Assessing Disagreement and Tolerance of Misclassification of Satellite-derived Land Cover Products Used in WRF Model Applications

As more satellite-derived land cover products used in the study of global change, especially climate modeling, assessing their quality has become vitally important. In this study, we developed a distance metric based on the parameters used in weather research and forecasting （WRF） to characterize the degree of disagreement among land cover products and to identify the tolerance for misclassification within the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme （IGBP） classification scheme. We determined the spatial degree of disagreement and then created maps of misclassification of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectoradiometer （MODIS） products, and we calculated overall and class-specific accuracy and fuzzy agreement in a WRF model. Our results show a high level of agreement and high tolerance of misclassification in the WRF model between large-scale homogeneous landscapes, while a low level of agreement and tolerance of misclassification appeared in heterogeneous landscapes. The degree of disagreement varied significantly among seven regions of China. The class-specific accuracy and fuzzy agreement in MODIS Collection 4 and 5 products varied significantly. High accuracy and fuzzy agreement occurred in the following classes： water, grassland, cropland, and barren or sparsely vegetated. Misclassification mainly occurred among specific classes with similar plant functional types and low discriminative spectro-temporal signals. Some classes need to be improved further; the quality of MODIS land cover products across China still does not meet the common requirements of climate modeling. Our findings may have important implications for improving land surface parameterization for simulating climate and for better understanding the influence of the land cover change on climate.

Disagreement and Antagonism in Signed Networks: A Survey

Signed networks refer to a class of network systems including not only cooperative but also antagonistic interactions among nodes.Due to the existence of antagonistic interactions in signed networks,the agreement of nodes may not be established,instead of which disagreement behaviors generally emerge.This paper reviews several different disagreement behaviors in signed networks under the single-integrator linear dynamics,where two classes of topologies,namely,the static topology and the dynamic topology,are considered.For the static signed networks with the adjacency weights as(time-varying)scalars,we investigate the convergence behaviors and the fluctuation behaviors with respect to fixed topologies and switching topologies,respectively,and give some brief introductions on the disagreement behaviors of general time-varying signed networks.Correspondingly,several classes of behavior analysis approaches are also provided.For the dynamic signed networks with the adjacency weights as transfer functions or linear time-invariant systems,we show the specific descriptions and characteristics of them such that the disagreement behaviors can be obtained by resorting to the derived static signed graphs.Furthermore,we give their applications to the behavior analysis of static signed networks in the presence of high-order dynamics or communication delays.

A Possible Solution to the Disagreement about the Hubble Constant

The current disagreement about the Hubble constant H0 was described as a “Crisis in Cosmology”, at the April (2018) Meeting of the American Physical Society, and hence its resolution is of utmost importance. This work proposes that the solution to the disagreement between the Planck Collaboration cosmic microwave background (CMB) value of H0, together with the very close BOSS Collaboration baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) value, and the significantly higher value of H0 found by the SHOES Collaboration cosmic distance ladder (CDL) work, is due to the fact that the CMB and BAO values of H0 are not for an accelerating universe, as generally believed, but are actually the values for a decelerating universe. In contrast, the CDL value of H0 is indeed that for an accelerating universe. It is shown that by replacing the negative deceleration parameter in the expression for logH0 in the CDL work by a positive deceleration parameter, the value of H0 can be brought down to agree with the CMB and BAO lower values. There is a brief review of the author’s decelerating model based on the Einstein de Sitter universe, augmented by a model of dark energy that does not have a negative pressure, but instead has a non-dispersive index of refraction n, causing the speed of light through the dark energy of intergalactic space to be reduced to c/n. As reported earlier, this assumption is sufficient to accommodate the increase in apparent magnitude of the Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). Additional support for the model is presented, together with a proposal for astronomical falsification.

A Possible Solution to the Disagreement about the Hubble Constant II

This work continues the previous study (2018) Journal of Modern Physics. 9, 1827-1837, that proposes that the disagreement arises because the cosmic microwave background (CMB) value for the Hubble constant H0 is actually for a universe which is decelerating rather than accelerating. It is shown that when H0 of Freedman et al. (2019) Astrophysical Journal, 882: 34 (24 pp.) is re-determined for redshift z = 0.07, by replacing q0 = −0.53 with q0 = −0.5, the new lower value is in excellent agreement (0.1%) with the CMB H0. The model is modified to include the clustering of galaxies, and the recognition that there are clusters that do not experience the Hubble expansion, such as the Local Group, and hence, in accordance with the model, within the Local Group the speed of light is c. The bearing of this result on the neutrino and light time delay from SN1987a is discussed. It is suggested that the possible emission of a neutrino from the blazar TXS-0506+56, that was flaring at the time, as well as possible neutrino emission earlier, may arise instead from a more distant source that happens to be, angle-wise, near the blazar, and hence the correlation is accidental. The model is further modified to allow for a variable index of refraction, and a comparison with the ΛCDM model is given. The age of the universe for different values of H0 is studied, and comparison with the ages of the oldest stars in the Milky Way is discussed. Also, gravitational wave determination of H0 is briefly discussed.

A Pragmatic Review on the Making of Disagreements

Politeness theory is one of most heated topics in pragmatics in recent years.It is possible to treat politeness as a fixed concept,as in the idea of polite social behavior,or etiquette,within a culture. The essay mainly discusses the making of disagreements,using Brown Levinson's Politeness theory as guideline.

How EFL Learners from China and ASEAN Countries Politely Express Disagreement in an English Context:A Comparative Study

This paper aims to make a comparative study of cross-cultural communication upon a special speech act-"disagreement".38 undergraduates from China and 30 undergraduates from ASEAN countries were involved.They responded to the DCT(discourse completion test).Five contexts were selected and detailed descriptions of the scenarios were given.Social distance and gender were selected as the main variants in this study.From the results,we found that both groups of undergraduates generally ten d to use the same politeness strategies according to the same social distance,but gender was a more significant factor in politeness strategies adoption among EFL learners from ASEAN countries.Females tend to use negative strategies more than males do.We can conclude from the results that EFL learners from China and ASEAN countries incline to adopt the same politeness strategies in English context,but females from ASEAN countries are less likely to say“no”directly to express their disagreement compared to their counterpart.Those findings may offer reference to both sides during the pragmatic occasions of communicating.

An Exploration of the Influences of a Third Party on Chinese College Students’Speech Act of Disagreement

Face is a concept much cared about and delicately disposed among Chinese people,especially with the presence of a third party.Unfortunately so far substantial studies on patterns and politeness strategies utilized to diminish the threat to the inter-locutor's face in expressing disagreement have been carried out in English-as-the-first-language settings with lttle effort in ex-ploring disageement in Chinese culture.Therefore,this paper seeks to explore what disagreement strategies Chinese college stu-dents will use to mitigate the face-threatening act with absence or presence of a third party for an attempt to shed some light on the speech act theory in Chinese settings.

基于差异阈值循环分组的密钥生成算法

针对无线通信中通信双方提取的信道特征存在明显差异,导致双方的密钥生成速率和一致率较低的问题,提出差异阈值循环分组的密钥生成算法(TGKG)。首先,对信道状态信息(CSI)进行差异阈值分组,使任意组内元素间的间隔均大于该值,提高组内数据的差异,减小量化误差以降低密钥不一致率;循环分组只需一方进行,防止因数据误差导致的分组不一致。同时,提取信道系数的实部和虚部量化,增加量化比特数目,提高了密钥生成速率。通过概率论及信息论公式证明了所提算法在密钥不一致率、密钥可达速率和安全性3方面的优势。实验结果表明,所提算法在5 dB信噪比(SNR)条件下,通信双方的密钥不一致率约为2%,密钥生成速率约为142%。

供应链数字化与企业ESG分歧——基于供应链创新与应用试点的准自然实验

在数字技术赋能供应链转型升级的背景下,厘清供应链数字化对企业ESG分歧的影响对企业践行ESG理念与推动现代供应链发展具有重要意义。本文基于供应链创新与应用试点工作,以2015~2022年上市公司为研究样本,利用双重差分模型探究供应链数字化对企业ESG分歧的影响。研究结果显示,供应链数字化降低了企业ESG分歧,环境信息披露的增加与媒体关注度的提高是供应链数字化降低企业ESG分歧的主要渠道。进一步分析发现,供应链数字化带来的企业ESG分歧下降,有助于缓解融资约束、降低经营风险和提升企业价值。本文的研究为ESG分歧的影响因素提供了新的解释视角,对于理解供应链创新与应用试点政策具有一定的启示意义。

企业数字化转型与ESG评级分歧

ESG评级是ESG投资的重要参考,而企业与评级机构间信息不对称所引起的ESG评级分歧成为限制我国资本市场ESG投资的一大难题。本文选取国内外七家ESG评级机构的评级数据,以2015—2021年中国沪深A股上市企业为研究样本,实证检验了企业数字化转型对ESG评级分歧的影响及作用机制,研究结果表明:企业数字化转型通过提升内部信息透明度、增强外部监督关注的渠道抑制了ESG评级分歧;异质性分析表明,民营企业、高新技术企业、非“四大”审计企业和数字基础设施较为完善地区的企业,数字化转型对ESG评级分歧的抑制作用更显著;进一步分析表明,企业数字化转型抑制ESG评级分歧能够弱化其对我国资本市场的负面影响,即提高股票流动性并降低股价同步性,从而有效改善我国资本市场资源配置效率。本文的研究为缓解ESG评级分歧提供了具体思路,对于促进ESG投资并进一步推动我国绿色低碳发展具有现实意义。

Robust Correlation Clustering Problem with Locally Bounded Disagreements

Min-max disagreements are an important generalization of the correlation clustering problem(CorCP).It can be defined as follows.Given a marked complete graph G=(V,E),each edge in the graph is marked by a positive label"+"or a negative label"_"based on the similarity of the connected vertices.The goal is to find a clustering C of vertices V,so as to minimize the number of disagreements at the vertex with the most disagreements.Here,the disagreements are the positive cut edges and the negative non-cut edges produced by clustering C.This paper considers two robust min-max disagreements:min-max disagreements with outliers and min-max disagreements with penalties.Given parameter δ∈(0,1/14),we first provide a threshold-based iterative clustering algorithm based on LP-rounding technique,which is a(1/δ,7/(1-14δ))-bi-criteria approximation algorithm for both the min-max disagreements with outliers and the min-max disagreements with outliers on one-sided complete bipartite graphs.Next,we verify that the above algorithm can achieve an approximation ratio of 21 for min-max disagreements with penalties when we set parameter δ=1/21.

关于社会实践的理论必须“符合”社会实践吗?——对德沃金诠释主义的一个批判

诠释主义不认为社会实践能够完全通过社会事实来说明,而认为需要给社会实践附加价值本旨,得出相关判断的最佳证成。但是为了保证对于社会实践的说明仍然是诠释而不是创造了某种并不真实存在的实践,以德沃金为代表的诠释主义要求关于社会实践的理论需要符合这种社会实践,而这种符合面向需要满足的最重要条件是解释为什么在各种社会实践之中总会存在大量的理论分歧。然而,理论争议依然可以通过社会事实来解释,并且诠释主义在说明理论争议的时候依然预设了诸如效力在内的概念,从而无法真正满足符合面向。

探析《追寻美德》中道德分歧的解决方案

如何解决道德分歧问题是《追寻美德》一书所关注的焦点。麦金太尔运用历史主义的方法,从现代社会的道德无序性出发,探寻道德分歧产生的原因,并审视反思了西方道德哲学的发展。他认为道德分歧的基本特征在于不可公度性、预设了非个人的合理论辩模式和具有多种历史起源;原因在于情感主义的泛滥;解决之道在于重新回归亚里士多德的传统伦理学。他的理论虽然切中时弊,但也存在明显的缺陷。探讨其道德分歧解决方案对于反思现代道德的碎片化趋势以及如何搭建道德共识的桥梁、缓解现代道德危机具有一定的参考价值。

德沃金的“语义学之刺”论证对规范性概念研究方法的启示

目前对于德沃金“语义学之刺”论证的讨论基本都忽视了其对于规范性概念研究方法的意义,这在很大程度上源自人们对“语义学之刺”普遍采取的广义理解方式。实际上还存在一种狭义的“语义学之刺”,其通过揭示基于语义学分析方法的“法律”概念不能说明法律实践中的理论争议何以是真实的而非虚幻的,从而对这种方法提出了一种致命的批评。这一批评的基本思路被德沃金普遍地运用于其他具有“价值负载”的规范性概念。德沃金认为阐释性方法可以解决“语义学之刺”问题,因而是一种更为适当的规范性概念研究方法。由于以语义学分析方法来研究规范性概念的做法具有普遍性,德沃金的主张将会使得规范性概念研究的面貌发生极大的改变,并对道德、政治及法律实践产生重要影响。

基于输出不一致测度的极限学习机集成的基因表达数据分类

选择性集成学习已经成为分析基因表达数据、获取生物学信息的有力工具.为了更好地挖掘基因表达数据,利用极限学习机的集成,克服单个ELM用于数据分类时性能欠稳定的缺点,文中提出了一种基于输出不一致测度的ELM相异性集成算法(D-D-ELM).算法首先以输出不一致测度为标准对多个ELM模型进行相异性判断,其次根据ELM的平均分类精度剔除掉相应的模型,最后对筛选后的分类模型用多数投票法进行集成.算法被运用到Breast、Leukemia、Colon、Heart基因表达数据上,并通过理论和实验得到验证.实验结果的统计学分析表明D-D-ELM能够以更少的模型数量达到较稳定的分类精度.

投资者情绪、意见分歧与中国股市IPO之谜

中国股票市场IPO首日回报高、长期回报低的现象十分突出,传统理性金融理论难以对这两者同时加以解释.文章基于行为金融理论,从二级市场个体投资者情绪与意见分歧相结合的角度,利用账户交易数据中的投资者IPO首日净买入构建情绪指标对上述现象进行研究,结果表明IPO首日投资者情绪和意见分歧均对IPO首日回报有显著为正的解释力,尤其是当意见分歧严重时,投资者情绪的影响更大,同时首日投资者情绪对IPO长期超额回报有显著为负的影响,但意见分歧却对长期回报没有影响.文章的研究从二级市场个体投资者非理性偏好角度揭示了中国股市"IPO之谜"产生的根源.

基于改进Adaboost的信用评价方法

网络借贷环境下基于Adaboost的信用评价方法具有较高的基分类器分歧度和样本误分代价。现有研究没有考虑分歧度和误分代价对基分类器样本权重的影响,从而降低了网络借贷信用评价结果的有效性。为此,提出一种基于改进Adaboost的信用评价方法。该方法根据基分类器的误分率,样本在不同基分类器上分类结果的分歧程度,以及样本的误分代价等因素,调整Adaboost模型的样本赋权策略,使得改进后的Adaboost模型能够对分类困难样本和误分代价高的样本实施有针对性的学习,从而提高网络借贷信用评价结果的有效性。基于拍拍贷平台数据的实验结果表明,提出的方法在分类精度和误分代价等方面显著优于传统的基于Adaboost的信用评价方法。

“按收入比例还款”的国际争议

本文就国际学者对于“按收入比例还款”的概念和实施有效性的争议进行了评析。认为将还款额与收入相联系是发达国家学生贷款政策实现公平理念的重要举措,是我国可资借鉴的方案。但是,还款方式本身的设计及相关的文化、制度建设是确保“按收入比例还款”的目标实现的关键。

IRT中Logistic模型的c、γ参数对能力估计的改善

设计一个理想测验和被试作答情况,在单、双参数模型下进行能力估计,存在第一、二未契合现象;增加c参数后进行能力估计,则能有效纠正第一未契合现象,仍然存在第二未契合现象,同时存在第三未契合现象;增加γ参数后进行能力估计,则能有效纠正第二未契合现象,仍然存在第一未契合现象,同时存在第四未契合现象;同时增加c、γ参数后进行能力估计,则能有效纠正第一、二、三、四未契合现象。最后概述了c、γ参数的测量含义。

面向在线社区用户的群体推荐算法研究

结合现有两种主要群体推荐算法的优势,建立新的算法框架,并引入差异度因素对模型进行优化。另外,考虑到在线社区用户的特点,定义互动度指标来描述群体成员间的互动程度,通过分析其与推荐精度之间的关系,探讨互动度对群体推荐的影响。选取豆瓣网数据进行实验,并与传统方法进行比较,结果表明,融入差异度的算法具有更好的推荐效果,且有效的互动机制能够保证较高的推荐精度。