the VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus induces protection in vaccinated SPF chickens

Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease virus（IBDV）causes infectious bursal disease,a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease that affects young chickens and causes economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide.IBDV replicates mainly in actively dividing B lymphocytes within the bursa of Fabricius（BF）,leading to immunosuppression in affected flocks（Mahgoub et al.,2012）.Viral protein 2（VP2）,

Immure response induced by oral DNA vaccination against FMDV delivered by attenuated Salm onella choleraesuis C500

A recombinant strain of Salmonella choleraesuis C500,containing a eukaryotic expression plasmid pBO1 with the immune-dominant epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus,was constructed.Specific immune response to this recombinant strain was evaluated by oral administration of the recombinant live bacteria pBO1/S.cho in rabbits.Results showed that T cell response and specific antibody production were elicited.This approach may present a general strategy for eliciting immune responses with DNA vaccine delivered by live bacterial vectors.The stimulated indexes of T lymphoproliferation by specific antigens of FMDV in rabbits,can reach up to 11.0 and an antibody titer of 1/32 as detected in the erum with liquid block ELISA.