Analytical and Experimental Research on Wave Scattering by an Open-Type Rectangular Breakwater with Horizontal Perforated Plates

This study proposes a novel open-type rectangular breakwater combined with horizontal perforated plates on both sides to enhance the sheltering effect of the rectangular box-type breakwaters against longer waves.The hydrodynamic characteristics of this breakwater are analyzed through analytical potential solutions and experimental tests.The quadratic pressure drop conditions are exerted on the horizontal perforated plates to facilitate assessing the effect of wave height on the dissipated wave energy of breakwater through the analytical solution.The hydrodynamic quantities of the breakwater,including the reflection,transmission,and energyloss coefficients,together with vertical and horizontal wave forces,are calculated using the velocity potential decomposition method as well as an iterative algorithm.Furthermore,the reflection and transmission coefficients of the breakwater are measured by conducting experimental tests at various wave periods,wave heights,and both porosities and widths of the horizontal perforated plates.The analytical predicted results demonstrate good agreement with the iterative boundary element method solution and measured data.The influences of variable incident waves and structure parameters on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the breakwater are investigated through further calculations based on analytical solutions.Results indicate that horizontal perforated plates placed on the water surface for both sides of the rectangular breakwater can enhance the wave dissipation ability of the breakwater while effectively decreasing the transmission and reflection coefficients.

Effect of boundary slip on electroosmotic flow in a curved rectangular microchannel

The aim of this study is to numerically investigate the impact of boundary slip on electroosmotic flow(EOF) in curved rectangular microchannels. Navier slip boundary conditions were employed at the curved microchannel walls. The electric potential distribution was governed by the Poisson–Boltzmann equation, whereas the velocity distribution was determined by the Navier–Stokes equation. The finite-difference method was employed to solve these two equations. The detailed discussion focuses on the impact of the curvature ratio, electrokinetic width, aspect ratio and slip length on the velocity. The results indicate that the present problem is strongly dependent on these parameters. The results demonstrate that by varying the dimensionless slip length from 0.001 to 0.01 while maintaining a curvature ratio of 0.5 there is a twofold increase in the maximum velocity. Moreover, this increase becomes more pronounced at higher curvature ratios. In addition, the velocity difference between the inner and outer radial regions increases with increasing slip length. Therefore, the incorporation of the slip boundary condition results in an augmented velocity and a more non-uniform velocity distribution. The findings presented here offer valuable insights into the design and optimization of EOF performance in curved hydrophobic microchannels featuring rectangular cross-sections.

Rectangular tunnel heading stability in three dimensions and its predictive machine learning models

Tunnel heading stability in two dimensions(2D)has been extensively investigated by numerous scholars in the past decade.One significant limitation of 2D analysis is the absence of actual tunnel geometry modeling with a considerable degree of idealization.Nevertheless,it is possible to study the stability of tunnels in three dimensions(3D)with a rectangular shape using finite element limit analysis(FELA)and a nonlinear programming technique.This paper employs 3D FELA to generate rigorous solutions for stability numbers,failure mechanisms,and safety factors for rectangular-shaped tunnels.To further explore the usefulness of the produced results,multivariate adaptive regression spline(MARS)is used for machine learning of big dataset and development of design equations for practical design applications.The study should be of great benefit to tunnel design practices using the developed equations provided in the paper.

Entanglement-Enhanced Two-Photon Delocalization in a Coupled-Cavity Array

We study the transport properties of two entangled photons which are initially injected into two nearest-neighbor coupling cavities in an one-dimensional coupled-cavity array （CCA）. It is found that photonic transport dynamics in the two-photon CCA exhibits the entanglement-enhanced two-photon delocalization phenomenon. It is shown that the CCA can realize the localization-to-delocalization transition for two entangled photons.

Design of a re-entrant double-staggered ladder circuit for V-band coupled-cavity traveling-wave tubes

The re-entrant double-staggered ladder slow-wave structure is employed in a high-power V-band coupled-cavity traveling-wave tube. This structure has a wide bandwidth, a moderate interaction impedance, and excellent thermal dissipation properties, as well as easy fabrication. A well-matched waveguide coupler is proposed for the structure. Combining the design of attenuators, a full-scale three-dimensional circuit model for the V-band coupled-cavity traveling- wave tube is constructed. The electromagnetic characteristics and the beam wave interaction of this structure are investigated. The beam current is set to be 100 mA, and the cathode voltage is tuned from 16.8 kV to 15.8 kV. The calculation results show that this tube can produce a saturated average output power over 100 W with an instantaneous bandwidth greater than 1.25 GHz in the frequency ranging from 58 GHz to 62 GHz. The corresponding gain and electronic efficiency can reach over 32 dB and 6.5%, respectively.

Nonlinear semi-analytical modeling of liquid sloshing in rectangular container with horizontal baffles

A nonlinear semi-analytical scheme is proposed for investigating the finiteamplitude nonlinear sloshing in a horizontally baffled rectangular liquid container under the seismic excitation.The sub-domain method is developed to analytically derive the modal behaviors of the baffled linear sloshing.The viscosity dissipation effects from the interior liquid and boundary layers are considered.With the introduction of the generalized time-dependent coordinates,the surface wave elevation and velocity potential are represented by a series of linear modal eigenfunctions.The infinite-dimensional modal system of the nonlinear sloshing is formulated based on the Bateman-Luke variational principle,which is further reduced to the finite-dimensional modal system by using the NarimanovMoiseev asymptotic ordering.The base force and overturning moment induced by the nonlinear sloshing are derived as the functions of the generalized time-dependent coordinates.The present results match well with the available analytical,numerical,and experimental results.The paper examines the surface wave elevation,base force,and overturning moment versus the baffle parameters and excitation amplitude in detail.

Spontaneous emission of a moving atom in a waveguide of rectangular cross section

We study the spontaneous emission(SE) of an excited nonrelativistic two-level system(TLS) interacting with the vacuum in a waveguide of rectangular cross section. All TLS’s transitions and the center-of-mass motion of the TLS are taken into account. The SE rate and the carried frequency of the emitted photon for the TLS initially being at rest are obtained, it is found that in the first order of the mass M, the frequency of the emitted photon is smaller than the transition frequency of the TLS and the SE rate is smaller than the SE rate Γfof the TLS fixed in the same waveguide. The SE rate for the TLS initially being moving is obtained in the second order of the mass M. The SE rate is smaller than Γfbut it is dependent not only on the atomic mass but also on the initial momentum. The carried frequency of the emitted photon is decreased when it travels along the direction of the initial momentum, whereas it is increased when it travels in the opposite direction of the initial momentum.

Study of Rectangular Underexpanded Microjets

The underexpanded microjet emerging from a rectangular convergent nozzle with a high aspect ratio at the nozzle exit is investigated numerically using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulation with the Menter’s shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. The simulation is performed at the nozzle pressure ratio of 5.0 to produce a strong shock and it is validated by a comparison with a rainbow schlieren picture of the microjet. The three-dimensional structure of the shock-containing rectangular microjet is demonstrated using the isopycnic surface and bright-field schlieren representations.

Chaotic Motion Analysis for a Coupled Magnetic-Flow-Mechanical Model of the Rectangular Conductive Thin Plate

The chaotic motion behavior of the rectangular conductive thin plate that is simply supported on four sides by airflow andmechanical external excitation in a magnetic field is studied.According to Kirchhoff’s thin plate theory,considering geometric nonlinearity and using the principle of virtualwork,the nonlinearmotion partial differential equation of the rectangular conductive thin plate is deduced.Using the separate variable method and Galerkin’s method,the system motion partial differential equation is converted into the general equation of the Duffing equation;the Hamilton system is introduced,and the Melnikov function is used to analyze the Hamilton system,and obtain the critical surface for the existence of chaos.The bifurcation diagram,phase portrait,time history response and Poincarémap of the vibration system are obtained by numerical simulation,and the correctness is demonstrated.The results showthatwhen the ratio of external excitation amplitude to damping coefficient is higher than the critical surface,the system will enter chaotic state.The chaotic motion of the rectangular conductive thin plate is affected by different magnetic field distributions and airflow.

Free Vibration Analysis of Rectangular Plate with Cutouts under Elastic Boundary Conditions in Independent Coordinate Coupling Method

Based on Kirchhoff plate theory and the Rayleigh-Ritz method,the model for free vibration of rectangular plate with rectangular cutouts under arbitrary elastic boundary conditions is established by using the improved Fourier series in combination with the independent coordinate coupling method(ICCM).The effect of the cutout is taken into account by subtracting the energies of the cutouts from the total energies of the whole plate.The vibration displacement function of the hole domain is based on the coordinate system of the hole domain in this method.From the continuity condition of the vibration displacement function at the cutout,the transition matrix between the two coordinate systems is constructed,and the mass and stiffness matrices are completely obtained.As a result,the calculation is simplified and the computational efficiency of the solution is improved.In this paper,numerical examples and modal experiments are presented to validate the effectiveness of the modeling methods,and parameters related to influencing factors of the rectangular plate are analyzed to study the vibration characteristics.

基于PTFE矩形密封圈的高压容器密封结构设计

PTFE矩形密封圈具有耐化学性能好、截面稳定性高等优点,可以有效解决腐蚀性介质的密封问题。但在实际使用中,PTFE矩形密封圈及其适配沟槽的尺寸设计缺乏参考依据。针对上述问题,根据高压容器端面密封结构的形状与受力特征,在Ansys Workbench中建立PTFE矩形密封圈的二维轴对称模型,采用双线性等向强化模型表征PTFE的力学性能,对基于PTFE矩形密封圈的高压容器端面密封结构进行分析和设计,讨论压缩率、PTFE矩形密封圈几何参数和沟槽结构参数对高压容器端面密封性能的影响。结果表明,压缩率、矩形圈的高度和宽度以及矩形圈与沟槽侧壁的间隙对密封性能的影响较大,而内径对密封性能的影响较小,因而设计时应优先考虑沟槽深度、矩形圈的截面尺寸以及与沟槽的装配位置等参数。确定PTFE矩形密封圈及适配沟槽的尺寸后,采用有限元仿真手段验证了设计的密封结构在常温30 MPa高压下的密封性能,证实了设计的合理性。

基于跌坎压力自相似分布的明渠水深−流量关系推求

明渠流量计量是高效灌溉、合理分配水资源和进行用水有效管理的重要手段。跌水是常见的明渠水流上下游衔接的水利设施。当跌落水流不受跌坎下游水流影响时形成自由跌流,可用于明渠流量的精确计量。受自由跌流影响,跌坎断面水流由缓流向急流转变,压力分布显著偏离静水压力分布规律。而获得跌坎压力分布及其准确描述方程则正是明渠自由跌流流量公式推求的关键,其准确与否决定了利用跌流进行流量计量的精度。本文首先通过模型试验和数值计算对矩形明渠自由跌流的断面压力分布特征进行研究,而后利用理论推导建立了明渠跌流的水深−流量关系公式。研究发现,明渠跌水跌坎断面压力呈典型自相似分布规律,其无量纲压力值分布倾向于一条曲线,压力最大值为0.238he(he为跌坎水深),出现在竖向距跌坎0.209he水深处,并且压力自相似分布规律与明渠流量、渠道底坡和边壁糙率无关。在此基础上,结合幂函数和尾迹函数提出了描述跌坎断面压力分布的函数方程,并给出了最大压力和最大压力位置的计算公式,然后根据动量方程和流量连续方程推求了明渠自由跌流的流量计算公式。最后,对本文和其他研究者提出的流量计算公式采用试验数据进行了对比分析,结果表明:本文提出的流量公式在明渠流量为5~100 L/s,底坡为–0.0112~0.0534、糙率为0.0930~0.0193的研究范围内,具有更高的精度和适用性,计算误差在±5%之内,可适用于该流量、底坡和边壁糙率范围内矩形明渠自由跌流的流量精确计算。本文研究结果对于利用自由跌流进行明渠流量计量提供了理论与技术支撑,具有重要的工程应用价值。

新型空心管状翼缘钢板组合梁设计理念与力学性能

工字钢组合梁桥正朝着少主梁、精简横向联系的方向发展。与传统多主梁复杂横向联系组合梁桥相比,双主梁桥由于采用了开口截面的结构形式,极大地削弱了其抗扭能力,在偏载作用下会产生较大的变形及翘曲应力,使钢主梁处于弯扭耦合的受力状态。空心管状翼缘钢板组合梁采用空心钢管取代传统的平板上翼缘,提升了稳定性,改善了结构性能。本文通过理论分析和实体有限元法的计算,研究了单梁在自重与横向风荷载作用下的稳定性;对非组合截面的组合体系下的稳定性能进行了分析与比较,并分离出扭转翘曲应力和纵向正应力,研究了不同跨径下扭转效应的影响。最后,对横向联系、加劲肋的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明,空心管状翼缘钢板组合梁桥扭转刚度大于传统工字形截面组合梁扭转刚度,自身横向稳定性好,并且需要较少的横向联系与加劲肋,可实现单梁吊装,避免采用过多临时加固及支撑措施,提高施工效率。

基于LBM的典型建筑布局树木风环境模拟

在建筑方案设计阶段定量评估景观绿植对建筑风环境影响,对于提高行人区域热舒适性具有重要实践意义。结合格子玻尔兹曼计算流体力学方法和多孔介质模型,开展了边界层流场-建筑-树木耦合模拟和关键参数验证,针对城市街道区域典型矩形建筑平面布局存在的风速加速现象,开展树木挡风效应分析。研究结果表明:模拟方法能够重现出与试验吻合一致的树木尾流区平均风速和湍流特征;基于不同阻力系数的树木透孔率对树木背风区下游1H~3H范围内挡风效应影响明显;基于等效原则提出的圆柱体简化模型能够计算出与树木原型一致的挡风效应变化规律;建筑两侧和迎风端布置合理间距的树木能够减小矩形建筑两侧风速加速比和加速区域面积,可以通过经济合理的树木布置方案实现建筑周围风环境舒适度优化和通风廊道畅通。研究成果可应用于景观植被风环境优化设计,为方案设计阶段绿色建筑自然通风评估提供新的计算参考。

大截面矩形顶管施工对既有管线影响研究

顶管施工会扰动邻近建筑物,危及工程安全。该文以苏州市城北路综合管廊元和塘段顶管工程为背景,通过ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立三维模型,研究顶管下穿地下管线施工对管周土及既有管线影响,并基于极限分析方法探讨了管线失稳模式。结果表明:大直径矩形顶管顶进方向的影响范围约为2倍顶管宽度,两侧的影响范围约为1倍顶管宽度,地下管线到顶管轴线的水平距离为0.5倍~1倍顶管宽度时,应注意管线受到的水平方向附加荷载是否会导致管线破坏;管线与顶管相对位置对管线破坏影响较为显著,越靠近顶管的管线破坏越严重,滑移线由顶管两侧经由管线向地面发展,破坏部位由管线顶部两侧延伸至底部;除受与顶管相对位置影响外,管线破坏模式还受矩形顶管形状影响,管线顶部及靠近顶管顶角区域破坏风险最大。

分析矩形瓣用于大鼠胆道闭锁术对肠造瘘肠液引流及肠道菌群的影响

目的研究矩形瓣用于SD大鼠胆道闭锁术对肠造瘘肠液引流及肠道菌群的影响。方法选取SPF级级SD大鼠30只,随机将SD大鼠均分为矩形瓣组和非矩形瓣组,两组各15只;矩形瓣组SD大鼠均行肝门空肠Roux.Y吻合,矩形瓣组行空肠胆支防返流瓣成形术、非矩形瓣组不做改良矩形瓣,两组均做近端空肠造瘘造口接引流管,收集反流液,比较两组术后30 d引流量;于术后第30天时取胆支段肠壁组织采用16S rDNA扩增子测序技术分析肠道菌群特征,采用RDP Classifier贝叶斯算法对测序数据包括物种的多样性、组成和样本比较进行分析,并根据香浓指数和观测物种指数分析细菌群落多样性、种类和丰度,比较两组肠道菌群种类、多样性及相对丰度的差异;大鼠胆支段肠壁组织切片采用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察组织学变化。结果矩形瓣组每日引流量及30 d总引流量均显著低于非矩形瓣组(t=9.918,P<0.001;t=14.212,P<0.001);矩形瓣组厚壁菌门丰度、梭菌纲丰度、梭菌目丰度、链球菌科丰度高于非矩形瓣组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);矩形瓣组肠道变形菌门、放线菌门丰度、腈基降解菌目、立克次体目、消化球菌科低于非矩形瓣组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);矩形瓣组弯曲菌属、厌氧螺菌属丰度高于非矩形瓣组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论矩形瓣可明显减少SD大鼠胆道闭锁术中肠造瘘肠液引流量,并影响肠道菌群丰度,对预防术后肠内容物反流具有一定的临床价值。

磁场诱导矩形通道内铁磁流体流动及强化传热

为深入研究外加磁场作用下矩形通道中铁磁流体的流动及换热性能,基于有限体积法对其进行数值仿真计算。分析铁磁流体在不同雷诺数Re、磁场强度B下对努塞尔数Nu及流体阻力系数f的影响,重点对比3种热边界条件下磁场诱导铁磁流体旋流流动的特点、强化传热效果及综合强化性能。结果表明:当外加磁场作用于铁磁流体时,由于磁场-流场-温度场的协同作用,3种热边界条件下,矩形通道内的铁磁流体均产生不同结构的旋流流动,明显强化其传热效果,且施加的磁场强度越大,强化传热效果越好,综合性能更优。在研究范围内,通过对3种热边界条件的比较,四面受热、上下两面受热和底面受热的综合强化因子最大值分别达到了1.372、2.277、2.299。

基于遗传算法的大型矩形压力容器刚强度优化设计

为了解决矩形压力容器承压能力较差、应力状态较复杂、结构优化设计难度高的难题,利用遗传算法可自适应调整搜索方向这一特性,开展了某矩形特征水洞试验段的刚强度优化设计。厘清了该工程问题的约束条件,开展了结构初步设计,采用手动迭代开展了结构优化设计;并在完成参数化建模与仿真、构建代理模型、建立优化设计流程的基础上,基于遗传算法开展了该水洞试验段的结构优化设计。该方法与初步设计结果相比,减重34.98%;与手动迭代优化设计结果相比,减重10.49%。

不同埋深下类矩形与圆形隧道施工诱发土体变形透明土试验对比研究

类矩形隧道因其内部空间优势在工程中逐步得到推广,但其施工引发周边土层变化规律与常规圆形隧道的差异尚缺乏深入研究,且该差异与隧道埋深紧密相关.为此自主设计组装了类矩形与圆形隧道开挖装置,以透明土模拟周边土层,并采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术精准测定土层变形,对不同埋深下等面积类矩形与圆形隧道动态开挖过程中诱发上覆土体变化规律进行了深入分析.试验对比结果表明,两类隧道引发上覆土层变形的滑裂面基本一致,大致符合太沙基理论的竖直滑动面假定,滑裂角θ约等于45°+φ/2;不同埋深情况下,圆形隧道上覆土层竖向变形始终保持“V”型的正态分布,即存在最大值,而类矩形隧道随着地层深度的增加,上覆土层变形由“V”型转变为“W”型,即存在多个沉降最值,表明该类隧道比圆形隧道地层变形更为均匀,且在相同埋深情况下类矩形隧道开挖引发的地表沉降最大沉降值小于圆形隧道,该现象在浅埋状态下尤为明显,二者差异随着埋深增大逐渐缩小,该结论可为施工方案设计选择提供参考.

矩形空洞探地雷达成像曲线厚度变化规律研究

由于城市基础建设不断地翻新改造,引发城市地下空洞滋生问题。通过探地雷达扫描技术,对地下矩形空洞整个探测过程进行研究,将探测过程划分为四个阶段,研究了成像曲线厚度变化规律。对探地雷达水平运行时矩形空洞的成像曲线厚度变化规律进行分析,对不同大小下的矩形空洞点测时曲线厚度进行研究,并通过实际探测案例来解释矩形空洞成像曲线厚度变化规律,结果表明探地雷达探测矩形空洞时其成像曲线厚度为先增加后减小的对称曲线,其曲线厚度最大处在图像上为水平弧段两端,位于实际矩形空洞对角线附近;雷达点测时成像曲线厚度随矩形空洞变大而增加,在图像上表现为空洞越大线条越粗。